Numerical simulation of impact forces by a falling sphere in air using ALE finite element method

ABSTRACT

A numerical method is developed to simulate the process that a falling rigid sphere hits rigid ground and bounces back in air. The problem is treated as fluid-structure interaction problem based on the ALE finite element flow analysis. In order to introduce the numerical process of impact into the present staggered fluid-structure time marching algorithm, the impact force is applied to the equation of motion of the sphere. The magnitude of the impact force is determined by iteration so that the velocity of the sphere after impact converges to zero. Application of the impact force at a single time instant causes unphysical pressure oscillation. This has been suppressed by applying the impact force smoothly over multiple short time steps. In the present method impulse is evaluated instead of impact force. Computations with different density ratio of the sphere to air showed effect of the air on the sphere motion.     

Efficient coupling of direct forcing immersed boundary-lattice Boltzmann method and finite element method to simulate fluid-structure interactions

Fluid-structure interactions (FSI) of rigid and flexible bodies are simulated in this article. For the fluid flow, multidirect forcing immersed boundary method (IBM) is adopted to capture the moving boundary, and lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) is used to evolve the flow field. Compared with our previous no-penetration IBM, less iterations are required in this work. In addition, larger velocity in lattice units can be used and the nonphysical force oscillations are suppressed due to the C³ 6-point kernel. Multi-relaxation-time collision operator and local grid refinement are also adopted in LBM to enhance the numerical stability and efficiency. To improve the efficiency of the FSI coupling algorithm, the mesh of the deformable structure can be coarser than the Lagrangian mesh using Newton-Cotes formulas to integrate the traction on the structure surface. A variety of benchmarks, including flow around a circular cylinder with Reynold number ranging from 20 to 200, forced oscillation of a circular cylinder, vortex-induced vibration (VIV) of an elastically mounted circular cylinder in two degrees of freedom, and VIV of an elastic cantilever beam attached to a circular cylinder, are carried out to evaluate the accuracy and stability of the present coupling algorithm. For the benchmark FSI problem considered in this article, a reduction of 54% of the calculation time is achieved using coarser structure mesh. As an application of the FSI coupling algorithm, the mechanism of an elastic beam in the wake of a circular cylinder is discussed.     

NUMERICAL MODELING FOR FLUID-STRUCTURE INTERACTION UNDER BLAST AND IMPACT LOADING RESPONSE

建立了基于位移相等条件的流固耦合数值模拟程序框架,通过串联弱耦合方式对爆炸冲击波作用下流固耦合效应进行数值模拟. 其中非线性固体位移场采用基于Lagrange方法描述的时域间断伽辽金有限元方法进行处理. 基于修正弹簧近似的非结构动网格新技术,非定常流场采用格心格式的有限体积方法进行求解. 数值模拟结果表明: 该文所发展的弱耦合分析程序在流固耦合数值模拟过程中具有可靠的计算精度. 同时,程序对于爆炸强间断气动冲击载荷冲击作用下固体变形引起流场的反射和叠加效应, 以及流场变化引起复杂的固体响应具有良好的耦合求解能力.     

Domain Decomposition Methods for Sensitivity Analysis of a Nonlinear Aeroelasticity Problem

Abstract

We consider the nonlinear aeroelasticity problem of the interaction between a viscous, incompressible fluid and Lin elastic solid undergoing large displacement. The non-linearities of the problem formulation include the solid and fluid governing equations. as well as thc dependence of the How geometry on the solid deformation. The resulting coupling is thus two-way. We develop domain-decomposition methods for solution and sensitivity analysis of the coupled problem. The domain decomposition is in the form of a block-Gauss-Seidel-like prcconditioncr that decomposes ihc coupled-domain problem into distinct nonovcrlapping fluid and solid subdotnain problems. The preconditioner thus enables exploitation or single-domain algorithms for solid and fluid mechanics discretization and solution. On the other hand, two-way fluid-solid coupling is retained within the residuals, which is essential for correct sensitivities. Sensitivities of field quantities can be found with little additional work beyond that required for solving the coupled fluid-solid system. The methodology developed here is illustrated by the solution of a problem of viscous incompressible flow about an infinite clastic cylinder. Sensitivities of the resulting velocity and displacement fields with respect to elastic modulus and fluid viscosity are computed.     

Interaction of a deformable solid with two-phase flows: An Eulerian-based numerical model for fluid-structure interaction using the level contour reconstruction method

We describe the formulation of a method for fluid-structure interaction involving the coupling of moving and/or flexible solid structures with multiphase flows in the framework of the Level Contour Reconstruction Method. We present an Eulerian-based numerical procedure for tracking the motion and interaction of a liquid-gas interface with a fluid-solid interface in the Lagrangian frame together with the evaluation of the fluid transport equations coupled to those for the solid transport, namely the left Cauchy-Green strain tensor field, in the Eulerian frame. To prevent excessive dissipation due to the convective nature of the solid transport equation, a simple incompressibility constraint for the strain field is enforced. A single grid structure is used for both the fluid and solid phases which allows for a simple and natural coupling of the fluid and solid dynamics. Several benchmark tests are performed to show the accuracy of the numerical method and which demonstrate accurate results compared to several of those in the existing literature. In particular we show that surface tension effects including contact line dynamics on the deforming solid phase can be properly simulated. The three-phase interaction of a droplet impacting on a flexible cantilever is investigated in detail. The simulations follow the detailed motion of the droplet impact (and subsequent deformation, breakup, and fall trajectory) along with the motion of the deformable solid cantilever due to its own weight as well as due to the force of the droplet impact.     

基于预修正快速傅里叶变换高阶边界元方法的多体水动力分析

高阶边界元方法在求解波浪对海上建筑物作用问题中具有诸多优势,但由于它所形成的矩阵是一个满阵,计算量和存储量均为未知量的平方量级,很难满足如多体水动力分析等大尺度多未知量问题的计算需要。本文采用预修正快速傅里叶变换高阶边界元方法（pFFT-HOBEM）,将计算量和存储量均降低到未知量的线性量级。通过对不同未知量时该方法与传统边界元法的计算量与存储量的对比,以及该方法自身各步骤计算时间的对比,研究了不同pFFT网格方案对计算量和存储量的影响,并提出了基于计算时间最小化原则的pFFT网格优化方法。采用本文方法研究了四柱结构在不同频率波浪作用下的作用力及波面分布,并对近场干涉发生时的物理现象进行了分析和讨论。     

流固耦合分析的一种改进CBS有限元算法

针对流固耦合问题, 发展了一种基于任意拉格朗日-欧拉(ALE)描述有限元法的弱耦合分区算法. 运用半隐式特征线分裂算法求解Navier-Stokes方程, 在压力Poisson 方程中引入质量源项以满足几何守恒律; 运用子块移动技术更新动态网格, 并配以光滑处理防止网格质量下降; 采用Newmark-β 法求解结构运动方程. 为保持流体-结构界面处速度和动量守恒, 利用修正结合界面边界条件方法求解界面处速度通量和动量通量. 运用本方法分别模拟了不同雷诺数下单圆柱横向和两向流致振动、串列双圆柱两向流致振动. 计算表明, 本文方法计算效率高, 计算结果与已有实验和数值计算数据吻合.     

Numerical simulation of viscous flow interaction with an elastic membrane

A numerical fluid–structure interaction model is developed for the analysis of viscous flow over elastic membrane structures. The Navier–Stokes equations are discretized on a moving body‐fitted unstructured triangular grid using the finite volume method, taking into account grid non‐orthogonality, and implementing the SIMPLE algorithm for pressure solution, power law implicit differencing and Rhie–Chow explicit mass flux interpolations. The membrane is discretized as a set of links that coincide with a subset of the fluid mesh edges. A new model is introduced to distribute local and global elastic effects to aid stability of the structure model and damping effects are also included. A pseudo‐structural approach using a balance of mesh edge spring tensions and cell internal pressures controls the motion of fluid mesh nodes based on the displacements of the membrane. Following initial validation, the model is applied to the case of a two‐dimensional membrane pinned at both ends at an angle of attack of 4° to the oncoming flow, at a Reynolds number based on the chord length of 4 × 10³. A series of tests on membranes of different elastic stiffness investigates their unsteady movements over time. The membranes of higher elastic stiffness adopt a stable equilibrium shape, while the membrane of lowest elastic stiffness demonstrates unstable interactions between its inflated shape and the resulting unsteady wake. These unstable effects are shown to be significantly magnified by the flexible nature of the membrane compared with a rigid surface of the same average shape. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

一种强耦合预估-校正浸入边界法

为克服传统浸入边界法的质量不守恒缺陷,提出了一种用于可压缩流固耦合问题的强耦合预估-校正浸入边界法。通过阐述一般流固耦合系统的矩阵表示,推导了流固耦合系统的强耦合Gauss-Seidel迭代格式,进一步导出预估-校正格式,提出了预估-校正浸入边界法。该方法使用无耦合边界模型对流体进行预估,将流固耦合边界视为自由面,固体原本占据的空间初始化为零质量的单元,允许流体自由穿过耦合边界。对于流体的计算,使用带有minmod限制器的二阶MUSCL有限体积格式和基于Zha-Bilgen分裂的AUSM+-up方法,配合三阶Runge-Kutta格式推进时间步。在校正步骤中,通过一组质量守恒的输运规则来实现输运过程。输运算法可概括为将边界内侧的流体进行标记,根据标记顺序以均匀方式分割和移动流体,产生一个指向边界外侧的流动,最后在边界附近施加速度校正保证无滑移条件。标记和输运算法避免了繁琐的对截断单元的几何处理,确保了算法易于实现。对于固体的计算,分别采用一阶差分格式和隐式动力学有限元格式求解刚体和线弹性体,并利用高斯积分获得固体表面的耦合力。使用预估-校正浸入边界法计算了一维问题和二维问题。在一维活塞问题中,获得了压力分布、相对质量历史和误差曲线,并与其他方法进行了对比。在二维的激波冲击平板问题中,获得了数值模拟纹影和平板结构的挠度历史,并与实验结果进行了对比。研究表明,该方法区别于传统的虚拟网格方法和截断单元方法,能够精确地维持流场的质量守恒并易于实现,且具有一阶收敛精度,能够较准确地预测激波绕射后的流场以及平板在激波作用下的挠度,为开发流固耦合算法提供了一种新的思路。     

Nonlinear Galerkin method for the exterior nonstationary Navier-Stokes equations

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流固耦合不可压物质点法及其在晃动问题中的应用

作为一种混合拉格朗日欧拉法,物质点法在流固耦合问题中具有重要的应用前景。对于自由液面的流动问题,基于物质点法框架已建立了弱可压物质点法和完全不可压物质点法,但在处理流固耦合问题时遇到了困难。弱可压物质点法由于采用可压缩状态方程,导致求解时间步长过小,压力振荡严重,产生了非物理的飞溅现象;完全不可压物质点法基于投影算法和不可压条件,消除了弱可压物质点法的压力振荡,提高了时间步长,但难以处理移动边界问题。基于变分形式的投影算法提出了一种新型流固耦合不可压物质点法,得到了体积加权的压力泊松方程PPE(Pressure Poisson Equation),解决了完全不可压物质点法无法处理不规则边界和移动边界的问题。采用流固耦合不可压物质点法研究了运动刚体容器中的液体晃动问题,并与已有实验和数值结果进行对比,验证了算法的正确性和精度。     

航行体水下发射流固耦合效应分析

对于水下发射过程来说,掌握水动力载荷形成机理与结构响应特征是一个亟待解决的问题.研究该问题需要考虑含相变的复杂多相流动,变约束的结构运动以及这二者之间的耦合效应.本文采用松耦合的方法,以流体求解器为主体,将自编的固体结构程序接入流体求解器中,在每个时间步长内分别对流体动力学方程和固体结构动力学方程进行求解,通过流固界面之间的数据交换实现耦合计算.其中,流体求解器基于雷诺平均纳维斯托克斯方程,采用单流体模型处理多相流问题,引入空化模型描述空化相变,采用修正的湍流模型模拟混合物的湍流效应,并采用动网格技术处理移动边界问题.航行体的刚体运动和结构振动分开求解.结构求解器采用等效梁模型描述结构的振动,通过坐标变换给出了随体坐标系下的结构振动方程,求解方法采用时域积分法.所建立的流固耦合方法不仅能够捕捉到自然空化的演化情况,还可获得航行体所受水动力、结构振动响应以及截面的弯矩,获得了实验的验证.基于该方法研究了结构刚度、发射速度对空泡溃灭与结构振动耦合效应的影响规律.结果表明,同步溃灭是影响结构载荷的主要因素,包括溃灭压力幅值,溃灭压力作用位置,以及溃灭压力与结构振动的相位关系.     

流固耦合破坏分析的多分辨率PD-SPH方法

流固耦合破坏是一类涉及结构变形与破坏以及复杂自由表面现象的强非线性力学问题. 结合近场动力学(peridynamics, PD)与光滑粒子流体动力学(smoothed particle hydrodynamics, SPH)各自的优势并考虑其计算效率问题, 提出一种适用于分析流?固耦合破坏问题的多分辨率PD-SPH混合方法. 分别采用SPH和PD方法以不同的空间和时间分辨率对流体和结构进行离散与求解, 利用具有与流体粒子相同光滑长度的虚粒子处理流?固界面, 以高精度满足界面边界条件. 通过两个经典算例: 液柱静压力下弹性板的变形和溃坝流体冲击弹性闸门的变形问题, 表明提出的多分辨率PD-SPH方法兼具较高的计算精度和计算效率; 对含裂缝的Koyna重力坝水力劈裂问题进行模拟计算, 所得裂缝扩展路径与文献结果吻合, 说明该方法适用于涉及结构破坏的流固耦合问题仿真. 最后尝试采用该方法进行流体冲击作用下含裂纹混凝土板崩塌过程数值仿真, 准确描述混凝土板的断裂破坏和全过程中的流体运动. 多分辨率PD-SPH混合方法或可为流?固耦合作用下的结构损伤破坏仿真提供一种新选择.      

Effective and efficient characterization of lubrication flow over soft coatings

This work models the fluid-structure interactions associated with separating a solid from a soft elastic film in a liquid environment. One side of the soft film is permanently attached to a rigid substrate. The ensuing liquid flow and elastic deformations are derived by considering a system of partial differential equations, that govern the mechanics of the separation process. A finite element based computational scheme is developed to solve the governing equations and predict the resultant forces acting on the solid. It is shown that the resulting forces are influenced by the elasticity of the film for an initial duration and by the viscosity of the liquid at larger times. The proposed model is utilized to shed insights into the mechanics of the separation process in constrained-surface stereolithography process.

     

Fast computation of the wall distance in unsteady Eulerian fluid-structure computations

Highly nonlinear, turbulent, dynamic, fluid-structure interaction problems characterized by large structural displacements and deformations, as well as self-contact and topological changes, are encountered in many applications. For such problems, the Eulerian computational framework, which is often equipped with an embedded (or immersed) boundary method for computational fluid dynamics, is often the most appropriate framework. In many circumstances, it requires the computation of the time-dependent distance from each active mesh vertex of the embedding mesh to the nearest embedded discrete surface. Such circumstances include, for example, modeling turbulence using the Spalart-Allmaras or detached eddy simulation turbulence models and performing adaptive mesh refinement in order to track the boundary layer. Evaluating at each time step the distance to the wall is computationally prohibitive, particularly in the context of explicit-explicit fluid-structure time-integration schemes. Hence, this paper presents two complementary approaches for reducing this computational cost. The first one recognizes that many quantities depending on the wall distance are relatively insensitive to its inaccurate evaluation in the far field. Therefore, it simplifies a state-of-the-art algorithm for computing the wall distance accordingly. The second approach relies on an effective wall distance error estimator to update the evaluation of the wall distance function only when otherwise, a quantity of interest that depends on it would become tainted by an unacceptable level of error. The potential of combining both approaches for dramatically accelerating the computation of the wall distance is demonstrated with the Eulerian simulation of the inflation of a disk-gap-band parachute system in a supersonic airstream.     

基于实体的注射成型流动模拟

提出了应用中面模型技术模拟实体模型的注射成型流动过程的新方法。对实体模型的表面进行二维网格划分，将结点在厚度方向上配对．配对点之间添加虚拟热流道单元，建立二维有限元分析的网格模型。将HeleShaw流动应用于非等温条件下的粘性、不可压缩流体，建立基于中面模型流动分析的数学模型，用充填园子的输运方程描述流动前沿。用有限元计算充填过程的压力场．有限差分计算温度场，高阶的Taylor展开式计算每一时间步长的充填因子。针对Han设计的试验模具，用相同的材料及工艺条件，比较中面模型和实体模型的模拟结果。算例分析表明，这种方法可以有效地模拟基于实体模型的注射成型流动过程。     

物质点法的理论和应用

物质点法采用质点离散材料区域, 用背景网格计算空间导数和求解动量方程,避免了网格畸变和对流项处理, 兼具拉格朗日和欧拉算法的优势, 非常适合模拟涉及材料特大变形和断裂破碎的问题. 本文详细论述了物质点法在基本理论、算法和软件开发方面的进展, 包括广义插值物质点法、接触算法、自适应算法、并行算法、与其他算法的杂交和耦合等. 系统地总结了物质点法在超高速碰撞、冲击侵彻、爆炸、动态断裂、流固耦合、多尺度分析、颗粒材料流动和岩土失效等一系列涉及材料特大变形问题中的应用,展示了其相对于传统数值计算方法的优势.     

A hybrid immersed‐boundary and multi‐block lattice Boltzmann method for simulating fluid and moving‐boundaries interactions

A numerical method is developed for modelling the interactions between incompressible viscous fluid and moving boundaries. The principle of this method is introducing the immersed‐boundary concept in the framework of the lattice Boltzmann method, and improving the accuracy and efficiency of the simulation by refining the mesh near moving boundaries. Besides elastic boundary with a constitutive law, the method can also efficiently simulate solid moving‐boundary interacting with fluid by employing the direct forcing technique. The method is validated by the simulations of flow past a circular cylinder, two cylinders moving with respect to each other and flow around a hovering wing. The versatility of the method is demonstrated by the numerical studies including elastic filament flapping in the wake of a cylinder and fish‐like bodies swimming in quiescent fluid. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Analysis of coupled-mode flutter of pipes conveying fluid on the elastic foundation

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Flow simulation on moving boundary‐fitted grids and application to fluid–structure interaction problems

We present a method for the parallel numerical simulation of transient three‐dimensional fluid–structure interaction problems. Here, we consider the interaction of incompressible flow in the fluid domain and linear elastic deformation in the solid domain. The coupled problem is tackled by an approach based on the classical alternating Schwarz method with non‐overlapping subdomains, the subproblems are solved alternatingly and the coupling conditions are realized via the exchange of boundary conditions. The elasticity problem is solved by a standard linear finite element method. A main issue is that the flow solver has to be able to handle time‐dependent domains. To this end, we present a technique to solve the incompressible Navier–Stokes equation in three‐dimensional domains with moving boundaries. This numerical method is a generalization of a finite volume discretization using curvilinear coordinates to time‐dependent coordinate transformations. It corresponds to a discretization of the arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian formulation of the Navier–Stokes equations. Here the grid velocity is treated in such a way that the so‐called Geometric Conservation Law is implicitly satisfied. Altogether, our approach results in a scheme which is an extension of the well‐known MAC‐method to a staggered mesh in moving boundary‐fitted coordinates which uses grid‐dependent velocity components as the primary variables. To validate our method, we present some numerical results which show that second‐order convergence in space is obtained on moving grids. Finally, we give the results of a fully coupled fluid–structure interaction problem. It turns out that already a simple explicit coupling with one iteration of the Schwarz method, i.e. one solution of the fluid problem and one solution of the elasticity problem per time step, yields a convergent, simple, yet efficient overall method for fluid–structure interaction problems. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.