极不均匀电场下重复频率纳秒脉冲气体击穿实验研究

 实验研究了尖-板电极中，不同重复频率（10,100,500,1 000 Hz）、不同间隙(0.5,1 cm),不同气压（0.1～0.4 MPa）等条件下空气的绝缘特性。得到了击穿时延、重复频率耐受时间、施加脉冲个数等与施加电压、重复频率的关系。研究发现：在该实验条件下击穿时延随着场强与气压的比值减小而增加，但重频耐受时间和脉冲击穿个数并没有明显变化；随着重复频率的提高，击穿时延和重频耐受时间会减小，但脉冲击穿个数可能会增加；且重复频率条件下击穿的极性效应不明显；重复施加的脉冲产生大量的亚稳态粒子和残余电荷影响放电的发展过程；负离子的脱负或正离子碰撞阴极的过程，及亚稳态粒子的去激励作用给击穿提供了有效初始电子。     

重频纳秒高压脉冲下变压器油击穿特性的实验研究

介绍了重频纳秒高压脉冲下变压器油绝缘特性研究的现状和成果。进行了重频（1 Hz～1 kHz）纳秒高压脉冲下25#变压器油击穿特性的实验研究。实验发现相对于单次纳秒脉冲，重频脉冲下25#变压器油的击穿场强与频率相关，频率提高，击穿场强降低，但不是线性关系，在频率超过100 Hz时变压器油的击穿场强变化较小，在10~100 Hz时变压器油的击穿场强迅速下降。初步总结了重复频率、脉冲宽度和击穿场强的关系，对重频脉冲下变压器油的击穿机理进行了初步的探讨。     

双极结型晶体管的集电结反向雪崩击穿特性

通过气体放电产生更高浓度的低温等离子体要求具有纳秒上升沿和纳秒脉宽的高重频快脉冲,而目前被广泛使用的MOSFET和IGBT都无法满足这些参数要求,而双极结型晶体管(BJT）的集电极与发射极之间的雪崩击穿过程具有快导通、快恢复、高稳定性等优点,适合作为小型Marx发生器的自击穿开关。文中对用多种型号的BJT进行击穿特性比较测试实验,发现可以通过改变BJT的门极和发射极的并联电阻来调节其雪崩击穿电压,实现一定范围的工作电压。雪崩击穿恢复特性实验表明,当击穿电流衰减到低于维持电流时,BJT就会开始恢复绝缘而关断,通过改变电路中的参数以控制击穿电流的变化就可以控制BJT的雪崩击穿导通时间（即导通脉宽）。将这些结论应用到实际电路中,可获得上升沿5 ns、脉宽为10 ns、幅值2 kV、重复频率高达100 kHz的纳秒快脉冲,可用于激发高浓度低温等离子体。     

高压氢气亚纳秒开关击穿特性

 在超宽谱脉冲产生辐射系统或脉冲功率源中,常用高压气体开关来产生快脉冲沿的高功率电磁脉冲。为了研究高压氢气亚纳秒开关的击穿特性,通过实验研究了氢气开关在高气压和短间隙距离条件下的击穿特性。开关输入脉冲的峰值幅度约220 kV,脉宽3～4 ns。氢气气压4～13 MPa,间隙距离0.4～1.2 mm。结果表明：开关击穿电压随气压升高而增加,且开关气压达到11 MPa后击穿电压随气压增加的趋势变缓;开关击穿电压随间距增加而增加,平均击穿场强随间距增加而减小,氢气开关平均击穿场强分布在3～7 MV/cm之间;开关导通时间随气压增加略有减小,随间隙距离增加有小幅增加。     

Statistical Delay Times in Small Gas Spark Gaps

Statistical times were measured as a function of overvoltage and gap conditioning in small (0.127 mm) flowing-gas spark gaps. Results for air, nitrogen, oxygen, and helium are reported here. Statistical time was determined by averaging 60 measurements of the time between application of a step voltage to the gap and breakdown of the gap. These times, ranging from 100 ns to over 100 ?s, were measured with 10-ns resolution. Conditioning was done by breaking down the spark gap 40 times per second until the desired number of pulses was obtained (5000, 50 000, 500 000). Conditioning increased the breakdown voltage of gaps filled with air, nitrogen, and oxygen, but had little effect when helium was used. The functional dependence of the statistical time on electric-field strength was not changed by conditioning. Limited results showed statistical time increased with pressure in air-filled spark gaps.     

基于SI-GaAs材料的新型脉冲压缩二极管

针对快前沿高重频脉冲的应用需求,设计并研制了一种基于半绝缘砷化镓（SI-GaAs）材料的新型脉冲压缩二极管,通过实验对其压缩性能和重频运行能力进行了测试。实验结果表明,利用此开关能够将前级脉冲的上升沿压缩约270倍和脉宽压缩14倍;并在50 Ω负载上,获得脉冲幅度1.3 kV、上升沿约1.6 ns、脉宽40.59 ns的电脉冲,重复频率达1 kHz,总计运行47 min,触发约两百万次。为研究脉冲压缩二极管的工作原理,对其静态伏安特性进行测试。分析认为,在电压初步加载阶段,SI-GaAs材料内的电场增强型的俘获与离化机制导致耐压增强,二极管在实验过程中出现延迟击穿现象;逆向偶极畴效应产生牵引机制,引发快速上升的位移电流,进而导致反偏结雪崩击穿,二极管表现出瞬间负阻特性,在负载上输出高压纳秒电脉冲。新型脉冲压缩二极管无外加触发快脉冲的前级器件,自身可以维持一定时间的强烈雪崩击穿状态,因此具有体积小、生产成本低的优点,可用于制作小型化高重频的纳秒脉冲功率源。     

紧凑型可重复运行的高功率纳秒脉冲源

 讨论了一种低阻抗、高储能密度、可输出中等高压的百ns脉冲形成技术,其输出波形质量较好;采用磁感应电压叠加技术将该脉冲形成装置输出的中等高压脉冲叠加到应用需求的高电压高功率脉冲。研究表明单个感应模块可在2.8 Ω的负载上获得脉冲宽度为220 ns,前沿为50 ns的中等高压脉冲。     

On the Polishing Effect of Nanosecond Discharges in Vacuum

When a metal surface in ultra high vacuum is subjected to electric discharges with a sufficiently short duration the surface becomes perfectly smooth. This polishing is caused by the inertia of the molten metal within a cathode spot that prevents the formation of a crater by acceleration of the liquid. The present paper reports an investigation of this phenomenon in dependence on the discharge parameters. The effect was found to be determined by the pulse duration, it occurs with pulses of less than 10 nanoseconds. But also long discharges of 500 ns show a polishing if the current rise rate is below a critical value (0.5 — 1 A/ns), depending on the cathode material. Thus long discharges consist of elementary steps of about 10 ns duration, in accordance with the formation time of cathode craters. The polishing effect causes an abrupt decrease of the breakdown probability of rectangular high voltage pulses from one to zero at a critical pulse duration.     

基于SOS的脉冲功率源技术新进展

 研制了基于SOS的胡杨200和胡杨700脉冲功率源。给出了胡杨200和胡杨700的电路原理、组成结构和实验波形。介绍了在SOS脉冲功率源上开展的高重复频率强流电子束产生、长寿命阴极实验、绝缘介质的高重复频率击穿实验和低引导磁场无箔二极管等实验研究进展。经测试，胡杨200在2 kHz重复频率、负载阻抗200 Ω下，输出电压200 kV，脉冲宽度约35 ns，平均输出功率大于10 kW；在300 Hz条件下可连续运行。胡杨700同样为全固态脉冲功率源，其设计指标:输出电压700 kV，电流5 kA，脉冲宽度约40 ns；经初步调试在150 Ω电阻负载上单脉冲输出指标达到660 kV，4.4 kA，脉宽约70 ns。     

纳秒脉冲下几种液态介质绝缘性能的比对

利用自行研制的纳秒脉冲实验平台(输出脉冲前沿30 ns,半宽百纳秒)和标准介电强度测试仪,对变压器油、甘油、去离子水、Galden HT200四种液体绝缘介质在直流与纳秒脉冲下的击穿特性进行了实验研究与结果比对,结果表明:在直流与纳秒脉冲下,Galden HT200均具有最高的击穿场强,且两种情况下均比变压器油高出40%以上;纳秒脉冲下,Galden HT200与变压器油的击穿场强均提高6.5~7倍,Galden HT200击穿过程耗时最短(ns量级),其次是变压器油(20 ns),然后依次为甘油(45 ns)和去离子水(70 ns);多次放电后,粘度系数最大的甘油更易在电极间隙处聚集碳化放电产物,粘度系数较小的Galden HT200和去离子水则无明显痕迹,但二者放电过程会产生明显的冲击波,多次放电后易造成间隙电极松动。     

双极性固态直线变压器驱动器的研制

在针对脉冲电磁场肿瘤消融的应用场合,双极性脉冲比单极性脉冲效果更均匀,而要产生ns级前沿的双极性高压纳秒或亚微秒脉冲难度大,电磁干扰强,控制要求更高。设计了一台双极性全固态直线型变压器驱动源(SSLTD),双极性SSLTD由结构完全相同的LTD模块经过副边绕组反向串联构成,在负载上实现双极性窄脉冲。双极性SSLTD输出波形稳定的脉冲的关键在于磁芯复位,通过电阻负载实验,重点对比分析了复位电流的形式对复位效果的影响,以及采用直流复位时幅值、脉宽、正负脉冲时间间隔、单级模块中开关管并联数量、复位电流大小对双极性SSLTD输出的影响。实验结果表明,所设计的双极性SSLTD能够在500 Ω负载上稳定产生重频双极性纳秒脉冲,输出电压0～±5 kV可调,脉宽200～400 ns可调,正负脉冲时间间隔0～1 ms可调,上升沿和下降沿20～50 ns;反向串联的直流复位电路结构简单、复位效果好。该脉冲源使用模块化设计,结构紧凑,电气绝缘要求较低,可灵活输出双极性、正极性与负极性高压亚微秒脉冲。     

Abnormal polarity effect in nanosecond-pulse breakdown of SF6 and nitrogen

The breakdown of gas gaps in an inhomogeneous electric field at subnanosecond and nanosecond voltage pulse rise times are studied, and the famous polarity effect in point-to-plane gaps is investigated. It is shown that at a voltage pulse rise time of ∼0.5 ns, the inversion of polarity effect takes place not only in electronegative gases such as SF₆, but also occurs in electropositive nitrogen. The inversion of polarity effect is related to a delay of electron emission from the plane cathode on arrival of the ionization wave front anode to the cathode. It is found that with a voltage pulse rise time of ∼0.5 ns, the inversion of polarity effect occurs at SF₆ and SF₆–N₂ pressures of 0.25 MPa and lower, and with a voltage pulse rise time of 15 ns, at a SF₆ pressure lower than 0.12 MPa.     

高压重复频率纳秒脉冲下电信号的测量与诊断

 为了更准确地获得重复频率纳秒脉冲下气体击穿试验参数，分析了击穿电压、放电电流的测量及影响测量结果的因素等，并介绍重复频率下气体间隙击穿的耐受时间测量方法。信号测量传感器的响应带宽、间歇性存在的电磁干扰、气体间隙被击穿时瞬态高频振荡及地电位暂态升高等因素会干扰被测信号，甚至会导致被测信号局部干扰严重。采用软阈值小波降噪法可有效减小干扰。在测得分流器方波响应的基础上，采用Wiener滤波器反卷积补偿分流器输出信号的方法来校验分流器输出，结果表明分流器输出波形满足试验要求。     

重复频率纳秒脉冲聚四氟乙烯薄膜击穿特性

实验研究了聚四氟乙烯薄膜在重复频率纳秒脉冲下的击穿特性,选用脉冲上升时间约15 ns,脉宽30~40 ns,重复频率1~1 000 Hz。测量并计算了击穿前后的电压电流波形、重复频率耐受时间和施加脉冲个数与击穿特性密切相关的参数。结果表明,重复频率纳秒脉冲下聚四氟乙烯薄膜击穿场强为MV/cm量级,重复频率耐受时间随施加场强和重复频率的增大而减小。薄膜本身性质及油浸时间使实验数据具有分散性,重复频率纳秒脉冲下聚四氟乙烯薄膜击穿应考虑重复频率条件下的热积累效应和材料缺陷。     

Similarity law for a homogeneous discharge in the presence of a strong field and analogues of the Stoletov constant for the pulsed regime

It is demonstrated that the similarity relationships (breakdown curves), which establish a dependence of the field strength divided by the pressure on the product of the pressure and the delay time of the breakdown, are realized upon the uniform breakdown of the gas gap in the presence of both rectangular and triangular voltage pulses, which is interesting for the physics of gas and plasma discharges, and remain valid for strong fields. The breakdown criterion is described with a two-valued curve such that the effective multiplication of electrons in gas becomes possible in the presence of both weak and strong fields and at small products of the pressure and the pulse time. An analogue of the Stoletov effect, which corresponds to a maximum in the current with respect to pressure at a given voltage pulse, is demonstrated for the pulsed discharge. The analogues of the Stoletov constant are calculated for non-self-sustained pulsed discharges in various gases. The minimum delay time of the breakdown is also determined by these constants.     

脉冲功率加速器重频运行的稳压理论分析

 在紧凑加速器的重复运行模式下,推导了相邻脉冲间初级电容上初始电压的递推关系,得到了平衡态下初级电容上初始电压满足的方程,给出了由非平衡态到平衡态的过渡时间的计算方法,讨论了充电晶闸管导通时间不依赖于气体火花隙主开关击穿电压的条件,介绍了调制器系统重复运行实验调试的方法和步骤。通过理论分析和实验研究,通过选择合适的晶闸管导通时间,可以使重频运行从第1个脉冲开始即达到平衡态。     

一种小型化双指数脉冲源的设计

针对采用注入法进行电磁脉冲效应实验对高性能小型化电磁脉冲源的需求,设计了一种基于雪崩三极管开关的MARX结构的紧凑型脉冲发生电路。分析了雪崩管开关和脉冲发生电路的工作原理,给出了触发电路与主电路设计方法以及元件参数选取方法,并设计了十级单极性和双极性的脉冲发生电路,能产生前沿为ns级、峰值上kV的快沿双指数脉冲,并具有较高的稳定度以及高重复频率。     

Measurement and control for a repetitive nanosecond-pulse breakdown experiment in polymer films

In order to perform data acquisition and avoid unwanted over-current damage to the power supply, a convenient and real-time method of experimentally investigating repetitive nanosecond-pulse breakdown in polymer dielectric samples is presented. The measurement-acquisition and control system not only records breakdown voltage and current, and time-to-breakdown duration, but also provides a real-time power-off protection for the power supply. Furthermore, the number of applied pulses can be calculated by the product of the time-to-breakdown duration and repetition rate. When the measured time-to-breakdown duration error is taken into account, the repetition rate of applied nanosecond-pulses should be below 40~kHz. In addition, some experimental data on repetitive nanosecond-pulse breakdown of polymer films are presented and discussed.     

Evolution of subnanosecond pulsed electric breakdown of gas gaps for uniform gas preionization

Initiation and evolution of breakdown of gas gaps by surge voltage pulses with a rise time of ≤1 ns are investigated experimentally and theoretically. The propagation of ionization waves for a uniform initial electron distribution in the gap is analyzed. The results of calculation are in qualitative agreement with the experiment. It is shown that the evolution of ionization waves leads to electric field redistribution in the discharge gap, and a region of an enhanced field with the strength sufficient for initiating emission processes and generation of a short fast electron beam in the cathode region is formed at the cathode for a very short time (up to 100 ps).     

变像管相机中空间电荷效应的统计动力学分析

从Boltzmann积分微分方程出发推出了保守势场中电子数密度按势能的分布规律,即Boltzmann统计分布。以此为基础,从统计动力学的角度详细分析了变像管相机中超短电子脉冲内部的空间电荷效应,通过求解Poisson方程得出了表征空间电荷效应的两个特征参量:空间电荷密度分布函数和速度分布函数,并对其按电位的动态变化规律进行了定性讨论。结果表明,限制变像管中的低电位区域和其中光电子脉冲从高电位向低电位传输的区域都将有助于优化整个变像管的性能。同时也重新讨论了光电阴极附近强加速场对光电子脉冲时间弥散的抑制作用,最终确定了其物理机制为不等位区间中电子脉冲空间分布的高度集中性。