DISSIPATION-BASED CONSISTENT RATE-DEPENDENT MODEL FOR CONCRETE

An energy-dissipation based viscoplastic consistency model is presented to describe the performance of concrete under dynamic loading. The development of plasticity is started with the thermodynamic hypotheses in order that the model may have a sound theoretical background. Independent hardening and softening and the rate dependence of concrete are described separately for tension and compression. A modified implicit backward Euler integration scheme is adopted for the numerical computation. Static and dynamic behavior of the material is illustrated with certain numerical examples at material point level and structural level, and compared with existing experimental data. Results validate the effectiveness of the model.     

A plasticity and anisotropic damage model for plain concrete

A plastic-damage constitutive model for plain concrete is developed in this work. Anisotropic damage with a plasticity yield criterion and a damage criterion are introduced to be able to adequately describe the plastic and damage behavior of concrete. Moreover, in order to account for different effects under tensile and compressive loadings, two damage criteria are used: one for compression and a second for tension such that the total stress is decomposed into tensile and compressive components. Stiffness recovery caused by crack opening/closing is also incorporated. The strain equivalence hypothesis is used in deriving the constitutive equations such that the strains in the effective (undamaged) and damaged configurations are set equal. This leads to a decoupled algorithm for the effective stress computation and the damage evolution. It is also shown that the proposed constitutive relations comply with the laws of thermodynamics. A detailed numerical algorithm is coded using the user subroutine UMAT and then implemented in the advanced finite element program ABAQUS. The numerical simulations are shown for uniaxial and biaxial tension and compression. The results show very good correlation with the experimental data.     

颗粒型砂介质的受压力学特征及屈服滑动

提出颗粒型砂介质在压实过程中的两种特征：孔隙填充状态和颗粒滑动状态；针对孔隙填充状态的力学行为特征，提出相对体积改变量(压实量)作为表征此状态的特征参量，研究了瞬时压缩模量与压实量的函数关系；针对型砂的颗粒滑动状态，提出具有强化效应的Mohr-Coulomb屈服条件，推导描述颗粒屈服滑动状态的增量本构方程、以及三轴压实过程条件下的状态本构方程，最后，就不同侧向压力下的三轴压缩试验、带模样的型砂压实试验的大量试验数据进行处理和验证。     

Secondary buckling of a flat plate under uniaxial compression : Part 1: theoretical analysis of simply supported flat plate

While studies of post-buckling behavior and load-carrying capacities of thin plates subjected to uniaxial compression have been limited to stable conditions, further post-buckling loading generates an unstable condition. The secondary buckling which occurs with snap-through to higher-order deflections under such unstable conditions has not been analyzed in detail as yet. In the first part of this paper, a thin square plate under uniaxial compression, which is simply supported along four edges, is considered. A method based on the second variation of the total potential energy is then proposed for evaluating the stability of the post-buckling equilibrium state and inevitable secondary buckling is derived analytically. The effects of various factors, such as initial imperfections, assumed virtual displacement pattern, post-buckling deflection pattern and in-plane boundary conditions, on the secondary buckling values are discussed. In part 2, secondary buckling of clamped plates is analyzed by use of the finite element method and the resultant numerical results are compared with experimental results.     

水泥基材料在宽围压范围的本构模型

本文首先进行了水泥石的三轴试验和静水试验,根据试验结果分析了宽围压范围下不同力学机理对水泥石宏观力学性能的影响。提出了基于热力学定律的剪切塑性、孔隙塑性与破坏准则相互作用的弹塑性损伤本构模型。该模型有效的考虑了围压对材料主要力学特征的影响,提出了与损伤准则相关联的塑性硬化函数。数值解答与试验结果比较表明,该本构模型可以很好地描述水泥石在低围压状态下的脆性、中围压下的脆-塑性转换以及高围压下的孔隙塑性为主的力学特征。     

Numerical modeling of ice behavior under high velocity impacts

In this work a constitutive relation for ice at high strain rates and an algorithm for its numerical integration are developed. This model is based on the Drucker–Prager plasticity criteria, which allows a different behavior in tension and in compression. In addition a failure criteria, based on pressure cut-offs, is implemented to describe the ice damage. In order to validate the constitutive model, numerical simulations were compared with experimental results, in which ice cylinders were impacted against a steel plate, allowing the measurement of the contact load. Three different numerical solvers are used in order to analyze its performance to appropriately modeling the ice behavior.     

Thermovisco-hyperelastic behavior of elastomeric materials modified by filler nanoparticles

We present the results of experimental studies of hyperelastic and relaxation properties of polymer composites with elastomeric matrix made of hydrogenated nitrile butadiene rubber filled with nanoparticles of technical carbon in the temperature range 19–150° C. We present typical experimental diagrams of deformation of the material with constant strain rate and the stress relaxation curves at different strain levels under tension and compression conditions. We consider a possible version of constitutive relations for describing some singularities of the behavior of the material under study. We developed a method for determining all the parameters of the accepted relations on the basis of the results of uniaxial tests. We found a nonmonotone dependence of the relaxation modulus on the temperature and proposed a formula for describing this dependence in the temperature range under study. To justify the possible use of the considered constitutive relations to perform calculations under conditions of arbitrary compound stress state, we performed numerical modeling of the compression experiment for cylindrical samples. A rather satisfactory agreement between the computational results and experimental data was obtained.     

弹体贯穿混凝土数值模拟的改进材料模型

研究混凝土结构在冲击载荷下的力学特性对武器以及防护结构的设计和评估具有重要意义,而合适的材料模型可以更准确地预测混凝土结构的力学行为和破坏模式。因此,本文中提出了一种改进的混凝土塑性损伤材料模型来描述其在冲击载荷下的力学响应。该改进模型考虑了压力-体积应变关系、应变率效应、洛德角效应和塑性损伤累积对混凝土材料力学特性的影响,并引入了一个与损伤相关的硬化/软化函数来描述压缩状态下的应变硬化和软化行为。随后,通过对3个独立的强度面进行线性插值得到了该改进模型的破坏强度面,并采用部分关联流动法则考虑了混凝土材料的体积膨胀特性。最后,开展了单个单元在不同加载条件下和弹体贯穿钢筋混凝土靶的数值模拟,验证了该改进模型的可行性、准确性以及预测性能提升。     

活性材料冲击释能行为研究进展

活性材料是一种具备释能特性的新型材料,其在冲击导致的高压/高温作用下可以发生化学反应,释放大量的化学能,因此在破片、聚能破甲战斗部等军事领域有广泛的应用潜力。为了实现对活性材料释能过程的设计与控制,推进活性材料武器化应用进程,就必须解答活性材料冲击释能行为中所包含的一系列复杂的力-热-化耦合问题。近40年来,对活性材料的冲击释能行为已开展了大量研究,本文在此基础上系统梳理了活性材料的冲击诱发化学反应机理、动力学以及相关效应的研究现状,重点关注活性材料的冲击释能实验表征技术、冲击诱发化学反应理论模型以及考虑力-热-化耦合的冲击压缩数值模拟方法等3方面的研究进展。总结认为,对活性材料冲击释能行为的研究已经具有一定的积淀,但目前对实验中超快化学反应行为的实时诊断研究还缺乏更加丰富、精细、直观的表征与探索,相关理论与数值模拟研究尚未建立能够完整描述活性材料冲击释能行为的力-热-化理论模型,缺乏能够从宏观尺度描述冲击释能行为的有效方法。因此,超快化学反应实验表征技术、宏观角度的力-热-化机理与模型建立及其数值模拟应用以及具备可调性能的活性材料制备新工艺3方面研究内容将是推进活性材料未来军事化应用的重点关注对象。     

含电子相影响的多功能含能结构材料冲击压缩理论计算

为了更好地描述疏松态金属材料的冲击压缩特性,基于托马斯-费米原子统计模型,研究金属晶体中电子热行为对系统内粒子数、内能、压强等参数的影响,修改了描述疏松金属材料的Wu-Jing模型中的参数R的计算方法。结合混合物的冷能叠加原理,得到考虑电子相影响的疏松态混合物物态方程。并对不同配比的密实态W/Cu合金、不同疏松度的Al/Ni合金的典型多功能含能结构材料进行计算,获得其冲击压力-比容关系及冲击波速度-粒子速度关系,计算结果与实验结果吻合较好。结果表明,本文中模型对未反应条件下的金属材料冲击压缩特性预测较好;疏松材料的冲击压力-粒子速度关系并不呈现出密实材料的近似线性关系,其冲击压缩过程分为压实前和压实后2个明显的阶段;多功能含能结构材料的冲击压缩特性受材料孔隙率、材料配比等影响明显。     

Effect of aspect ratio on triaxial compression of multi-sphere ellipsoid assemblies simulated using a discrete element method

Here, we present a numerical investigation of the mechanical behavior of ellipsoids under triaxial compression for a range of aspect ratios. Our simulations use a multi-sphere approach in a three-dimensional discrete element method. All assemblies were prepared at their densest condition, and triaxial compression tests were performed up to extremely large strains, until a critical state was reached. The stress–strain relationship and the void ratio–strain behavior were evaluated. We found that the stress–dilatancy relationship of ellipsoids with different aspect ratios could be expressed as a linear equation. In particular, the aspect ratio influenced the position of the critical state lines for these assemblies. Particle-scale characteristics at the critical state indicate that particles tend to be flat lying, and the obstruction of particle rotation that occurs with longer particles affects their contact mechanics. Lastly, anisotropic coefficients related to aspect ratio were investigated to probe the microscopic origins of the macroscopic behavior. A detailed analysis of geometrical and mechanical anisotropies revealed the microscopic mechanisms underlying the dependency of peak and residual strengths on aspect ratio.     

Finite element simulation on the mechanical properties of MHS materials

Finite element simulations are carried out to examine the mechanical behavior of the metallic hollow sphere (MHS) material during their large plastic deformation and to estimate the energy absorbing capacity of these materials under uniaxial compression. A simplified model is proposed from experimental observations to describe the connection between the neighboring spheres, which greatly improves the computation efficiency. The effects of the governing physical and geometrical parameters are evaluated; whilst a special attention is paid to the plateau stress, which is directly related to the energy absorbing capacity. Finally, the empirical functions of the relative material density are proposed for the elastic modulus, yield strength and plateau stress for FCC packing arrangement of hollow spheres, showing a good agreement with the experimental results obtained in our previous study.     

泡沫铝材料准静态本构关系的理论和实验研究

应用Chen和Lu提出的适用于可压缩弹塑性固体的唯象本构模型框架，建立了泡沫铝的准静态本构模型，推导了三维等比例加载和环向受约束轴向加载下的宏观应力-应变曲线. 对两种泡沫铝材料(开孔和闭孔)进行了4类准静态试验，即单轴压缩、三维静水压缩、三维等比例压缩和侧向受约束轴向压缩实验. 利用单轴压缩和三维静水压缩的实验结果得到了泡沫铝材料的本构参数曲线，并由此预测它在三维等比例压缩和侧向受约束轴向压缩情况下的响应. 理论预测与相应实验结果相比较，三维等比例压缩的结果比较吻合，但与侧向受约束轴向压缩的结果却相差很大. 分析表明，理论预测与侧向受约束轴向压缩实验结果的偏差是由于泡沫铝试件与约束筒之间的摩擦造成的. 研究结果说明, Chen-Lu模型能够很好地描述泡沫铝材料在压缩占主导的应力状态下的响应.     

Finite element simulations on the mechanical properties of MHS materials

Finite element simulations are carried out to examine the mechanical behavior of the metallic hollow sphere (MHS) material during their large plastic deformation and to estimate the energy absorbing capacity of these materials under uniaxial compression. A simplified model is proposed from experimental observations to describe the connection between the neighboring spheres, which greatly improves the computation efficiency. The effects of the governing physical and geometrical parameters are evaluated; whilst a special attention is paid to the plateau stress, which is directly related to the energy absorbing capacity. Finally, the empirical functions of the relative material density are proposed for the elastic modulus, yield strength and plateau stress for FCC packing arrangement of hollow spheres, showing a good agreement with the experimental results obtained in our previous study. The project supported by the Hong Kong Research Grant Council (RGC) (HKUST 6079/00E) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (10532020).     

Theoretical and Experimental Investigations of the Stress Concentration in Nonthin Cylindrical Shells with Rectangular Openings

The problem on the stress state of cylindrical shells with rectangular openings under axial compression is considered based on the theory of shells of average thickness. For a shell with two diametrical openings, numerical calculations are carried out by the finite-difference method for anisotropic and isotropic materials. The anisotropy of the material and the sizes of the openings are shown to affect the displacements and stresses on the opening periphery. An experiment is implemented for a cylindrical shell with rectangular openings under axial compression. The experimental and numerical data are compared     

金属材料在复杂应力状态下的塑性流动特性及本构模型

工程应用中,金属材料和结构往往处于复杂应力状态。材料的塑性行为会受到应力状态的影响,要精确描述材料在复杂应力状态下的塑性流动行为,必须在本构模型中考虑应力状态效应的影响。然而,由于在动态加载下材料的应变率效应和应力状态效应相互耦合、难以分离,给应力状态效应的研究和模型的建立造成很大困难。通过对Ti-6Al-4V钛合金材料开展不同加载条件下的力学性能测试,提出了一个包含应力三轴度和罗德角参数影响的新型本构模型,并通过VUMAT用户子程序嵌入ABAQUS/Explicit软件。分别采用新提出的塑性模型和Johnson-Cook模型对压剪复合试样的动态实验进行了数值模拟。结果表明,新模型不仅在对材料本构曲线的拟合方面具有较强的优势,而且由该模型所得到的透射脉冲和载荷-位移曲线均更加准确。因此,该模型能够更精确地描述和预测金属材料在复杂应力状态下的塑性流变行为。     

宽γ辐照剂量范围内硅泡沫本构模型研究

基于实验和理论建模研究了白炭黑增强硅泡沫材料在γ辐照剂量范围为0~1000kGy作用后的单轴压缩力学行为。实验结果表明辐照导致硅泡沫出现明显硬化现象，初始杨氏模量和固定应变下应力幅值均随γ辐照剂量近似线性增加。辐照后硅泡沫泡孔结构完整，硅橡胶基体中高分子交联反应占主导，且交联密度随辐照剂量线性增大。基于实验分析结果，实现了Ogden Hyperfoam超弹本构模型参数与辐照剂量的关联。结果表明初始剪切模量参数与辐照剂量成线性关系，硬化指数和泊松比参数与辐照剂量无关。基于应力应变实验数据拟合得到模型参数，并与未参与拟合的实验数据对比，验证了模型的准确性，表明该模型能够表征宽辐照剂量范围内硅泡沫的压缩力学行为。     

宽γ辐照剂量范围内硅泡沫本构模型研究

基于实验和理论建模研究了白炭黑增强硅泡沫材料在γ辐照剂量范围为0~1000kGy作用后的单轴压缩力学行为。实验结果表明辐照导致硅泡沫出现明显硬化现象,初始杨氏模量和固定应变下应力幅值均随γ辐照剂量近似线性增加。辐照后硅泡沫泡孔结构完整,硅橡胶基体中高分子交联反应占主导,且交联密度随辐照剂量线性增大。基于实验分析结果,实现了Ogden Hyperfoam超弹本构模型参数与辐照剂量的关联。结果表明初始剪切模量参数与辐照剂量成线性关系,硬化指数和泊松比参数与辐照剂量无关。基于应力应变实验数据拟合得到模型参数,并与未参与拟合的实验数据对比,验证了模型的准确性,表明该模型能够表征宽辐照剂量范围内硅泡沫的压缩力学行为。     

Micromechanics-based model for cement-treated clays

Cementation is produced by mixing a certain amount of cement with the saturated clay. The purpose of this paper is to model the cementation effect on the mechanical behavior of cement-treated clay. A micromechanical stress-strain model is developed considering explicitly the cementation at inter-cluster contacts. The inter-cluster bonding and debonding during mechanical loading are introduced in two ways: an additional cohesion in the shear sliding and a higher yield stress in normal compression. The model is used to simulate isotropic compression and undrained triaxial tests under various confining stresses on cement-treated Singapore clay with various cement contents. The applicability of the present model is evaluated through comparisons between numerical and experimental results. The evolution of local stresses and local strains in inter-cluster planes is discussed in order to explain the induced anisotropy due to debonding at contact level under the applied loads.     

Prediction of progressive failure in multidirectional composite laminated panels

A mechanism-based progressive failure analyses (PFA) approach is developed for fiber reinforced composite laminates. Each ply of the laminate is modeled as a nonlinear elastic degrading lamina in a state of plane stress according to Schapery theory (ST). In this theory, each lamina degrades as characterized through laboratory scale experiments. In the fiber direction, elastic behavior prevails, however, in the present work, the phenomenon of fiber microbuckling, which is responsible for the sudden degradation of the axial lamina properties under compression, is explicitly accounted for by allowing the fiber rotation at a material point to be a variable in the problem. The latter is motivated by experimental and numerical simulations that show that local fiber rotations in conjunction with a continuously degrading matrix are responsible for the onset of fiber microbuckling leading to kink banding. These features are built into a user defined material subroutine that is implemented through the commercial finite element (FE) software ABAQUS in conjunction with classical lamination theory (CLT) that considers a laminate as a collection of perfectly bonded lamina (Herakovich, C.T., 1998. Mechanics of Fibrous Composites. Wiley, New York). The present model, thus, disbands the notion of a fixed compressive strength, and instead uses the mechanics of the failure process to provide the in situ compression strength of a material point in a lamina, the latter being dictated strongly by the current local stress state, the current state of the lamina transverse material properties and the local fiber rotation. The inputs to the present work are laboratory scale, coupon level test data that provide information on the lamina transverse property degradation (i.e. appropriate, measured, strain–stress relations of the lamina transverse properties), the elastic lamina orthotropic properties, the ultimate tensile strength of the lamina in the fiber direction, the stacking sequence of the laminate and the geometry of the structural panel. The validity of the approach advocated is demonstrated through numerical simulations of the response of two composite structural panels that are loaded to complete failure. A flat, 24-ply unstiffened panel with a cutout subjected to in-plane shear loading, and a double notched 70-ply unstiffened stitched panel subjected to axial compression are selected for study. The predictions of the simulations are compared against experimental data. Good agreement between the present PFA and the experimental data are reported.