90°弯管内冰浆流动特性数值模拟

基于欧拉法建立了冰浆流动的混合模型,对冰浆在90°弯管内的流动特性进行了数值模拟研究,获得了弯管内冰浆的流场和冰晶颗粒的运动轨迹,探讨了弯管管径、曲率半径及冰浆的流速、浓度参数对弯管内冰浆压降的影响,并对弯管压降的模拟结果与实验结果进行对比,两者吻合较好。结果表明:在计算参数范围内,弯管压降随冰浆流速、浓度及弯管曲率半径的增大而增大,随弯管管径的增大而减小;冰浆在弯管内流动形成二次流现象,两个漩涡区域出现在弯管截面两侧;漩涡导致部分冰晶颗粒的运动轨迹发生改变,并使其向弯管下方的负压区聚集,增大了冰晶颗粒的碰撞几率。     

管式换热器积灰特性的实验研究

在实验室建立了气侧污垢热阻实验台，实验研究了管式换热器管内微粒污垢的积聚特性，结果表明积灰随时间呈现渐近特性，没有发现诱导期。同时还考察了流体速度，颗粒直径和浓度对渐近污垢热阻的影响．     

潜热输送介质颗粒沉降速度的固-液两相流模拟

颗粒的沉降速度是水力输送中的重要问题。中央空调系统或区域供冷系统中,使用TBAB包络化合物浆作为载冷介质进行潜热输送时同样面临输送安全问题。本文通过建立固液两相流模型,对管内截面速度分布和颗粒浓度分布进行模拟,根据颗粒分层情况判断其临界沉降速度,得到颗粒临界沉降速度随固相含量的变化规律,从而为安全输送提供依据。     

加压高通量CFB上升管气固流动特性实验研究

通过实验的方法考察了加压下,平均粒径为137μm、密度为2490 kg·m^-3的Geldart B类颗粒在固体通量为183～773 kg·m^-2·s^-1的高通量循环流化床上升管内的流动特性。结果表明,加压下七升管压降曲线近似线性分布。随着操作压力的增加,上升管底部颗粒浓度先增大后减小,顶部颗粒浓度逐渐增大,密相区的范围也逐渐增大。加压下截面平均颗粒浓度随颗粒循环速率和操作气速的变化和常压相类似,即随颗粒循环速率的增加而增加,随操作气速的增加而降低。     

循环流化床内颗粒团聚物流动特性的DSMC-LES模拟

采用直接模拟蒙特卡罗方法(DSMC)模拟颗粒间的碰撞,采用考虑颗粒脉动流动对气相湍流流动影响的大涡模拟(LES)研究气相湍流.单颗粒运动满足牛顿第二定律,颗粒相和气相相间作用的双向耦合由牛顿第三定律确定。数值模拟垂直管内气固两相上升流动,对管内气相速度和颗粒相速度、浓度以及聚团的流动特性进行分析.研究平均单个颗粒团聚物的存在时间、颗粒团聚物的时间份额和颗粒团聚物的生成频率分布特性,模拟结果与Manyele等(2002)和Sharma等(2000)试验结果吻合.     

基于PIV图像处理法的管内低浓度液固两相流颗粒运动特性研究

为了研究管内低浓度液固两相流颗粒运动特性,提出一种基于PIV图像处理法的液固两相流颗粒速度场、涡量场及速度大小的分析方法。通过高速摄影仪获得不同工况下流场的运动图像,运用Canny算子边缘检测法分割图像提取粒子,由互相关函数获得粒子速度和方向,重建二维场。速度矢量场与颗粒运动轨迹相符,说明该方法可用于管内低浓度液固两相流动测量。研究发现:流量越大,流场越复杂,颗粒速度分布越混乱,涡量变化范围越大。流量、浓度和粒径对颗粒速度有显著影响。颗粒速度随浓度、粒径的增大而减小,而随流量增大正好相反。水平管中,颗粒粒径越小,颗粒速度增幅越大,最大约为2倍;流量越大,不同粒径组合下颗粒速度差越大,约达1.5倍。     

泡状流局部界面浓度实验与理论研究

应用高速数字摄像系统,首先对双头电导探针测量泡状流局部界面浓度的几种模型进行了标定和评价。使用标定好的双头电导探针技术,对垂直上升管内气液两相泡状流局部界面浓度和含气率分布特性进行了深入的实验研究。试验段为内径40 mm的透明有机玻璃管。根据试验数据的分析结果,发展了一种垂直上升管内气液两相泡状流局部界面浓度预测模型。在本文实验条件下,该局部界面浓度模型预测结果能够与实验数据很好地符合。     

基于改进颗粒凝结方程模拟生长管内微细颗粒凝并与脱除

微细颗粒严重危害人类健康与环境,针对湿法烟气脱硫系统后烟气中微细颗粒浓度不降反升,湿式相变凝并技术是脱除烟气中微细颗粒物的新技术。本文首先考虑颗粒性质的不同以及颗粒与载流气体的速度差造成颗粒凝结长大速率不同,改进了颗粒凝结长大解析式并建立了颗粒凝并长大数学模型;其次,在普通生长管中加装两层旋流装置,以增加颗粒的离心力与烟气湍流强度;最后,采用CFD方法对普通生长管与旋流生长管流场进行数值模拟。结果表明:采用改进后的颗粒凝并长大数学模型能更准确地模拟生长管内微细颗粒凝并长大特性,模拟结果为试验测量值的88.2%,比原数学模型模拟精度提高了 11.3%;对比旋流生长管与普通生长管,烟气在旋流生长管内不仅停留时间长,而且可以获得较高且均匀的过饱和度,有效促进了微细颗粒凝并长大;旋流生长管对微细颗粒的数量浓度脱除效率高达65.8%。     

管内气固两相流动的实验和模拟计算

本文基于气固两相流动模型计算循环流化床内的流动．颗粒动理学方法模拟颗粒相湍动．采用γ-射线密度计和非等速取样管测量局部颗粒浓度和流率,利用FFT方法计算颗粒浓度功率谱密度．模拟计算得到上升管内气相和固相速度和浓度分布等．数值模拟计算与实验结果相吻合．     

三维射流中颗粒碰撞的直接数值模拟

采用硬球模型对三维气同两相射流中Stokes数为10的中等颗粒的碰撞行为进行了直接数值模拟,以初步考察两相流动中颗粒碰撞的特件.颗粒的跟踪采用单向耦合的Lagrangian方法,计算分析了颗粒碰撞随空间、时间的演化及其对颗粒分布不均匀性的影响.模拟结果表明颗粒碰撞主要分布在流场巾颗粒局部浓度较高的区域;由于射流初期大尺度涡结构的影响,颗粒的浓度分布最为不均,因此碰撞次数在这一时期随时间呈线性增加,达到最大值后逐渐回落趋于平缓.此外,对网格中颗粒个数分布的矩的统计发现,碰撞对颗粒分布不均匀性的影响随时间呈现不同的特性.     

Interaction of low-frequency axisymmetric ultrasonic guided waves with bends in pipes of arbitrary bend angle and general bend radius

The use of ultrasonic guided waves for the inspection of pipes with elbow and U-type bends has received much attention in recent years, but studies for more general bend angles which may also occur commonly, for example in cross-country pipes, are limited. Here, we address this topic considering a general bend angle φ, a more general mean bend radius R in terms of the wavelength of the mode studied and pipe thickness b. We use 3D Finite Element (FE) simulation to understand the propagation of fundamental axisymmetric L(0, 2) mode across bends of different angles φ. The effect of the ratio of the mean bend radius to the wavelength of the mode studied, on the transmission and reflection of incident wave is also considered. The studies show that as the bend angle is reduced, a progressively larger extent of mode-conversion affects the transmission and velocity characteristics of the L(0, 2) mode. However the overall message on the potential of guided waves for inspection and monitoring of bent pipes remains positive, as bends seem to impact mode transmission only to the extent of 20% even at low bend angles. The conclusions seem to be valid for different typical pipe thicknesses b and bend radii. The modeling approach is validated by experiments and discussed in light of physics of guided waves.     

The Characterisation of Particles Using the Settling Rate dependent movement in two phase flows

The drawback of conventional sedimentation methods, mainly their extremely long sedimentation time for small particles, can be overcome in two phase flow systems. In this paper several principles which permit the rapid determination of settling rate distributions are discussed. Settling rate distributions can be determined from the accelerated particle movement in a flow of constant velocity at low and high solids concentrations. Another system uses accelerated flow at low solids concentrations. The best utilisation of settling rate applications have socalled cross flow systems as set up in a stagnation point flow, in a flow round a bend, or in the decelerated particle movement perpendicular to a flow of constant velocity.     

电厂煤粉在线实测研究

电厂煤粉管道中煤粉浓度和细度对锅炉燃烧、污染排放及安全运行有很大影响。本文介绍了作者用光脉动法在宝钢电厂直吹式制粉系统中对煤粉进行在线检测的结果。测量结果表明,不仅煤粉在煤粉管内截面上的分布是不均匀的,同一台磨煤机出来的各煤粉管内的煤粉浓度和细度也是不均匀的。受煤粉管弯头影响,煤粉流动存在脉动现象,在不同位置脉动的幅度变化很大。     

Mixing in a model gas turbine combustor studied by panoramic optical techniques

Using planar optical methods based on laser-induced fluorescence and particle image velocimetry instantaneous velocity fields and passive tracer concentration are measured simultaneously in a model of GT-combustor at realistic flow rates. Spatial distributions of velocity pulsations and passive tracer concentration pulsations are measured at air flow rate about 0.4 kg/s. Correlations of velocity and concentration pulsations are measured. The most intense turbulent mass flux in the region of swirling flow mixing layer was observed. The contribution of advective and turbulent components in the transfer of a passive tracer in the axial direction was estimated.     

Monitoring acoustic emission (AE) energy of abrasive particle impacts in a slurry flow loop using a statistical distribution model

Slurry erosion has been recognized as a serious problem in many industrial applications. In slurry flows, the estimation of the amount of incident kinetic energy that transmits from particles suspended in the fluid to the containment structures is a key aspect in evaluating its abrasive potential. This work represents a systematic investigation of particle impact energy measurement using acoustic emission (AE), as indicated by a sensor mounted on the outer surface of a sharp bend, in an arrangement that had been pre-calibrated using controlled single and multiple impacts. Particle size, free stream velocity, and nominal particle concentration were varied, and the amount of energy dissipated in the carbon steel bend was assessed using a slurry impingement flow loop test rig. Silica sand particles of mean particle size 225–650 μm were used for impingement on the bend with particle nominal concentrations between 1 and 5% while the free stream velocity was changed between 4.2 and 14 ms⁻¹.     

管道弯头对低频纵向导波传播特性影响分析

管道弯头显著改变了导波传播特性,影响了对检测信号的解读,研究弯头对导波传播特性的影响是实现复杂管道系统导波检测的基础。采用半解析有限元法计算弯管导波频散曲线,分析了弯管导波频散曲线所呈现的不同特征,并基于弯管导波频散曲线,以低频L(0,1)模态导波为研究对象,实验研究了低频L(0,1)模态导波通过管道弯头时的模态变换特征。研究结果发现,当L(0,1)模态导波通过管道弯头时,不仅会发生L(0,1)到F(1,1)的模态变换,还会模态变换出反向L(0,1)模态导波,即弯头反射现象,且随着激励频率的降低和弯头弯曲半径的减小,弯头反射现象愈发明显。研究结果将深化对弯管导波传播特性的认识,推动导波检测技术在复杂管道系统检测中的应用。      

Transmission of low-frequency internal sound through pipe walls

Transmission loss measurements are reported for long steel pipes of circular crosssection, with air inside and out, excited by internal sound. At low frequencies (wavelength greater than the pipe diameter), most of the radiated sound is accounted for by pipe bending waves. In order to approach the much higher transmission loss predicted for pure breathing motion of the pipe, bending waves must be suppressed; this has been achieved for a straight pipe by careful isolation. A sharp 90 bend in the pipe is shown to cause significant bending-wave excitation when plane waves are incident on the bend.     

Size distributions of aerosols in an indoor environment with engineered nanoparticle synthesis reactors operating under different scenarios

Size distributions of nanoparticles in the vicinity of synthesis reactors will provide guidelines for safe operation and protection of workers. Nanoparticle concentrations and size distributions were measured in a research academic laboratory environment with two different types of gas-phase synthesis reactors under a variety of operating conditions. The variation of total particle number concentration and size distribution at different distances from the reactor, off-design state of the fume hood, powder handling during recovery, and maintenance of reactors are established. Significant increases in number concentration were observed at all the locations during off-design conditions (i.e., failure of the exhaust system). Clearance of nanoparticles from the work environment was longer under off-design conditions (20 min) compared to that under normal hood operating conditions (4–6 min). While lower particle number concentrations are observed during operation of furnace aerosol reactors in comparison to flame aerosol reactors, the handling, processing, and maintenance operations result in elevated concentrations in the work area.     

Task-based exposure assessment of nanoparticles in the workplace

Although task-based sampling is, theoretically, a plausible approach to the assessment of nanoparticle exposure, few studies using this type of sampling have been published. This study characterized and compared task-based nanoparticle exposure profiles for engineered nanoparticle manufacturing workplaces (ENMW) and workplaces that generated welding fumes containing incidental nanoparticles. Two ENMW and two welding workplaces were selected for exposure assessments. Real-time devices were utilized to characterize the concentration profiles and size distributions of airborne nanoparticles. Filter-based sampling was performed to measure time-weighted average (TWA) concentrations, and off-line analysis was performed using an electron microscope. Workplace tasks were recorded by researchers to determine the concentration profiles associated with particular tasks/events. This study demonstrated that exposure profiles differ greatly in terms of concentrations and size distributions according to the task performed. The size distributions recorded during tasks were different from both those recorded during periods with no activity and from the background. The airborne concentration profiles of the nanoparticles varied according to not only the type of workplace but also the concentration metrics. The concentrations measured by surface area and the number concentrations measured by condensation particle counter, particulate matter 1.0, and TWA mass concentrations all showed a similar pattern, whereas the number concentrations measured by scanning mobility particle sizer indicated that the welding fume concentrations at one of the welding workplaces were unexpectedly higher than were those at workplaces that were engineering nanoparticles. This study suggests that a task-based exposure assessment can provide useful information regarding the exposure profiles of nanoparticles and can therefore be used as an exposure assessment tool.     

Flow visualization of relaminarization phenomena in curved pipes and the related measurements

Flow visualization results for secondary flow phenomena at the exit of 90° and 180° bends and helically coiled pipes (1, 2 and 5 turns), (radius of curvatureR _c=381 mm, inside pipe diameterd=37.5 mm, curvature ratiod/2R _c=0.049) and in the downstream straight pipe (l/d=30) are presented to study the stabilizing (relaminarization) effect in curved pipes with fully developed entry turbulent air flow and the destabilizing (re-transition from laminar to turbulent flow) effect in the downstream straight region. The entry Reynolds numbers areRe=2200, 3200, 4300 and 5300). The related measurement results using a hot-film anemometer are presented for developing profiles of the time-mean streamwise velocity distribution and the axial turbulence intensity field in the 180° return bend and in the downstream straight pipe for Reynolds numbersRe=3200, 4300, 6300 and 8200. The time traces showing the output of the hot-film sensor are also presented for developing fluctuating velocity field in the 180° bend and in the downstream straight pipe for the same Reynolds number range. Some aspects of the relaminarization phenomena in curved pipes and the re-transition phenomena from laminar to turbulent flow in the downstream straight pipe are clarified by the present experimental investigation.