三维正交机织复合材料的力学性能研究

利用材料试验机装置开展了三维正交机织Kevlar/乙烯基树脂复合材料力学实验,实验表明面内经向拉伸和厚度z方向压缩时,材料具有一定的应变率效应,厚度z方向压缩强度远大于面内压缩强度,而面内经向和纬向的拉伸强度则相当.结合纤维的编织方式,对这些现象做了必要的定性分析.最后,本文基于三维正交机织复合材料的结构特点,推导了一组可用于估算三维正交机织复合材料弹性模量的公式,估算结果和实验值接近.     

复合材料层板的抗贯穿机理与模拟研究

为了研究树脂基纤维增强复合材料层板的抗侵彻贯穿机理和动态力学行为与抗侵彻毁伤的关系, 通过球形破片模拟弹贯穿实验表征了复合材料层板抗高速侵彻的吸能特性;通过高速摄影技术分析了层板 贯穿过程的瞬态变形失效特点;采用CT扫描成像及SEM 电镜分析等手段研究了复合材料层板的抗贯穿破 坏耗能模式。实验结果显示,高速冲击下层板抗贯穿吸能与入射速度成正比;高速侵彻过程是复合材料层板 高应变率变形的动态过程,高应变率动态力学行为对复合层板抗贯穿吸能特性影响显著;冲击波在层板中的 传播特性决定了不同破坏模式阶段的划分以及损伤区域的范围。基于复合层板高速贯穿下的动力学瞬态分 析,建立了复合层板抗高速侵彻吸能的两阶段动态破坏模型,模型计算值与实验值符合良好。研究结果表明, 应变率效应与惯性效应在复合材料层板抗侵彻性能分析中是不可忽视的2个关键因素。     

Kevlar层合板动静态侵彻贯穿特性的实验研究

本文以Kevlar/环氧树脂层合材料为对象,通过动静态侵彻实验,研究层合板的抗贯穿特性。利用MTS810材料试验机进行准静态侵彻实验,根据测得的加载载荷-位移曲线及靶板的破坏模式,分析了靶板的准静态侵彻行为。实验指出,准静态侵彻时层合板的整体弯曲变形是其主要吸能模式,织物铺层板的吸能量要高于无编织铺层板,表现出更好的抗侵彻性。采用7.62mm口径滑膛枪开展了初速为200～700m/s的弹道冲击实验,讨论了不同弹形弹丸侵彻靶板的效果以及不同铺设方式靶板的抗弹性能和破坏模式。通过与准静态侵彻实验结果的对比,发现靶板的抗侵彻性能和破坏模式与侵彻速度有明显关系。动态侵彻时层合板的破坏局域化,破坏模式多样化。弹形对侵彻效果的影响主要体现于接近弹道极限的低速段。     

钨纤维复合材料穿甲弹芯侵彻时的自锐现象

对钨合金穿甲弹和钨纤维/Zr合金金属玻璃基复合材料穿甲弹进行了靶场对比侵彻实验。穿甲弹侵彻过程中,钨合金弹芯头部形成蘑菇头、头部晶粒被径向压扁;钨纤维复合材料弹芯头部在侵彻过程中,发生了绝热剪切破坏,具有自锐行为,且在弹芯头部形成很薄的边缘层,仅在这层中金属玻璃基体破碎,钨纤维断裂,温度升高,质量消蚀。钨纤维复合材料穿甲弹的侵彻能力明显高于钨合金穿甲弹。     

复合材料层板损伤后刚度衰退的实验研究

对复合材料单向板进行了0°、90°、45°拉伸实验,对铺层为[0°/90°]、[±45°]的层合板进行了拉伸实验,对玻璃纤维、碳纤维、芳纶纤维缠绕的NOL环试样分别进行了短梁剪切实验。实验结果表明:碳纤维/环氧树脂基体复合材料单向板没有明显的非线性行为,而层合板在树脂开裂、面内及层间剪切破坏导致的刚度降低却很明显。层间剪切破坏不仅导致剪切刚度的降低,还会引起弯曲刚度的降低。玻璃纤维、芳纶纤维增强树脂基复合材料在三点弯曲实验过程中体现了较强的抗损伤能力,韧性较好;而碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料抗层间损伤能力较差。本文用标准实验方法,跟踪载荷-变形曲线,得到了用于应力分析的刚度衰减系数。用最大应力准则及实验得到的刚度衰减系数,对直径为1400mm的纤维缠绕壳体进行了变形分析,计算结果与实验值一致性较好。     

结构间隙对夹芯式复合装甲结构抗侵彻性能的影响

采用由厚度为8 mm的前置钛合金板、面密度为60 kg/m2的高强聚乙烯纤维增强复合材料层合板抗弹芯层、厚度为8 mm的后置钢板构成的夹芯式复合装甲，模拟舰船舷侧复合夹芯舱壁结构。根据面板与芯层间是否设置20 mm的间隙，将复合装甲结构定义为无间隙式、后间隙式及前后间隙式。为研究以上3种结构在55 g圆柱体弹高速冲击下的抗弹性能及破坏机理，开展了系列弹道实验，分析了钛合金板、高强聚乙烯纤维增强复合材料层合板芯层及钢质面板的破坏模式，探讨了结构间隙对复合装甲结构抗弹性能的影响。结果表明:前置钛合金板的破坏模式为剪切冲塞，靶板背弹面产生脆性断裂并伴随碎块崩落现象；聚乙烯纤维增强复合材料板的破坏模式及钢质背板的变形范围受间隙的影响较大，前置钛合金板受间隙影响较小；相同载荷侵彻下，间隙的存在有利于提高复合装甲结构的抗弹性能。     

舰船舷侧复合装甲结构抗动能穿甲模拟实验

以均质钢板前置复合材料板模拟舰船舷侧复合装甲结构,结合低速弹道冲击实验,分析了结构的 破坏模式和吸能机理,比较了复合材料板与均质钢板的抗弹性能。在此基础上,根据靶板破坏模式,得到了球 头弹穿透组合靶板的剩余速度预测公式,并与实验结果进行了比较。结果表明,复合材料板的面密度吸能远 大于均质钢板的;组合靶板中前置复合装甲板的破坏模式主要为纤维拉伸断裂,而钢质背板则由于前置复合 装甲板的影响,破坏模式主要为花瓣开裂破坏;将剩余速度理论预测值与实验数据进行比较,两者吻合较好。     

三维机织复合材料力学性能研究进展

对近年来关于三维机织复合材料力学性能的研究作了综述和归纳。研究表明,三维机织复合材料的力学性能不仅取决于纤维和基体的性能,而且与三维增强结构形式密切相关。通过对三维机织增强结 构的研究,获得了机织复合材料的细观结构和主要力学特征的关系,强调了增强纤维束轴向几何特征和截面形状对材料细观结构的重要影响。试验研究集中于观测机织复合材料的破坏模式,以分析三维机织结构对阻止损伤微裂纹扩展的贡献。理论分析方面较为成熟的研究是三维机织复合材料线弹性力学性能,其研究基础是层板理论模型、取向平均模型和有限元分析模型。而对强度及损伤方面的研究还有待于进一步的工作。本文对当前研究工作中的关键问题进行分析,并就今后的研究工作发表一些看法。      

冲击波和高速破片联合作用下夹芯复合舱壁结构的毁伤特性

为探讨导弹战斗部近炸下舰船夹芯复合舱壁结构设计方法,采用TNT和预制破片近炸实验研究了典型夹芯复合舱壁结构在冲击波与高速破片联合作用下的破坏效应,分析了冲击波和破片联合毁伤载荷,指出了钢质面板和抗弹层的破坏模式,阐述了夹芯复合舱壁结构的防护机理。结果表明:预制破片装药近炸下,破片能远大于冲击波能,是防护结构的主要设计载荷;前面板主要是抵御冲击波,其变形破坏整体为挠曲大变形,局部为集团破片冲塞破口、破片穿孔和撞击凹坑;背板以挠曲大变形吸能为主;陶瓷材料碎裂严重,部分陶瓷碎片反向飞溅撞击前面板;纤维增强复合材料发生了纤维断裂、基体开裂、整体弯曲大变形及分层等破坏,抗弹层应避免产生穿透性破坏。     

UHMWPE背板厚度对铝复合板抗侵彻增强效应分析

为研究超高分子聚乙烯（ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene, UHMWPE）背板厚度对铝复合板抗钨球侵彻效果的影响,利用数字图像相关方法（digital image correlation method, DIC）与X射线电子计算机断层扫描（computed tomography, CT）得到UHMWPE受到冲击后的动态响应及局部破坏。建立钨球以不同速度侵彻Al/UHMWPE复合板的有限元模型,研究不同冲击速度下UHMWPE背板厚度对复合靶板吸能性能的影响,所用背板厚度为1.6～20 mm。结果表明：铝板在冲击作用下发生绝热剪切破坏,正交铺设纤维层产生纤维凸起和分叉应变带。随着背板厚度增大,纤维层由剪切破坏向拉伸破坏过度,纤维层应变带由十字形转变为X形。UHMWPE板厚度的增大有效地阻碍了铝块塞体运动,从而增加了破片侵彻铝板的时间与动能消耗。UHMWPE背板厚度对吸能性能影响呈先快速上升至阈值,后缓慢下降的趋势,说明PE板到达一定厚度后,通过增加厚度的方法来提升其吸能性能的作用有限。     

An engineering analysis of penetration of metal ball into fibre-reinforced composite targets

An engineering analysis of computing the penetration problem of a steel ball penetrating into fibre-reinforced composite targets is presented. Assume the metal ball is a rigid body, and the composite target is a transversely isotropic elasto-plastic material. In the analysis, a spherical cavity dilatation model is incorporated in the cylindrical cavity penetration method. Simulation results based on the modified model are in good agreement with the results for 3-D Kevlar woven （3DKW） composite anti-penetration experiments. Effects of the target material parameters and impact parameters on the penetration problem are also studied.     

子弹撞击碳化硼陶瓷复合靶试验与数值模拟研究

碳化硼陶瓷具有高硬度、低密度的特性，在装甲防护领域有广泛的应用前景，碳化硼陶瓷及其复合靶的冲击破坏特性是装甲防护领域近期的焦点问题之一。本文中基于剩余穿深方法，开展了碳化硼及复合靶抗12.7 mm穿甲燃烧弹侵彻的试验研究。建立了碳化硼陶瓷复合靶抗弹数值模拟模型，根据试验研究结果验证数值模拟方法的可靠性。在此基础上，开展了12.7 mm穿甲燃烧弹侵彻碳化硼陶瓷复合靶的数值模拟研究，重点研究了靶板配置、背板厚度及种类对复合靶抗弹性能的影响。结果表明:靶板面密度相同的情况下，随着陶瓷厚度的增大，陶瓷复合靶的抗弹性能提高；陶瓷厚度相同时，陶瓷复合靶抗弹性能提升的效率随其面密度的增大而下降。陶瓷/PE (polyethylene)结构适合抵抗低速弹体的侵彻破坏，陶瓷/铝结构适合抵抗高速弹体的侵彻破坏。     

Perforation of 7075-T651 Aluminum Armor Plates with 7.62 mm APM2 Bullets

We conducted an experimental and analytical study to better understand the mechanisms and dominant parameters for 7.62 mm APM2 bullets that perforate 7075-T651 aluminum armor plates. The 7.62-mm-diameter, 10.7 g, APM2 bullet consists of a brass jacket, lead filler, and a 5.25 g, ogive-nose, hard steel core. The brass and lead were stripped from the APM2 bullets by the targets, so we conducted ballistic experiments with both the APM2 bullets and only the hard steel cores. These projectiles were fired from a rifle to striking velocities between 600 and 1,100 m/s. Targets were 20 and 40-mm-thick, where the 40-mm-thick targets were made up of layered 20-mm-thick plates in contact with each other. The measured ballistic-limit velocities for the APM2 bullets were 1% and 8% smaller than that for the hard steel cores for the 20 and 40-mm-thick targets, respectively. Thus, the brass jacket and lead filler had a relatively small effect on the perforation process. Predictions from a cylindrical cavity-expansion model for the hard steel core projectiles are shown to be in good agreement with measured ballistic-limit and residual velocity data. The results of this study complement our previous paper with 5083-H116 aluminum target plates in that the ultimate tensile strength of 7075-T651 is about 1.8 times greater than that of 5083-H116. We also present a scaling law that shows a square root relationship between ballistic-limit velocity and plate thickness and material strength.     

Blast Performance of Sandwich Composites with In-Plane Compressive Loading

An experimental investigation was conducted to evaluate the dynamic performance of E-glass Vinyl Ester composite face sheet / foam core sandwich panels when subjected to pre-compression and subsequent blast loading. The sandwich panels were subjected to 0 kN, 15 kN and 25 kN of in plane compression respectively, prior to transverse blast wave loading with peak incident pressure of 1 MPa and velocity of 3 Mach. The blast loading was generated using a shock tube facility. During the experiments, a high-speed photographic system utilizing three digital cameras was used to acquire the real-time 3-D deformation of the sandwich panels. The 3D Digital Image Correlation (DIC) technique was used to quantify the back face out-of-plane deflection and in-plane strain. The results showed that in-plane compressive loading facilitated buckling and failure in the front face sheet. This mechanism greatly reduced the blast resistance of sandwich composites.     

Perforation of 5083-H116 Aluminum Armor Plates with Ogive-Nose Rods and 7.62 mm APM2 Bullets

We conducted an experimental and analytical study to understand the mechanisms and dominant parameters for ogive-nose rods and 7.62 mm APM2 bullets that perforate 5083-H116 aluminum armor plates. The 20-mm-diameter, 95-mm-long, ogive-nose, 197 g, hard steel rods were launched with a gas gun to striking velocities between 230–370 m/s. The 7.62-mm-diameter, 10.7 g, APM2 bullet consists of a brass jacket, lead filler, and a 5.25 g, ogive-nose, hard steel core. The brass and lead were stripped from the APM2 bullets by the targets, so we conducted ballistic experiments with both the APM2 bullets and only the hard steel cores. These projectiles were fired from a rifle to striking velocities between 480–950 m/s. Targets were 20, 40, and 60-mm-thick, where the 40 and 60-mm-thick targets were made up of layered 20-mm-thick plates in contact with each other. The measured ballistic-limit velocities for the APM2 bullets were 4, 6, and 12% smaller than that for the hard steel cores for the 20, 40, and 60-mm-thick targets, respectively. Thus, the brass jacket and lead filler had a relatively small effect on the perforation process. In addition, we conducted large strain, compression tests on the 5083-H116 aluminum plate material for input to perforation equations derived from a cavity-expansion model for the ogive-nose rods and steel core projectiles. Predictions for the rod and hard steel core projectiles are shown to be in good agreement with measured ballistic-limit and residual velocity data. These experimental results and perforation equations display the dominant problem parameters.     

干摩擦和水润滑条件下芳纶浆粕/环氧树脂复合材料摩擦磨损性能研究

研究了芳纶浆粕纤维增强环氧复合材料在干摩擦和水润滑条件下的摩擦磨损性能,探讨了纤维含量对复合材料摩擦磨损性能的影响,并分析了复合材料的磨损机理.结果表明:芳纶浆粕纤维能够大幅度提高环氧树脂的摩擦磨损性能;当纤维体积分数为40%时,复合材料的比磨损率最小;在水润滑条件下,复合材料的摩擦系数和磨损率均比干摩擦下的明显降低,这是由于水起到了润滑和冷却作用;干摩擦时的磨损机理为粘着磨损和塑性变形,水润滑时主要为犁削和轻微的磨粒磨损.     

Dynamic elastic and plastic buckling of complete spherical shells

A theoretical investigation is undertaken into the dynamic instability of complete spherical shells which are loaded impulsively and made from either linear elastic or elastic-plastic materials. It is shown that certain harmonics grow quickly and cause a shell to exhibit a wrinkled shape which is characterized by a critical mode number. The critical mode numbers are similar for spherical and cylindrical elastic shells having the same R/h ratios and material parameters, but may be larger or smaller in an elastic-plastic spherical shell depending on the values of the various parameters. Threshold velocities are also determined in order to obtain the smallest velocity that a shell can tolerate without excessive deformation. The threshold velocities for the elastic and elastic-plastic spherical shells are larger than those which have been published previously for cylindrical shells having the same R/h ratios and material parameters.     

Modeling of crack growth in ductile solids: a three-dimensional analysis

A population of several spherical voids is included in a three-dimensional, small scale yielding model. Two distinct void growth mechanisms, put forth by [Int. J. Solids Struct. 39 (2002) 3581] for the case of a two-dimensional model containing cylindrical voids, are well contained in the model developed in this study for spherical voids. A material failure criterion, based on the occurrence of void coalescence in the unit cell model, is established. The critical ligament reduction ratio, which varies with stress triaxiality and initial porosity, is used to determine ligament failure between the crack tip and the nearest void. A comparison of crack initiation toughness of the model containing cylindrical voids with the model containing spherical voids reveals that the material having a sizeable fraction of spherical voids is tougher than the material having cylindrical voids. The proposed material failure determination method is then used to establish the fracture resistance curve (J–R curve) of the material. For a ductile material containing a small volume fraction of microscopic voids initially, the void by void growth mechanism prevails, which results in a J–R curve having steep slope. On the other hand, for a ductile material containing a large volume fraction of initial voids, the multiple voids interaction mechanism prevails, which results in a flat J–R curve. Next, the effect of T-stress on fracture resistance is examined. Finally, nucleation and growth of secondary microvoids and their effects on void coalescence are briefly discussed.     

Dark spatiotemporal optical solitary waves in self-defocusing nonlinear media

Dark three-dimensional spatiotemporal solitons or the “dark light bullets” in the self-defocusing nonlinear media with equal diffraction and dispersion lengths are demonstrated analytically. Our results show that the main characteristic of the dark light bullets can be described by the cylindrical Korteweg–de Vries (CKdV) equation. The dark wave packets are composed of the single-layer and multilayer toroidal rings. For the multilayer rings, there exist small inner rings enclosed in a large ring-shaped toroidal structure, when one chooses different orders of the soliton solutions of the CKdV equation. The radius of dark ring solitons increases with the propagation distance. Present results provide a feasible method for controlling the fundamental structure of these beams in the self-defocusing nonlinear media.