6061-T6铝合金动态拉伸本构关系及失效行为

采用HMH-206高速材料试验机开展了6061-T6铝合金在0.001～100 s?1应变率范围内的静、动态拉伸力学性能实验,分析了其应力-应变响应特征和应变率敏感性,讨论了应变率对6061-T6铝合金流动应力和应变率敏感性指数的影响,并基于实验结果对Johnson-Cook本构模型进行了修正。结合缺口试件的实验结果和模拟数据,得到了材料的Johnson-Cook失效模型参数,并对模型的准确性和适用性进行了验证。结果表明,在拉伸载荷作用下,6061-T6铝合金表现出明显的应变硬化特征和应变率敏感性,其流动应力随应变率的升高而提高,修正的Johnson-Cook本构模型可以描述材料的动态塑性流动行为,建立的Johnson-Cook失效模型能够表征材料的断裂失效行为。     

5A06铝合金的动态本构关系实验

运用材料试验机和分离式霍普金森压杆装置(SHPB)对3种不同加工及热处理状态的5A06铝合金在常温~500 C、应变率为10-4~103 s-1 下的力学行为进行了实验研究。基于Johnson-Cook (JC) 本构模型,通过实验数据拟合得到了每种状态下材料的本构模型参量。对Johnson-Cook本构模型中的应变率强化项作了修正,修正后的Johnson-Cook本构模型与实验数据基本吻合,从而确立了3种状态下5A06铝合金的动态本构关系。     

基于J-C模型的Q235钢的动态本构关系

采用万能材料试验机、分离式霍普金森压杆和拉杆系统,研究了Q235钢在常温至900 ℃的准静态和动态压缩及拉伸力学性能。基于实验结果,修正了Johnson-Cook（J-C）本构模型中的温度软化项,提出了Q235钢的修正J-C本构模型,并利用Taylor撞击实验和数值仿真验证了其动态本构关系。     

7A04铝合金的本构关系和失效模型

使用万能材料试验机、扭转试验机和Taylor撞击实验研究了高强铝合金7A04在常温至250 ℃的 准静态、动态本构关系和失效模型。基于实验结果,修改了Johnson-Cook强度模型中的应变强化项以及 Johnson-Cook失效模型中的温度软化项,并结合数值模拟标定了模型参数。实验结果表明,7A04铝合金的 应变和应变率强化效应不显著,失效应变随温度的增加、应力三轴度的减小和应变率的减小而增加。     

高氮奥氏体不锈钢高温动态响应特性及本构关系

在293~873 K的环境下,采用分离式霍普金森杆装置对高氮钢试样进行了102~103 s-1应变率下的动态加载实验。结合准静态实验结果,分析了应变率和温度对材料塑性流动特性的影响。结果表明:高氮钢的动态力学行为具有很强的应变率敏感性和温度敏感性。当应变率达到400 s-1或更高时,流动应力随应变率的增加显著升高;在同一应变率下,流动应力随温度的降低明显升高。研究了温度和应变率耦合效应对材料塑性行为的影响,得出温度软化效应在高氮钢高温动态塑性变形中起主导作用。基于经典的Johnson-Cook（J-C）模型,通过对实验数据的分析,得出了高氮钢材料的修正J-C本构方程,经验证修正J-C方程预测结果与实验结果吻合。     

Al基含能结构材料的Johnson-Cook本构模型及失效参数研究

利用万能实验机和Hopkinson杆装置测试了Al基含能结构材料在不同温度下的静动态力学性能，分析实验结果得到了温度效应和应变率效应对材料力学性能的影响及该合金的Johnson-Cook本构模型参数.结合二维数字图像相关(DIC)方法，研究了Al基含能结构材料的失效应变与应力三轴度及温度之间的关系，得到了该合金的Johnson-Cook失效模型参数.通过平面撞击实验获得了Al基含能结构材料粒子速度和应力波波速之间的经验线性关系和该合金的Grüneisen系数.基于实验获得的材料本构关系和状态方程参数，完成了Al基含能结构材料超高速撞击多层间隔薄钢板的数值模拟，结果表明，数值模拟中靶板的毁伤模式、破孔直径及弹坑主要散布区和实验结果吻合.     

泰勒杆实验对材料动态本构参数的确认和优化确定

通过实验数据和数值模拟结果的对比,研究了泰勒杆实验在材料动态本构关系参数确认和优化方面的应用。以Johnson-Cook模型描述的oxygen-free high-conductivity（OFHC） copper材料为例进行了具体说明,并对实验中的部分不确定因素进行了分析。结果表明,利用该方法对材料本构模型参数进行确认和优化确定是合理的。     

异种不锈钢激光焊缝材料的动态本构关系

利用等应变测试法获取了304及316L激光焊接焊缝材料的准静态应力应变曲线,发现焊缝材料 具有明显的细晶硬脆化趋势。利用SHTB技术对304、316L及焊接构件材料高温动态力学性能进行了研究。 根据动态实验数据对不锈钢304及316L母材应变率及温度相关的Johnson-Cook本构方程参数进行了拟合。 利用LS-DYNA建立了SHTB动态拉伸实验数值模型,发现了在应力波加载初始阶段由于结构效应及材料 阻抗不匹配引起的应力不平衡现象。通过动态实验与数值模拟相结合的方法确定了焊缝材料的应变率相关 本构参数。     

Q235B钢动态本构及在LS-DYNA中的应用

采用万能材料试验机和分离式霍普金森拉杆（SHTB）装置,对我国钢结构建筑中最常用的Q235B钢进行准静态拉伸实验、高温拉伸实验和动态拉伸实验。基于实验数据对LS-DYNA常用的3种动态材料模型Cowper-Symonds本构模型、Johnson-Cook本构模型、Zerilli-Armstrong本构模型进行了拟合,通过Taylor杆实验对3种本构模型进行验证和对比分析。结果表明:Q235B钢具有较为明显的高温软化和应变率强化效应;Cowper-Symonds本构模型可以较好地适用于工程领域低速碰撞的模拟;Johnson-Cook本构模型可适用于较大应变率范围内的模拟;不推荐Zerilli-Armstrong本构模型在工程低速碰撞领域中使用。     

PTFE/Al含能复合物的本构关系

室温下,利用万能材料试验机和分离式霍普金森压杆获得了PTFE/Al含能复合物在应变率10-3~103s-1范围内的压缩应力应变曲线。通过对不同应变率下力学性能的分析,初步建立了材料基于Johnson-Cook塑性模型的压缩本构方程,考虑了材料的应变硬化效应和应变率效应。利用该方程进行的PTFE/Al弹丸侵彻钢靶板的数值模拟结果与实际情况较符合,验证了该方程的可靠性和合理性,对PTFE/Al材料的实际应用也具有一定的指导作用。     

基于Khan-Huang模型高强度钢DP600率相关特性实验与本构模型研究

对汽车用高强钢DP600在10-4s-1~103s-1应变率范围内进行力学拉伸实验,在此基础上,采用唯象的方法对Khan-Huang本构模型进行修正建立DP600考虑率敏感效应的本构模型,对高应变率下试样的拉伸过程进行数值模拟验证模型有效性.结果表明,高强钢常温下具有明显的应变率敏感特性,高应变率下材料的屈服应力接近低应变率下的两倍.对Khan-Huang本构模型进行修正后可以比较准确地描述材料在不同应变率下力学行为,且参数容易确定,便于在有限元软件中实现接口,因此该模型可进一步应用于汽车的碰撞安全数值仿真中.     

On the influence of stress triaxiality and strain rate on the behaviour of a structural steel. Part I. Experiments

Notched axisymmetric specimens of the structural steel Weldox 460 E have been tested at high strain rates in a Split Hopkinson Tension Bar. The aim was to study the combined effects of strain rate and stress triaxiality on the material's behaviour. It is further considered important to obtain experimental data that can be used in validation of constitutive relations and fracture criteria. The force and elongation of the specimens were measured by strain gauges during the high strain rate tests, while the fracture strain was calculated based on measurements of the fracture area in the microscope. Optical recordings of the notch deformation were obtained using a digital high-speed camera system. Using image processing of the digital images, it was possible to estimate the true strain against time at minimum cross-section. The strength of the material was found to increase with increasing strain rate, while for the ductility no significant effect of strain rate could be ascertained from the notched specimen tests. The ductility of the material was found to depend considerably on the stress triaxiality.     

YB-2航空有机玻璃的应变率和温度敏感性及其本构模型

为了理解和评价YB-2航空有机玻璃在极端环境下的动态力学性能,采用电子万能试验机和分离式Hopkinson压杆对YB-2航空有机玻璃在218~373 K温度范围、10-3~3 000 s-1应变率范围内的压缩力学行为进行了研究,得到了材料的应力应变曲线。结果表明:随着温度的升高,材料的流动应力逐渐减小而破坏应变呈现增大的趋势;温度相同时,材料的流动应力随应变率的增加而增大,破坏应变随应变率的增加而减小。随着应变率的提高,材料的应变软化效应更加剧烈。基于朱-王-唐(ZWT)本构模型,得到了考虑温度效应的本构参数。结果显示,在8%应变范围内,改进的考虑温度效应的本构模型可以较为理想地表征该材料的应力应变响应。     

Determining material true stress–strain curve from tensile specimens with rectangular cross-section

The uniaxial true stress logarithmic strain curve for a thick section can be determined from the load–diameter reduction record of a round tensile specimen. The correction of the true stress for necking can be performed by using the well-known Bridgman equation. For thin sections, it is more practical to use specimens with rectangular cross-section. However, there is no established method to determine the complete true stress–logarithmic strain relation from a rectangular specimen. In this paper, an extensive three-dimensional numerical study has been carried out on the diffuse necking behaviour of tensile specimens made of isotropic materials with rectangular cross-section, and an approximate relation is established between the area reduction of the minimum cross-section and the measured thickness reduction. It is found that the area reduction can be normalized by the uniaxial strain at maximum load which represents the material hardening and also the section aspect ratio. Furthermore, for the same material, specimens with different aspect ratio give exactly the same true average stress–logarithmic strain curve. This finding implies that Bridgmans correction can still be used for necking correction of the true average stress obtained from rectangular specimens. Based on this finding, a method for determining the true stress–logarithmic strain relation from the load–thickness reduction curve of specimens with rectangular cross-section is proposed.     

Rupture mechanisms in combined tension and shear—Experiments

An experimental investigation of the rupture mechanisms in a mid-strength and a high-strength steel were conducted employing a novel test configuration. The specimen used was a double notched tube specimen loaded in combined tension and torsion at a fixed ratio. The effective plastic strain, the stress triaxiality and the Lode parameter were determined in the centre of the notch at failure. Scanning electron microscopy of the fractured surfaces revealed two distinctively different ductile rupture mechanisms depending on the stress state. At high stress triaxiality the fractured surfaces were covered with large and deep dimples, suggesting that growth and internal necking of voids being the governing rupture mechanism. At low triaxiality it was found that the fractured surfaces were covered with elongated small shear dimples, suggesting internal void shearing being the governing rupture mechanism. In the fractured surfaces of the high-strength steel, regions with quasi-cleavage were also observed. The transition from the internal necking mechanism to the internal shearing mechanism was accompanied by a significant drop in ductility.     

内压循环下薄壁圆筒的环向棘轮应变预测

对单轴和比例加载下的棘轮应变进行预测目前仍有较大困难。本文考虑将移动极限面加入材料双面本构模型中，对原提出的叠加型随动强化律进行了修正，可以对较多循环数的1Crl8Ni9Ti不锈钢薄壁圆管的环向棘轮应变做出预测。     

Uniaxial ratcheting of SS304 stainless steel at high temperatures: visco-plastic constitutive model

The uniaxial ratcheting of SS304 stainless steel at high temperatures (300, 600 and 700 °C) were analyzed experimentally, and described by a cyclic constitutive visco-plasticity model. The rate dependence of the material was accounted for by introducing a viscous term. The cyclic hardening and cyclic flow behavior of the material under asymmetrical stress-controlled cycling were described by the evolution rules of kinematic hardening back stress and isotropic deforming resistance. Under the isothermal condition, temperature effect was included by terms involving temperature in the evolution equations of isotropic deforming resistance. The effect of load history on ratcheting was also considered by introducing a fading memory function of the maximum inelastic strain amplitude and isotropic deformation resistance. After the material constants were determined from the experimental data, the uniaxial ratcheting of SS304 stainless steel was numerically simulated and compared with the corresponding experimental results at high temperatures. The predicted results agree well with the experimental ones.     

新型混凝土桥面铺装材料的冲击力学性能

利用大尺寸Hopkinson压杆对新型混凝土桥面铺装材料钢纤维增强聚合物改性混凝土（steel fiber reinforced and polymer modified concrete,SFRPMC）进行了冲击实验,并且在相同基准配合比下,与普通混凝土、钢纤维混凝土的冲击性能进行了对比。观察了不同打击速度下三种材料的破坏形态,得到了在不同应变率下的应力应变关系,比较了三种材料的应变率敏感性,最后从机理上分析了掺加钢纤维和聚合物对混凝土材料冲击力学性能的影响。结果表明,钢纤维增强聚合物改性混凝土材料具有良好的冲击韧性,是一种理想的混凝土桥面铺装材料。     

内部爆炸作用下多层钢筒的动态响应

为评估内部爆炸作用下多层钢筒结构的防护效果,考察多层钢筒结构动态响应和变形吸能特征,采用两端开口、总厚度为50 mm的4层圆柱形Q345钢筒,在8.90~18.18 kg TNT药量下进行爆炸实验,并在容器外壁进行应变电测。实验后钢筒结构爆心局部发生塑性变形,内层钢筒变形最大,但未发生破坏。根据研究得到初步认识:采用爆心单位环面变形吸能的设计方法,可以较好地预估给定药量下所需钢筒的厚度;不同药量下,轴向距离超过多层钢筒结构的1/4内径后,其外壁环向变形峰值约减小为爆心截面环向应变峰值的1/2。