一种温度监测仪在EAST超导磁体氦温度测量中的应用北大核心

在EAST托卡马克核聚变实验装置中,超导磁体系统的热负荷计算、超导性能和及其运行稳定性等都与磁体运行温度有很大关系,因而要求超导磁体系统的氦冷却管路的温度测量有较高测量精度和稳定性。从氦温度测量方法、专用温度监测仪的配置、用户自标定温度传感器的温度特性曲线的生成出发,介绍专用温度监测仪在EAST超导磁体系统氦温度测量中的具体应用。同时介绍了仪器监控的硬件架构和基于Lab VIEW的仪器监控软件设计。经过2轮实验运行,表明该应用提高了氦温度测量的精度、稳定性和工作效率。     

EAST超导磁体系统液氦温度测量方法与误差分析

在EAST托卡马克核聚变实验装置中,超导磁体系统的热负荷计算、超导性能和及其运行稳定性都与运行温度有很大关系,因而要求液氦温度测量有较高测量精度.文中主要讨论EAST超导磁体系统中液氦温度测量的相关技术、误差来源及其影响,同时提出一系列减小误差的方法,取得了较好的实验运行结果,满足了工程要求.这些方法对低温微弱信号测量具有普遍适用性.     

EAST超导磁体线圈电阻测量系统优化

EAST装置超导磁体系统包括30个超导磁体线圈,超导磁体线圈电阻测量是对当前磁体性能是否退化等进行判断的重要一环.本文介绍了EAST超导磁体线圈电阻测量系统当前存在的问题、优化设计以及样机实验运行结果.     

EAST新超导母线稳定性分析

EAST装置超导母线电流传输线的核心部件是13对Nb Ti材料CICCs,其作用是连接超导磁体系统和高温超导电流引线,为磁体系统的运行提供馈电通道和失超状态下能量的释放通道。超导母线的稳定性直接影响了电流传输线运行的可靠性,同时还关系到超导磁体系统的安全性,需要对其进行严谨的研究。为了研究EAST新超导母线的稳定性,分别利用数学模型和GANDALF程序对超导母线的温度裕度和能量裕度进行了计算分析。计算结果表明由于超导母线的背景磁场很小,因此其稳定性要远高于超导磁体线圈的。该文的结果将为EAST新超导母线的运行提供参考。     

EAST高时空分辨极向弯晶谱仪系统的升级及初步实验结果

为了拓宽等离子体参数测量范围,对EAST极向弯晶谱仪(PXCS)进行了升级改造。配合高通量大面积水冷固体探测器,提高了极向弯晶谱仪系统的光子计数率、时间分辨率、空间探测范围以及长时间运行稳定性,并在EAST装置上成功运行。实验结果表明,升级后的谱仪获得了高信噪比的类氦氩离子的母线及其一系列伴线谱,通过光谱拟合分析给出了等离子体温度时间演化及其剖面信息,测量结果与切向弯晶谱仪的数据一致,验证了极向弯晶谱仪的升级结果和数据测量的可靠性,并且在EAST长脉冲实验运行也能够稳定地提供全时间的参数分布。     

Pt100温度计电阻和温度关系的拟合

全超导托卡马克(Tokam ak)装置EAST是国家"九五"大科学工程,温度参数是超导磁体最重要也是最基本的运行参数之一。工作在液氮温区的装置部件的温度通过铂电阻温度计Pt100进行监测。根据温度计的一组实测R-T数据进行拟合,得到与实际温度逼近度高的R-T关系函数,从而提高了EAST装置液氮温区温度测量的准确度。     

EAST装置氮温区温度监控系统设计

EAST装置已运行十多年,现有的氮温区温度监控系统已经老化,出现电流源漂移过大等问题,部分系统在强交变电磁的作用下也出现了损坏,需要设计一套新的EAST装置氮区温度监控系统。该系统基于西门子S7-300系列PLC,通过26个RTD模块、5个AI模块、一个DI模块和一个DO模块实现了最多可达240路温度信号及相关信号的数据采集、超阈值判断以及报警信号发出和放电触发信号接收的功能。使用LabVIEW平台实现人机交互及报警记录界面编写、数据向EAST工程数据库及MDSPLUS数据库传输的功能。     

EAST超导磁体CICC中流动压降的低温实验

介绍了EAST中超导磁体的CICC结构型式及其性能参数;并对低温试验装置流程作了简述,并在低温试验中测量了超临界氦通过的摩擦系数与压力损失,最后将实验值与经验拟合公式进行了比较。     

低温高强度复合材料绝缘子的研制和性能测试

在EAST全超导核聚变实验装置中,绝缘子担负着超导磁体冷却回路和带电回路之间的绝缘重任,是保证超导磁体稳定运行的关键部件,EAST装置进行放电实验时绝缘子必须承受4.2K低温、高氦气压(5MPa)和高电压环境的多重考验。文中介绍了一种使用环氧树脂和玻璃纤维复合材料制作的高强度绝缘子的研制工艺,并对该绝缘子在室温和低温下的机械性能测试、冷热循环测试、耐氦气压测试和电绝缘性能测试进行了详细的介绍,一系列测试结果表明,该类型绝缘子能满足EAST复杂条件下的绝缘性能要求。     

EAST技术诊断数据监控系统供电的优化与实现

EAST技术诊断数据监控系统对保障EAST装置超导磁体系统的安全稳定运行至关重要,因此必须具有稳定可靠的系统供电。文中详细介绍了该系统供电的优化与实现,优化设计主要包括1+1直接并机冗余供电、集中供电管理的实现、不间断电源的选取及应用。实践证明,该系统供电优化后,运行稳定、安全可靠、经济实用。     

Linear temperature dependence of low temperature pyroelectric coefficient

Due to the deformation of electronic charge clouds, the Dick-Overhauser exchange charge in ionic materials is shown to have quadratic temperature dependence as T tends to zero in non-centrosymmetric crystals. It follows that the pyroelectric coefficient π has a linear temperature dependence in the same low temperature limit. The order of magnitude of π obtained theoretically by a simple model at T = 5 K is 2 × 10^?7 μC cm^?2 K^?1, which is in fairly good agreement with that obtained experimentally on LiTaO₃ by Lines.     

Estimation of Kauzmann temperature and isenthalpic temperature of metallic glasses

We propose expressions for the estimation of the isenthalpic temperature T ₀ (T ₀ = αT _m , α is a semi-empirical parameter and 0 ⩽ α < 1, T _m is the solidus temperature) and the Kauzmann temperature T _k (T _k = T _m exp(α−1)) for glass forming alloys. It is found that T _k estimated by T _k = T _m exp(α−1) is in agreement with that directly calculated from the heat capacity data, indicating that T _k = T _m exp(α − 1) can be used to estimate T _k of glass forming alloys. T ₀ estimated by T ₀ = αT _m , on the other hand, widely deviates from that of directly calculated from the heat capacity data. This suggests that the enthalpy difference of the under-cooled liquid and the crystal might be a nonlinear function of the temperature below T _k . Moreover, the Gibbs free energy difference ΔG is not sensitive to the deviation of α.     

Dependence of hot carriers temperature on lattice temperature in CdS

Non-equilibrium carrier distributions were obtained in CdS at various temperatures from 77 to 400K. A study is made of the influence of the lattice temperature on the carrier temperature. It is found that the higher the lattice temperature the lower is the difference between carrier and lattice temperatures, though carriers are always thermalized among themselves. The results can be accounted for by carrier relaxation through optical polar phonon emission.     

Low temperature elastic constants and Debye temperature of NbO2

The transit times of ultrasonic waves have been measured in single crystal NbO₂ from 295 K down to 1.5 K for quasilongitudinal and shear waves propagating in the [100] direction and down to 160 K for eight other waves. Values are obtained for the C₄₄ elastic constant and for an elastic constant combination which is approximately equal to C₁₁ for temperatures down to 1.5 K and for C₁₁, C₁₂, C₁₃, C₁₆, C₃₃, and C₆₆ down to 160 K. These results are used to deduce 0 K values for the elastic constants and an elastic Debye temperature of 596 ± 7 K at 1.5 K. The acoustic mode heat capacity calculated from the latter is significantly smaller than the heat capacity measured by Wenger and Keesom at low temperatures. Following Wenger and Keesom, the difference is attributed to phasons (excitations involving the phase modulation of charge density waves). An average velocity is deduced for the phasons.     

Relativistic temperature

A measurement theory for the temperature of relativistic systems is developed. The resulting operational approach is shown to be quasi-local and therefore may be applicable in general Riemannian manifolds even when there are temperature gradients which induce heat flows. The surprising feature of our analysis is that it leads to a bifurcation of the temperature concept into two distinctly different measurable quantities: one a frame invariant scalar field which a local co-moving observer would tend to identify with the local temperature and employ in the definition of entropy, the other a frame dependent, but nevertheless locally determinable quantity which governs the flow of heat and the ability to extract work. The two quantities differ by the bookkeeping methodology employed to calibrate the thermometer. A simple relationship between the two temperatures can be established if a preferred Killing vector field is available in the Riemannian manifold.     

草地下垫面地表温度与近地面气温的对比研究

地表温度是气候系统中的关键参数,它与近地面气温的差异极大地影响着地-气界面上能量和水汽通量的交换。根据大气辐射国际联合观测网合肥站2002年9月至2005年8月三年期间无云晴天的地面观测资料,研究了该地区草地下垫面的地表温度(辐射测温法)和近地面气温的年变化、季节变化和日分布特征。着重讨论了两者差值的变化情况以及两者的相关性,提出了基于近地面气温的地表温度的经验计算方法。研究发现,当地表比辐射率ε的取值范围为0.94～1.00时,ε每改变0.01,草地地表温度的平均变化小于0.2 K。该研究结果可为卫星资料的地面验证提供参考。     

Effective temperature of thermal radiation from non-uniform temperature distributions and nanoparticles

We study thermal radiation properties from non-uniform temperature distributions and nanoparticles, and define effective temperature. Conventionally, the temperature of a body is measured by fitting with the blackbody radiation spectrum, which assumes a uniform temperature throughout the body. We show the energy density of thermal radiation for non-uniform temperature distribution of the body and derive the effective temperature. Furthermore, the energy density of thermal radiation from nanoparticles is derived and the effective temperature of the body is shown to depend on the particle size.     

高温超导转变温度电输运测量的影响因素研究

介绍了一种基于小型制冷机的高温超导转变温度测量装置,并且探究了在这套装置基础上进行实验所需要的测试条件。实验包括三项内容:(1)比较了电流换向法、三点Delta法以及偏置欧姆法三种消除热电势的方法,并最终决定采用适合本装置的电流换向法进行测量;(2)对通入样品的测试电流大小对测试的影响进行了研究,进而确定了进行高温超导材料转变温度测试时所通入电流的范围;(3)对钇系和铊系两种高温铜氧化物超导体进行反复测量,确定最大重复性误差小于0.4K。