Variable separation solutions and new solitary wave structures to the （l＋l）-dimensional Ito system

A variable separation approach is proposed and extended to the (1+1)-dimensional physics system. The variable separation solution of (1+1)-dimensional Ito system is obtained. Some special types of solutions such as non-propagating solitary wave solution, propagating solitary wave solution and looped soliton solution are found by selecting the arbitrary function appropriately.     

Inclined periodic homoclinic breather and rogue waves for the (1+1)-dimensional Boussinesq equation

A new method, homoclinic (heteroclinic) breather limit method (HBLM), for seeking rogue wave solution to nonlinear evolution equation (NEE) is proposed. (1+1)-dimensional Boussinesq equation is used as an example to illustrate the effectiveness of the suggested method. Rational homoclinic wave solution, a new family of two-wave solution, is obtained by inclined periodic homoclinic breather wave solution and is just a rogue wave solution. This result shows that rogue wave originates by the extreme behaviour of homoclinic breather wave in (1+1)-dimensional nonlinear wave fields.     

Variable separation solutions and new solitary wave structures to the (1+1)-dimensional equations of long-wave－short-wave resonant interaction

A variable separation approach is proposed and extended to the (1+1)-dimensional physical system. The variable separation solutions of (1+1)-dimensional equations of long-wave－short-wave resonant interaction are obtained. Some special type of solutions such as soliton solution, non-propagating solitary wave solution, propagating solitary wave solution, oscillating solitary wave solution are found by selecting the arbitrary function appropriately.     

Applications of Extended Mapping Deformation Method in Two (3+1)-Dimensional Nonlinear Models

Based on the extended mapping deformation method and symbolic computation, many exact travelling wave solutions are found for the (3+1)-dimensional JM equation and the (3+1)-dimensional KP equation. The obtained solutions include solitary solution, periodic wave solution, rational travelling wave solution, and Jacobian and Weierstrass function solution, etc.     

Variable Separation Solution for （1＋1）-Dimensional Nonlinear Models Related to Schroedinger Equation

A variable separation approach is proposed and successfully extended to the (1 1)-dimensional physics models. The new exact solution of (1 1)-dimensional nonlinear models related to Schr6dinger equation by the entrance of three arbitrary functions is obtained. Some special types of soliton wave solutions such as multi-soliton wave solution,non-stable soliton solution, oscillating soliton solution, and periodic soliton solutions are discussed by selecting the arbitrary functions appropriately.     

Higher-Dimensional KdV Equations and Their Soliton Solutions

A (2+1)-dimensional KdV equation is obtained by use of Hirota method, which possesses N-soliton solution, specially its exact two-soliton solution is presented. By employing a proper algebraic transformation and the Riccati equation, a type of bell-shape soliton solutions are produced via regarding the variable in the Riccati equation as the independent variable. Finally, we extend the above (2+1)-dimensional KdV equation into (3+1)-dimensional equation, the two-soliton solutions are given.     

The Soliton Solution of （3＋1）—Dimensional Kadomtsev—Petviashvili Equations

A simple algebraic transformation relation of a special type of solution between the (3 1)-dimensional Kadomtsev-petviashvili(KP) equation and the cubic nonlinear Klein-Gordon equation (NKG) is established.Using known solutions of the NKG equation,we can obtain many soliton solutions and periodic solution of the (3 1)-dimensional KP equation.     

A Bilinear Backlund Transformation and Explicit Solutions for a （3＋1）-Dimensional Soliton Equation

Considering the bilinear form of a （3＋1）-dimensional soliton equation, we obtain a bilinear Backlund transformation for the equation. As an application, soliton solution and stationary rational solution for the （3＋1）- dimensional soliton equation are presented.     

Forced(2+1)-dimensional discrete three-wave equation

We generalize the ■-dressing method to investigate a(2+1)-dimensional lattice,which can be regarded as a forced(2+1)-dimensional discrete three-wave equation.The soliton solutions to the(2+1)-dimensional lattice are given through constructing different symmetry conditions.The asymptotic analysis of one-soliton solution is discussed.For the soliton solution,the forces are zero.     

(2+1)维非线性Burgers方程变量分离解和新型孤波结构

利用变量分离方法，获得了(2+1)维非线性Burgers方程的变量分离解.由于在Bcklund变换和变量分离步骤中引入了作为种子解的任意函数, 因而精确解中含有三个任意函数(其中一个为条件函数),适当地选择任意函数，可以获得多种形状的扭状孤波解、周期性孤子解和格子型孤波解. 关键词： 变量分离解 非线性波方程 （2+1）维     

Homoclinic Breather-Wave with Convective Effect for the （1＋1）-Dimensional Boussinesq Equation

A new type of two-wave solution, i.e. a homoclinic breather-wave solution with convective effect, for the （1＋1）- dimensional Boussinesq equation is obtained using the extended homoelinic test method. Moreover, the mechanical feature of the wave solution is investigated and the phenomenon of homoelinic convection of the two-wave is exhibited on both sides of the equilibrium. These results enrich the dynamical behavior of （1＋1）-dimensional nonlinear wave fields.     

Observables from a solution of (1+3)-dimensional relativistic hydrodynamics

In this paper we analyze a (1+3)-dimensional solution of relativistic hydrodynamics. We calculate momentum distribution and other observables from the solution and compare them to measurements from the Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collider (RHIC). We find that the solution we analyze is compatible with the data. In the last several years many numerical models were tested, but it is the first time that an exact, parametric, (1+3)-dimensional relativistic solution is compared to data.     

New Family of Exact Solutions and Chaotic Soltions of Generalized Breor-Kaup System in （2＋1）-Dimensions via an Extended Mapping Approach

Starting from an extended mapping approach, a new type of variable separation solution with arbitrary functions of generalized （2＋1）-dimensional Broer-Kaup system （GBK） system is derived. Then based on the derived solitary wave solution, we obtain some specific chaotic solitons to the （2＋1）-dimensional GBK system.     

LETTER: BTZ Black Hole from (3+1) Gravity

We propose an approach for constructing spatial slices of (3+1) spacetimes with cosmological constant but without a matter content, which yields (2+1) vacuum with solutions. The reduction mechanism from (3+1) to (2+1) gravity is supported on a criterion in which the Weyl tensor components are required to vanish together with a dimensional reduction via an appropriate foliation. By using an adequate reduction mechanism from the Plebaski–Carter[A] solution in (3+1) gravity, the (2+1) BTZ solution can be obtained.     

新型罗丹明酰胺杯芳烃-Sb~(3+)配合物探针对钙离子的响应

合成了一种罗丹明B酰胺-氧杂杯芳烃衍生物1。在以Tris-HCl作为缓冲体系的乙腈溶液(pH7.0)中,化合物1本身无色且无荧光,加入Sb3+后,1的螺环结构打开,观察到显著的荧光增强和颜色变红。再加入Ca2+则导致1-Sb3+配合物的荧光猝灭及红色消失。在此条件下,其他共存离子没有明显响应。因此1-Sb3+配合物可作为检测Ca2+的超分子荧光和比色化学传感器。     

On Peakon and Kink-peakon Solutions to a (2 + 1) Dimensional Generalized Camassa-Holm Equation

In this paper, we study a (2 + 1)-dimensional generalized Camassa-Holm (2dgCH) equation with both quadratic and cubic nonlinearity. We derive a peaked soliton (peakon) solution, double-peakon solutions, and kink-peakon solutions. In particular, weak kink - peakon solution is the first time to address in the 2 + 1-dimensional integrable system.     

Abundant Multisoliton Structure of the (3+1)-Dimensional Nizhnik-Novikov-Veselov Equation

Using the extended homogeneous balance method, we obtained abundant exact solution structures of the (3+1)-dimensional Nizhnik-Novikov-Veselov (NNV) equation. By means of the leading order term analysis, the nonlinear transformations of the (3+1)-dimensional NNV equation are given first, and then some special types of single solitary wave solution and the multisoliton solutions are constructed.     

Nonperturbative Solution of Yukawa Theory and Gauge Theories

Recent progress in the nonperturbative solution of (3 + 1)-dimensional Yukawa theory and quantum electrodynamics and (1 + 1)-dimensional super Yang-Mills theory is summarized.     

Painlevé Analysis and Determinant Solutions of a （3＋1）-Dimensional Variable-Coefficient Kadomtsev-Petviashvili Equation in Wronskian and Grammian Form

In this paper, the investigation is focused on a （3＋1）-dimensional variable-coefficient Kadomtsev- Petviashvili （vcKP） equation, which can describe the realistic nonlinear phenomena in the fluid dynamics and plasma in three spatial dimensions. In order to study the integrability property of such an equation, the Painlevé analysis is performed on it. And then, based on the truncated Painlevé expansion, the bilinear form of the （3＋1）-dimensionaJ vcKP equation is obtained under certain coefficients constraint, and its solution in the Wronskian determinant form is constructed and verified by virtue of the Wronskian technique. Besides the Wronskian determinant solution, it is shown that the （3＋1）-dimensional vcKP equation also possesses a solution in the form of the Grammian determinant.     

Nonpropagating Solitary Waves in (2+1)-Dimensional Nonlinear Systems

By means of extended homogeneous balance method and variable separation approach, quite a general variable separation solution of the (2+1)-dimensional Broer-Kaup-Kupershmidt equation is derived. From the variable separation solution and by selecting appropriate functions, a new class of (2+1)-dimensional nonpropagating solitary waves are found. The novel features exhibited by these new structures are first revealed.