直接控制网格节点分布的曲线网格生成技术研究

指出了Thompson与Thomas曲线网格生成方法中控制网格分布的调节函数的问题所在,克服了Thomas曲线网格生成法中边界处局部线性化近似假定的缺陷,经过严格推导得出一组新的调节函数P、Q的表达式,并给出了曲线网格生成实例.实例检验表明,该调节函数能够对复杂边界的单连通域或多连通域生成理想的曲线网格,即边界处网格正交,内部网格分布能够适应物理量场变化的情形.在实际水利工程流场数值模拟中,该方法能够准确地使用边界条件,提高求解的精确度.     

正交数值网格的生成及平面二维流场的数值模拟

提出了一种边界正交曲线网格的生成方法。在内域,求解拉普拉斯方程组生成二维正交曲线网格;在计算域边界,提出了正交曲线网格边界正交化处理的分段拉格朗日插值边界滑动法,并对控制方程N-S方程进行曲线坐标变换,使用SIMPLEC算法求解曲线坐标下的k-ε双方程湍流模型。文中以长江重庆九龙坡弯道河段正态模型为资料进行验证,计算了流场,数值模拟结果与实测结果吻合较好。     

采用Poisson方程生成曲线网格时源项P、Q选择的研究

采用 Poisson方程进行曲线网格生成时 ,如何确定合适的调节因子 P、Q函数是网格生成技术中的一个重要的研究内容。本文提出一种新的构造 P、Q函数的方法 ,该方法直接利用边界网格节点的分布信息来控制区域内部网格节点的分布 ,生成的正交曲线网格令人满意。该方法可应用于河道、湖泊等一类复杂边界的二维流速场的数值模拟中。     

采用Poisson方程生成曲线风俗格时源项P、Q选择的研究

采用Poisson方程进行曲线网格生成时,如何确定合适的调节因子P、Q函数是网格生成技术中的一个重要的研究内容。本文提出一种新的构造P、Q函数的方法,该方法直接利用边界网格节点的分布信息来控制区域内部网格节点的分布,生成的正交曲线网格令人满意。该方法可应用于河道、湖泊等一类复杂边界的二维流速场的数值模拟中。     

弯道水流数值模拟研究

采用边界拟合坐标技术,生成边界处正交的曲线网格,在曲线坐标系中进行弯道水流数值计算。借鉴现有关于弯道水流流速分布的研究成果,对曲线坐标系平面二维浅水方程作了修正,修正后的方程组能够计入弯道环流引起的横向的动量交换,即考虑了二次流对流线弯曲的复杂水力特性的影响。通过连续弯道实例计算,验证了该模型的可靠性和实用性。     

曲线坐标系下平面二维浅水模型的修正与应用

借鉴有关弯道水流流速分布的研究成果,计入弯道环流引起的横向的动量交换,对曲线坐标系平面二维浅水方程做了修正;采用边界处正交的曲线网格生成技术,处理复杂的计算区域边界。采用修正后的模型对90°弯道水流进行了数值模拟,并与原模型的计算结果及实测资料进行了比较,结果表明该模型能够有效地模拟流线弯曲的复杂水流的水力特性。     

有限元网格自组织神经网络的自动生成

利用多个自组织神经网络的同时训练,可以一次性自动地生成计算区域内与计算区域边界上所有网格节点,尔后按FGT法的基本思想将节点连接成所需的三角形或四边形单元。由于在自组织神经网络中采用了改善的目标函数,节点的分布可以实现自适应调节以反映网格疏密分布的要求。文末几个算例验收证明本算法具有自适应性,适用于凸域、凹域、多连通域等多种情况。     

曲线坐标下连通域河道平面二维水流的数值模拟

在边界拟合曲线坐标系下,运用B型交错网格模式和动边界扫描技术建立了基于连通域的二维水流数学模型,并提出了模型中有关参数的处理方法.采用贴体坐标变换将复杂的物理域变换成规则的计算域,在计算域上采用控制容积法离散方程,应用SIMPLEC算法计算速度-压力耦合.研究结果表明:采用控制容积法和SIMPLEC算法离散求解方程,具有良好的守恒性和稳定性; 该模型能够较准确地模拟连通域河段的流场变化、水位变化等过程,可供实际工程应用.     

正交曲线坐标系下紊流数学模型的曲率修正

考虑弯曲边界曲率效应对水流水力特性的影响,建立了正交曲线坐标系下的素流数学模型。通过计算实例说明,该数学模型能够很好地帷有复杂边界的流线弯曲水流的水力特性。     

变水深坝—库系统耦振分析的边界元—有限元混合法

常用的混合元法解变水深坝－库系统的耦振，需要对变水深部分的流场进行域离散，计算工作量大，该文利用Ｆｒｉｅｄｍａｎ的算子函数理论，构造了势流问题在无限长带形域中的Ｇｒｅｅｎ函数，从而使流场的边界元剖分只限于变水深区域的边界，关于坝体仍采用有限元离散，最后借助所导出的有限元－边界元格式对坝－库系统的实例作了数值计算，结果证明了它的有效性。     

Boundary conformed co-ordinate systems for selected two-dimensional fluid flow problems. Part I: Generation of BFGs

In this paper the generation of general curvilinear co-ordinate systems for use in selected two-dimensional fluid flow problems is presented. The curvilinear co-ordinate systems are obtained from the numerical solution of a system of Poisson equations. The computational grids obtained by this technique allow for curved grid lines such that the boundary of the solution domain coincides with a grid line. Hence, these meshes are called boundary fitted grids (BFG). The physical solution area is mapped onto a set of connected rectangles in the transformed (computational) plane which form a composite mesh. All numerical calculations are performed in the transformed plane. Since the computational domain is a rectangle and a uniform grid with mesh spacings Δξ = Δη = 1 (in two-dimensions) is used, the computer programming is substantially facilitated. By means of control functions, which form the r.h.s. of the Poisson equations, the clustering of grid lines or grid points is governed. This allows a very fine resolution at certain specified locations and includes adaptive grid generation. The first two sections outline the general features of BFGs, and in section 3 the general transformation rules along with the necessary concepts of differential geometry are given. In section 4 the transformed grid generation equations are derived and control functions are specified. Expressions for grid adaptation arc also presented. Section 5 briefly discusses the numerical solution of the transformed grid generation equations using sucessive overrelaxation and shows a sample calculation where the FAS (full approximation scheme) multigrid technique was employed. In the companion paper (Part II), the application of the BFG method to selected fluid flow problems is addressed.     

Calculation of curved open channel flow using physical curvilinear non‐orthogonal co‐ordinates

There are two main difficulties in numerical simulation calculations using FD/FV method for the flows in real rivers. Firstly, the boundaries are very complex and secondly, the generated grid is usually very non‐uniform locally. Some numerical models in this field solve the first difficulty by the use of physical curvilinear orthogonal co‐ordinates. However, it is very difficult to generate an orthogonal grid for real rivers and the orthogonal restriction often forces the grid to be over concentrated where high resolution is not required. Recently, more and more models solve the first difficulty by the use of generalized curvilinear co‐ordinates (ξ,η). The governing equations are expressed in a covariant or contra‐variant form in terms of generalized curvilinearco‐ordinates (ξ,η). However, some studies in real rivers indicate that this kind of method has some undesirable mesh sensitivities. Sharp differences in adjacent mesh size may easily lead to a calculation stability problem oreven a false simulation result. Both approaches used presently have their own disadvantages in solving the two difficulties that exist in real rivers. In this paper, the authors present a method for two‐dimensional shallow water flow calculations to solve both of the main difficulties, by formulating the governing equations in a physical form in terms of physical curvilinear non‐orthogonal co‐ordinates (s,n). Derivation of the governing equations is explained, and two numerical examples are employed to demonstrate that the presented method is applicable to non‐orthogonal and significantly non‐uniform grids. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A method for generating irregular computational grids in multiply connected planar domains

A method for generating irregular triangular computational grids in two-dimensional multiply connected domains is described. A set of points around each body is defined using a simple grid generation technique appropriate to the geometry of each body. The Voronoi regions associated with the resulting global point distribution are constructed from which the Delaunay triangulation of the set of points is thus obtained. The definition of Voronoi regions ensures that the triangulation produces triangles of reasonable aspect ratios given a grid point distribution. The approach readily accommodates local clustering of grid points to facilitate variable resolution of the domain. The technique is generally applicable and has been used with success in computing triangular grids in multiply connected planar domains. The suitability of such grids for flow calculations is demonstrated using a finite element method for solution of the inviscid transonic flow over two- dimensional high-lift aerofoil configurations.     

A scheme for automatic generation of boundary-fitted depth- and depth-gradient- dependent grids in arbitrary two-dimensional regions

In this paper we present a scheme for the numerical generation of boundary-fitted grids that adapt to both water depth and depth gradient. The scheme can be used in arbitrary two-dimensional regions and is based on the application of the well-known control function approach to generate adaptive grids. The method includes the evaluation of water depths at the grid points from a known distribution of depth points and their associated depths plus a procedure for the numerical evaluation of depth gradients. It is demonstrated that the smoothness of the grid can be enhanced by introducing a suitable filtering technique.     

基于贴体网格的VOF方法数模流场研究

提出了一种基于VOF方法的模拟具有复杂边界形状结构物附近流场的新算法,BFC—SIMPLE—VOF算法。采用坐标变换方法实现了任意复杂区域的结构化网格划分,在贴体网格下对二维不可压缩粘性流体的控制方程进行了离散。提出了基于交错网格的修正SIMPLE算法来迭代求解压力一速度场,修正了贴体坐标下的界面跟踪方法（VOF方法）...     

An algorithm of finite element grid generation for three-dimensional complex connected domain

An automated quasi three-dimensional finite element grid generation method is presented for particular three-dimensional complex connected domain, across which some are simply connected two-dimensional.regions and some are multiply connected two-dimensional regions. A subdivision algorithm based on the variational principle has been developed to ascertain the smoothness and orthogonality of the generated grid in any cross sections. Smooth transition between the simply and multiply connected regions is maintained. For illustration, the method is applied to generate a finite element three-dimensional grid for human above knee stump.     

Numerical solution of the unsteady Euler equations for airfoils using approximate boundary conditions

This paper presents an efficient numerical method for solving the unsteady Euler equations on stationary rectilinear grids. Boundary conditions on the surface of an airfoil are implemented by using their first-order expansions on the mean chord line. The method is not restricted to flows with small disturbances since there are no restrictions on the mean angle of attack of the airfoil. The mathematical formulation and the numerical implementation of the wall boundary conditions in a fully implicit time-accurate finite-volume Euler scheme are described. Unsteady transonic flows about an oscillating NACA 0012 airfoil are calculated. Computational results compare well with Euler solutions by the full boundary conditions on a body-fitted curvilinear grid and published experimental data. This study establishes the feasibility for computing unsteady fluid-structure interaction problems, where the use of a stationary rectilinear grid offers substantial advantages in saving computer time and program design since it does not require the generation and implementation of time-dependent body-fitted grids.     

A numerical procedure for the generation of orthogonal body-fitted co-ordinate systems with direct determination of grid points on the boundary

The procedure proposed is based on the solution by finite difference means of a set of Laplace's equations, by the application of a relaxation method. The curvilinear orthogonal grid so generated is fitted to a 2-D physical domain with closed boundary and the contribution of the present work consists in the arbitrary choice of grid points on two adjacent boundaries, in order to achieve the desired density of grid points where the geometry of the boundaries varies rapidly. The method proposed is rapid and stable. Some characteristic examples are finally presented.     

Numerical method for calculation of the incompressible flow in general curvilinear co‐ordinates with double staggered grid

A solution methodology has been developed for incompressible flow in general curvilinear co‐ordinates. Two staggered grids are used to discretize the physical domain. The first grid is a MAC quadrilateral mesh with pressure arranged at the centre and the Cartesian velocity components located at the middle of the sides of the mesh. The second grid is so displaced that its corners correspond to the centre of the first grid. In the second grid the pressure is placed at the corner of the first grid. The discretized mass and momentum conservation equations are derived on a control volume. The two pressure grid functions are coupled explicitly through the boundary conditions and implicitly through the velocity of the field. The introduction of these two grid functions avoids an averaging of pressure and velocity components when calculating terms that are generated in general curvilinear co‐ordinates. The SIMPLE calculation procedure is extended to the present curvilinear co‐ordinates with double grids. Application of the methodology is illustrated by calculation of well‐known external and internal problems: viscous flow over a circular cylinder, with Reynolds numbers ranging from 10 to 40, and lid‐driven flow in a cavity with inclined walls are examined. The numerical results are in close agreement with experimental results and other numerical data. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.