内蒙古扎木敖包铁、石墨矿床钻孔样品的NIR和XRD分析

近年来,科学技术的发展让越来越多的测试技术得以适用于地质领域。相比于采用一种测试技术来解释某些地质问题,地质工作者们开始尝试采用多种测试技术优优结合的方法来提高研究的准确度。综合近红外光谱分析(NIR)和X射线衍射分析(XRD)两种现代测试技术,对扎木敖包矿床4202钻孔线不同层位采取的9个岩心样品进行测试分析,并对两种测试技术的测试结果进行比对和总结。结果表明,不同层位上的矿物成分存在着一定的差异,从上至下不同层位的岩性分别为：第四系、第三系粘土砂砾层-泥岩-云母石英片岩-石英阳起石矽卡岩-矽卡岩化大理岩-铁矿矿层-石墨矿层-云母石英片岩。不同深度的岩石成因上亦有所不同,主要发生了风化、碳酸盐化、绿泥石化及矽卡岩化的作用。研究结果一方面可以完善该矿区的地质特征,另一方面对于该区的勘矿、找矿及采矿亦有重要意义。此外,由于XRD可以初步提供矿物成分信息,NIR则可以在XRD测试数据基础上进一步判断矿物存在与否,综合NIR和XRD的优点,采用两种现代测试技术相互结合的方法,较好地识别出样品中的矿物组成,提高了矿物成分鉴定的准确度。同时也表明在矿物光谱学的基础上,NIR将会更加广泛地应用于地学领域。     

大宝山多金属矿床氧化微粒的X射线衍射和近红外光谱分析及其意义

利用XRD和NIR技术对大宝山东岗岭组下亚组氧化矿中7个氧化物样品微粒进行分析,其中前4个样品为同一标高,后3个样品为不同标高。XRD,NIR研究结果表明随着氧化程度的加深（04-2→04-3→04-4）,Al-OH矿物吸收峰位所对应的波长不断加大（2 160.72→2 163.05→2 200.36 nm）,说明矿物中的阳离子Al被取代,产生贫Al现象;且对应的峰的强度从7.08×10-4, 7.83×10-3到6.66×10-2,说明Al-OH矿物的含量不断上升;另外SO2-₄矿物所对应的吸收峰位（1 938.80→1 946.94→1 926.47 nm）的强度从5.635×10-2, 1.82×10-2到1.668×10-2,说明随着氧化的进行,SO2-₄矿物的含量不断下降, 结合前人研究, 我们可以推测出早期形成的铜多金属硫化物矿床在后期发生强烈氧化作用, 使得硫化矿体氧化, 其中的硫经氧化形成强酸性硫酸溶液, 围岩受到硫酸溶液的腐蚀, 转变成松散的黏土;在04-2, 04-3, 13-1号样品中发现钠明矾石和钾明矾石,矾类矿物的大量发现说明该矿区的氧化淋滤作用仍在进行;通过XRD与NIR技术发现了石英、绢云母、方解石、绿帘石、角闪石、透闪石、金云母、绿泥石、高岭土等矿物,很好的反映出蚀变类型,且与此区域的地质特征相吻合,目前近红外已开始用于矿床勘查中的蚀变填图。通过光谱分析发现了矿床深部氧化过程与阳离子取代间的关系, 并以光谱学的视角验证了前人对于大宝山矿床成因的解释。研究表明一方面XRD和NIR可以有效的分析土壤和岩石的矿物成分,从而为该地区矿床矿石研究提供服务;另一方面NIR可以波长的迁移情况反映离子交代,峰的尖锐程度反映结晶程度,峰的强度反映矿物含量,这些独具的优势使其可以从微观角度研究矿物的氧化。不过有一点需要指出来,和近红外与X射线衍射在其他领域的研究相比,这两种技术在地质学的应用需要进一步加深,包括地质学应用的理论基础研究和光谱的分析解释手段,以尽量做到不仅可以通过光谱技术分析出所对应的矿物类型还能快速分析出不同矿物的含量及同一矿物的不同构型。     

广东大宝山多金属矿床断层剖面矿物X射线衍射和近红外光谱分析及其意义

大宝山多金属矿床为典型的金属硫化物矿床,其具有经济价值的成矿元素包括铜、铁、铅、锌、钨、钼等。矿床的成矿作用与岩浆和变质热液蚀变活动有着密切联系。矿区内构造断裂的广泛发育为成矿热液活动提供了通道和有效的成矿容矿空间,并在成矿后对矿体可以进行改造作用。该研究中在大宝山铜多金属矿床的三个断层剖面中,采集了断层泥、含矿脉体和蚀变围岩共8个样品。然后,对所有样品通过X射线衍射(XRD)和近红外光谱分析(NIR)两种光谱学方法进行了综合测试分析。在样品中多种蚀变类型矿物组合通过光谱学分析被鉴别出来,主要包括黄铁绢英岩化矿物组合(石英、绢云母、黄铁矿和黄铜矿等)、矽卡岩化矿物组合(透闪石、阳起石和石榴石等)和青磐岩化矿物组合(绿泥石、碳酸盐和黄铁矿等)。这些蚀变类型的矿物组合的表明矿区的岩石经历了多种热液蚀变作用的叠加。断层泥样品中则可以鉴别出蚀变围岩和含矿脉体的矿物成分,以及金属氧化物和硫酸盐矿物(黑铜矿、铜矾、钾铁矾和钾明矾石等),以及粘土矿物(伊利石、蒙脱石、高岭石和滑石等)。断层泥中的氧化和风化矿物指示了断层作用为岩石的物理和化学风化过程提供了有利条件。此外,根据三个断层剖面中蚀变围岩的NIR图谱,计算了白云母类矿物的结晶度参数(IC=Al-OH(2 200 nm)吸收峰强度/H_2O(1 900 nm)吸收峰强度)。在蚀变围岩样品中637平台的IC_1=0.078 71/0.037 76≈2.08; 793平台的IC_2=0.108 8/0.014 8≈7.35; 817平台的IC_3=0.098 6/0.039 1≈2.52。显然, 793平台蚀变围岩白云母类矿物的结晶度明显高于其他两个平台的样品。结晶度越高表明热液活动的温度越高,进而可以推测在793平台蚀变围岩的采样位置相对而言可能更接近于热液活动中心。综上所述,将XRD和NIR两种光谱学分析方法相结合有助于快速准确鉴别蚀变矿物的类型和结晶度,从而为矿床学研究和找矿勘探提供更加丰富的地质资料。     

内蒙古维拉斯托锌铜多金属矿床深部断层泥特征及其意义

在维拉斯托矿区深部矿井的不同中段共采集了六组断层泥样品,采用X射线衍射和近红外光谱现代测试分析技术对样品进行分析测试,旨在探讨断层泥的矿物成分特征及其与成矿作用关系。分析结果表明,(1)断层泥中含有低温蚀变的粘土矿物(如蒙脱石、高岭石、地开石、绿泥石等)和中高温热液蚀变矿物(如石墨、黑云母、叶腊石、重晶石、蛇纹石、透闪石、阳起石等),同时也含有与成矿作用密切相关的矿物成分(如铜锌氧化物、氯铜钒、蓝铜矿、斑铜矿等)。(2)不同深度的断层泥矿物成分有所不同,地表浅部以浅变质矿物为主,深部以变质程度较深的矿物为主。(3)从断层泥矿物成分、矿物成因及发展演化规律来看,断层泥主要形成于含矿热液活动时期及矿后构造,且后期经历了表生氧化作用。(4)通过分析断层泥蚀变矿物成分及其矿物组合特征可以推测,该矿床形成于中-高温热液环境下,经历了硅化、高岭石化、绿泥石化、萤石化及绢云母化等蚀变过程。因此,通过分析断层泥的矿物成分及其矿物组合特征,不仅对指导找矿有一定的现实意义,同时也可以对矿床成因类型的判断提供重要的参考信息。     

内蒙古草原拜仁达坝矿区地表土壤的X射线衍射和近红外光谱分析

在内蒙古草原拜仁达坝矿区上部的地表覆盖层中均匀采集土壤样品,用X射线衍射和近红外光谱技术对样品进行分析测试,旨在探讨草原矿区土壤成分来源及其与地下岩体的关系。结果表明,该土壤样品主要由石英、石墨、碳酸盐、角闪石、云母、绿泥石、蒙脱石、伊利石、块磷铝矿、硬水铝石、蓝铜矿、赤铁矿等组成,说明了地表土壤成分不仅来源于地表岩体风化产物,与地下岩体及其围岩蚀变作用更加密切相关。土壤中所含蓝铜矿和赤铁矿主要来源于矿体氧化带,可作为找矿标志;蚀变矿物组合主要为绿泥石-伊利石-蒙脱石,推测该区域大致经历了钾化→硅化、碳酸盐化→绢云英岩化→泥化的蚀变过程。通过分析蚀变矿物组合,可以还原围岩蚀变及物理风化过程,为深部找矿以及矿床成因研究提供了重要的参考信息,提高了找矿的成功率。X射线衍射和近红外光谱技术用于矿物、矿床研究方面,有着经济、快速的特点,能很好的鉴定矿区地表土壤中的矿物成分。尤其是近红外光谱分析技术对样品要求低,可以对样品进行快速批量的分析,具有其独特的优越性。随着近红外技术的发展,其在地质领域中将有越来越广泛的应用,并且能在找矿勘探中发挥重要的作用。     

内蒙古卡休他他铁矿断层泥近红外光谱学特征及意义

内蒙古卡休他他铁矿是一个矽卡岩型磁铁矿床,矿区内有多组成矿后期发育的断层。本研究采用近红外光谱(NIR)分析技术对矿区内地下,地表断层泥以及地表土壤进行分析,通过矿物特征峰鉴定发现地下断层泥主要成分为镁铁质矿物,地表断层泥成分为硅铝质矿物,而地表土壤成分则两者兼有之。三组样品的成分分析结果都与采样地的地质背景一致。研究表明,鉴于矿化区内断层泥的主要成分为断层活动形成的粘土及其他早期成矿期的蚀变矿物,近红外光谱分析技术十分适用于此类样品,利用近红外光谱分析,一方面可鉴定断层泥中粘土矿物,进一步推测粘土的蚀变原岩成分。另一方面有也可鉴别成矿期蚀变矿物的种类,从而对热液矿床的研究提供有用的信息。     

粤西坡仔营钼矿花岗质岩石光谱学特征及意义

选取粤西坡仔营钼矿的花岗质岩石,研究其XRD,FT-NIR和Raman光谱特征。与花岗斑岩及远带样品相比,近带花岗岩样品XRD衍射信号弱,FT-NIR吸收信号强,石英Raman光谱信号弱。分析表明,其石英(101)晶面的XRD衍射峰、绢云母铝羟基(Al—OH)的FT-NIR特征峰(4 529 cm-1)及石英本征位移峰(464 cm-1)的半高宽均大于前二者。与其他样品不同,近带样品造岩矿物含量低,低温蚀变矿物含量高;且该带内矿物结晶度、有序度及结晶温度均较低。研究认为,坡仔营钼矿发育着一个以花岗斑岩为中心的面型低温蚀变带,而控制钼成矿的石英斑岩实为该蚀变带靠近官山嶂岩体的一部分。     

4种红色青田石的矿物成分与谱学特征

浙江省青田县的青田石为我国四大图章石之一。青田石均为原生矿，属于硐采图章石。开采出的青田石具有丰富的颜色，但是其中红色品种的青田石较少，一般为特征的暗红棕色。对产自青田县山口矿区的4种红色青田石：红花冻、红花、石榴红、桔红石进行了谱学研究，主要采用了偏光显微镜、X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、以及拉曼光谱(LRM)对组成它们的主要和次要矿物成分和颜色成因进行了初步探究。在偏光显微镜下, 对四种红色青田石薄片样品中颜色的分布形态进行了详细观察。其中，红花冻和桔红石的红色部分呈颗粒状、团块状浸染分布于基体中，而石榴红和红花的红色部分呈点状、脉状侵染分布于基体中。在XRD测试中，对它们的主要矿物成分和次要矿物成分进行了研究，并对其进行了青田石种类归属。红花冻、红花和石榴红的主要矿物成分为叶腊石，三者属于叶腊石型青田石。叶腊石存在1Tc和2M两种多型。根据XRD衍射谱中19°~22°（2θ）和28~31°（2θ）处衍射峰形态和具体峰位，可知红花冻主要为2M型叶腊石组成，含有1Tc型叶腊石；红花和石榴红主要为2M型叶腊石组成。其中红花冻的次要矿物成分为地开石，红花的次要矿物成分为石英，石榴红的次要矿物成分为云母；桔红石的主要矿物成分为地开石，属于地开石型青田石。地开石存在有序→无序的结构特征，根据地开石XRD的（020），（110）和（112）衍射峰强度特征，可知石榴红中地开石的有序度较高。桔红石中次要矿物成分为石英。拉曼光谱对红色青田石的次要和微量矿物成分进行了研究，并主要对红色部分的矿物成分进行了探测，以确定红色青田石的颜色成因。测试结果显示，四种红色青田石均含有赤铁矿。此外，红花冻中还存在硬水铝石和金红石；红花中还含有大量石英以及少量硬水铝石和金红石；石榴红中还含有硬水铝石和金红石；桔红石中还含有石英。红花冻、红花和桔红石为赤铁矿微晶致色，而石榴红的为金红石微晶致色。因此，所研究的四种红色青田石均属于杂质矿物致色。     

四川平通512地震地表破裂带土壤近红外光谱分析及意义

在四川省平武县平通镇的512地震地表破裂带中采集黄色土壤样品,采用现代近红外光谱分析技术进行分析测试。通过对土壤中的矿物微粒特征吸收峰的快速鉴别,表明土壤样品主要由方解石、白云石、白云母、绢云母、伊利石、蒙脱石、滑石、透闪石、阳起石、绿泥石等矿物组成,其矿物成分与四川地区分布的黄壤成分基本一致。分析对比发现,土壤中的部分矿物与破裂带下部岩体的矿物组成特征相符合,说明该破裂带中的部分土壤矿物的演化与该地区岩石的矿物组成密切相关;地表破裂带土壤中的粘土矿物组成与北方的马兰黄土相似,推测这两种土壤中的粘土矿物可能具有相似的成因。研究结果说明近红外土壤矿物的分析技术可以有效分析土壤中的矿物微粒、指示成土环境,从而论证了将近红外光谱分析技术应用于土壤矿物的快速分析、地质研究的可行性。同时研究结果可以成为该地区土壤矿物分析的基础,为以后的土壤矿物以及地震破裂带的研究提供新的思路和方法。     

红外和拉曼光谱的煤灰矿物组成研究

研究煤灰中矿物质的性质通常从矿物组成的表征入手。为了分析两种高硅铝煤灰的矿物成分,采用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、拉曼光谱和X射线衍射(XRD)技术对煤灰样进行了测试和综合表征,将FTIR和拉曼光谱的分析结果与XRD进行了比较。FTIR结果表明,在1 100~1 000 cm-1范围内高硅铝煤灰出现最强的特征峰,例如石英峰(1 089 cm-1)和偏高岭石峰(1 042 cm-1),它们都归属于Si-O伸缩振动。对原始红外谱图进行二阶导数处理后,可获得重叠峰的峰位,有助于更完整的解析矿物吸收峰,从而获得更丰富的矿物组成信息。煤灰中硬石膏的红外和拉曼光谱发现,在1 157,1 126和674 cm-1的拉曼光谱峰与在1 151,1 120和678 cm-1的红外光谱峰振动模式分别相同且峰位接近,还存在一些完全不同的拉曼光谱与红外光谱峰,表明这两种光谱存在互补性。尽管煤灰中锐钛矿含量很低,但由于Ti-O的极化率很高,因此拉曼光谱显示锐钛矿的144 cm-1峰远远强于石英的461 cm-1峰。XRD结果表明,煤灰中主要存在石英、云母、赤铁矿、硬石膏和未知的无定形相矿物,FTIR和拉曼光谱综合分析的结果表明除了这些矿物,还存在偏高岭石、无定形氧化硅、长石、方解石和锐钛矿等。在定性分析方面,将FTIR和拉曼光谱结合起来比XRD单独获得的矿物组成信息更为详细。     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Hybrid Wavelength and Code Division Multiple Access in Optical Networks

A review of schemes for multiple access in fiber optic networks shows that a hybrid of wavelength and code division multiple access (WCDMA) combines the best features of both. In particular, the hybrid scheme retains the large information carrying capacity of wavelength division multiple access (WDMA) and flexibility of code division multiple access (CDMA). In this paper WDMA, optical CDMA (OCDMA), and WCDMA networks are discussed. In OCDMA networks, concept of incoherent and coherent coding including inverse decoding and matched filter is introduced. The delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks, under the simple suboptimum access protocols based on cyclic search, is computed. It has been shown quantitatively that tuning delay significantly affects the delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks. Futhermore, delay performance of WCDMA networks is always better than the WDMA networks for the same tuning delay, load, and number of users.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Research on beamforming method for dual-line array with space mismatch between the two line arrays

The performance of port/starboard discrimination of dual-line array will be seriously degraded when the space between the two line arrays of the dual-line array is mismatched. The directivity function of the delay-sum and delay-subtract beamforming is deduced and the port/starboard discrimination of the delay-sum and delay-subtract beamforming is also studied both under the ideal status and the status under which the space between the two line arrays of the dual-line array is mismatched. Analysis results show the delay-subtract beamforming has better performance of port/starboard discrimination. At last, the sea trial results demonstrate the theoretical results.     

Retrieval of ultraviolet skylight radiances and O3 slant column densities from balloon-borne limb spectrometer

With a novel light-weight and absolutely calibrated ultraviolet （UV） spectrometer, UV skylight radiances and O3 slant column densities are measured by balloon-borne limb measurements in Xinjiang area, China. UV skylight radiances measured at the height of 31 km are compared with the results from Modtran in the wavelength range from 290 to 420 nm. O3 slant column densities are derived from radiance spectra in the Huggins bands （320 - 335 nm） using differential optical absorption spectroscopy method. And the parameter exhibits a good correlation with the same value simulated by radiative transfer model （Tracy）. The O3 profile simultaneously measured by an O3 sonde is used as input in Tracy calculations. The O3 sonde is launched on the same balloon.     

Design optimization of highly sensitive LSPR enhanced surface plasmon resonance biosensors with nanoholes

For breaking through the sensitivity limitation of conventional surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensors, novel highly sensitive SPR biosensors with Au nanoparticles and nanogratings enhancement have been proposed recently.But in practice, these structures have obvious disadvantages.In this study, a nanohole based sensitivity enhancement SPR biosensor is proposed and the influence of different structural parameters on the performance is investigated by using rigorous coupled wave analysis (RCWA).Electromagnetic field distributions around the nanohole are also given out to directly explain the performance difference for various structural parameters.The results indicate that significant sensitivity increase is associated with localized surface plasmons (LSPs) excitation mediated by nanoholes.Except to outcome the weakness of other LSP based biosensors, larger resonance angle shift, reflectance amplitude, and sharper SPR curves' width are obtained simultaneously under optimized structural parameters.     

Polymer gratings based on photopolymerization for low-order distributed feedback polymer lasers

Novel polymer distributed feedback(DFB)gratings are fabricated based on photopolymerization to reduce lasing threshold of polymer lasers.A photopolymer formulation sensitive to 355-nm ultraviolet(UV)light is proposed for the fabrication of polymer gratings and it can be used to form polymer films by spin-coating process.A very low surface-relief depth ranging from 12.5 to about 1.0 nm has been demonstrated with a refractive-index modulation of about 0.012.The experimental results indicate that such polymer gratings have promising potentials for the fabrication of low-order DFB organic semiconductor lasers.     

A novel methodology for photometric compensation of projection display on patterned screen

We propose a novel methodology based on the projector-camera (ProCam) system to address the photometric compensation issue for the projection display on the patterned screen.The patterned screen is treated as the combination of a perfect white screen and a color modulator.The perfect white screen is used to automatically and accurately characterize the ProCam system offline using the polynomial model,and the parameters of the color modulator can be efficiently recovered by employing only two gray images based on the linear reflectance model.The experimental results show that the color artifacts of the display image can be greatly improved with this methodology,which demonstrates its feasibility and validity in the photometric compensation.     

Direction-of-arrival estimation using matrix spatial prefiltering approach

An approach to direction-of-arrival （DOA） estimation for multiple narrowband farfield signals is proposed. The technique uses a novel matrix spatial prefiltering approach. Specifically, a matrix filter is designed to spatially filter the incoming data snapshots. The un-wanted components arriving from the stopband angular sectors are attenuated and the desired components from the angular sector of interest pass with minimal distortion. The matrix filter spatially filters the element-space data and the output reserves the element-space data property, which makes it very useful by passing sensor data through a spatial prefilter prior to applying many other array processors to attenuate interferences and improve system performance. Several examples of DOA estimation problem are presented to illustrate the performance of the proposed spatial prefiltering approach. Results of simulation and real data show that the pre-filter can efficiently attenuate the spatial interferences and significantly improve the estimation and resolution capability of DOA estimators at low signal-to-noise ratios for the sources located inside the passband sector. In addition, the use of spatial prefilter makes it possible to estimate DOAs for multiple sources more than the number of the elements of an array.     

Quantum efficiency calibration of opto-electronic detector by means of correlated photons method

A new calibration method of detectors can be realized by using correlated photons generated in spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC) effect of nonlinear crystal.An absolute calibration system of detector quantum efficiency is performed.And its principle and experimental setup are introduced.A continuouswave (CW) ultraviolet (351 nm),diode-pumped,frequency-doubled,and solid-state laser is used to pump BBO crystal.The quantum efficiencies of the photomultiplier at 633,702,and 789 nm are measured respectively.The coincidence peaks are observed using coincidence circuit.Some measurement factors including the filter bandwidth of trigger channel,the detector position alignment and polarization of the pump light are analyzed.The uncertainties of this calibration method are also analyzed,and the relative uncertainties of total calibration are less than 5.8%.The accuracy of this method could be improved in the future.