基于$lt;i$gt;J$lt;/i$gt;积分的颗粒煤岩单轴压缩下裂纹扩展研究

颗粒煤岩是由众多离散的煤岩颗粒组成的固态多层次多结构物质,具有煤岩与颗粒物质的双重性质,其裂纹扩展规律可以从煤岩力学特性和颗粒物质多尺度特性进行研究. 首先,从能量角度对线弹性材料受压破坏,裂纹扩展产生原因进行了阐述,指出线弹性阶段裂纹的扩展动力源自应变能的释放. 然后,通过物理实验和数值试验从宏观和细观两方面对颗粒煤岩受压破裂过程中裂纹扩展做了进一步研究,结果表明:颗粒煤岩完全破裂后,底部会形成一个锥形堆,裂纹的扩展随着煤岩颗粒粒径的减小而减缓,部分裂纹扩展会出现突变点,且裂纹无光滑性;由于煤岩颗粒粒径等引起介质的非均匀性对裂纹扩展有重要的影响,均质度系数越大裂纹起裂时间越晚,声发射能量释放在裂纹扩展的轻度、中度和深度三个不同阶段逐渐变得频繁、剧烈. 研究结果将有利于进一步研究岩土类颗粒材料受压破裂过程的裂纹扩展规律. 关键词： J积分')" href="#">J积分 颗粒煤岩 单轴压缩 裂纹扩展     

晶体相场法研究应力状态及晶体取向对微裂纹尖端扩展行为的影响

采用晶体相场模拟研究了单向拉伸作用下初始应力状态、晶体取向角度对单晶材料内部微裂纹尖端扩展行为的影响, 以(111)晶面上的预制中心裂纹为研究对象探讨了微裂纹尖端扩展行为的纳观机理, 结果表明: 微裂纹的扩展行为主要发生在<011>(111)滑移系上, 扩展行为与扩展方向与材料所处的初始应力状态及晶体取向紧密相关. 预拉伸应力状态将首先诱发微裂纹尖端生成滑移位错, 进而导致晶面解理而实现微裂纹尖端沿[011]晶向扩展, 扩展到一定程度后由于位错塞积, 应力集中, 使裂纹扩展方向沿另一滑移方向[101], 并形成锯齿形边缘; 预剪切应力状态下, 微裂纹尖端首先在[101]晶向解理扩展, 并诱发位错产生, 形成空洞聚集型长大的二次裂纹, 形成了明显的剪切带; 预偏变形状态下微裂纹尖端则直接以晶面解理形式[101]在上进行扩展, 直至断裂失效; 微裂纹尖端扩展行为随晶体取向不同而不同, 较小的取向角度会在裂纹尖端形成滑移位错, 诱发空位而形成二次裂纹, 而较大的取向角下的裂纹尖端则以直接解理扩展为主, 扩展方向与拉伸方向几近垂直.     

纳观尺度裂纹扩展微观机理的晶体相场法研究

采用晶体相场方法模拟不同预变形量的样品在单轴拉应变作用下的纳观裂纹扩展行为.观察纳观尺度的裂纹演化过程,结果表明：对于无预变形的样品,在拉应变作用下,由于裂口处应变集中,当应变量达到临界值时,裂口开始起裂并伴随位错出现,随着裂尖的前进位错伴随着裂尖而滑移.对于预变形的样品,在较小的临界应变值裂口起裂,且预变形量越大,裂纹越易起裂和扩展.在裂纹扩展早期阶段呈现出扩展-转向-扩展的长大特征,其本质是裂纹扩展由于裂尖附近的位错滑移受阻引起应变集中,造成主次原子晶面方向的原子键交替断裂,使得裂尖扩展沿[√3,1]和[√3,-1]方向交替改变而前进,裂纹边缘呈锯齿形状.样品的裂纹扩展后期出现显著的类似解理裂纹扩展行为,解理方向沿[√3,1]和[√3,-1]方向,且预变形量大的样品裂纹解理扩展更明显且扩展较快.     

基于粘结界面模型的三维裂纹扩展研究

根据界面断裂的特点,将粘结界面模型应用于有限元,采用非线性显式动力学算法,编写粘结-体积单元计算程序.其中体积和粘结单元分别采用四面体和三棱柱单元;粘结单元本构关系选择双线性内聚力-位移曲线,避免了界面完全断裂后发生穿透;以界面相对位移的形式定义线性损伤准则;以Benzeggagh-Kenane模式的扩展准则确定界面失效位移;以Turon模式的初始损伤准则确定界面启裂位移.该程序能够实现混合加载模式下材料界面断裂问题的三维数值模拟.用所编写的程序(CVFEM)分别对Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ型裂纹扩展问题进行数值模拟,并且与Abaqus6.7计算结果进行对比.     

使用多光谱手段研究熔石英断裂机理

熔石英玻璃是高能激光系统中不可缺少的光学材料,其损伤问题一直是限制系统能量提升的瓶颈之一。通过纳秒激光脉冲诱导熔石英玻璃样品产生断裂,并使用多光谱手段对断裂前后样品进行检测,从而在实验和理论上了解了样品断裂形貌及内部相变结构成因,并从宏观到微观上统一解释了断裂形貌和相变结构的关系。在激光等离子冲击波作用下,熔石英发生断裂,且冲击波作用过程中在玻璃内部产生了推动裂纹扩展的尖端环向应力。在尖端环向应力作用下,不同损伤区域形成了不同扩展速度和长度的裂纹, 按照裂纹形貌特性差异可以将断裂区分为雾化区、羽毛区、镜面区三个部分。使用透射光谱、能量散射光谱检测损伤前后样品,发现裂纹的产生引起了玻璃透过率和带隙的下降,且断裂区出现氧原子游离或缺失;使用Raman光谱检测样品损伤前后不同形貌区,发现等离子冲击波使熔石英中Si-O-Si键断裂并发生重组,导致镜面区、羽毛区、雾化区三元拓扑环和四元拓扑环宏观上对应的斯石英相和柯石英相的相对含量依次升高,破坏了材料的固有原子结构特性,使材料断裂区向高密度相转变。氧游离的发生会在玻璃内部产生的大量缺陷,从而使得玻璃透过率及带隙下降,严重影响了玻璃的性能。     

极低温下Nb3Sn超导体单晶裂纹动态扩展模拟

研究Nb₃Sn超导体的损伤断裂行为对于揭示超导临界性能弱化背后的力学机制具有重要的意义。采用分子动力学模拟方法,研究了极低温下不含裂纹和含中心裂纹的Nb₃Sn单晶在力学拉伸变形作用下的断裂机制和裂纹扩展行为,同时分析了应变率效应对Nb₃Sn单晶断裂机制与裂纹扩展行为的影响。结果表明：不含裂纹的Nb₃Sn单晶在结构受力后出现滑移,滑移带上位错塞积导致应力集中,应力集中使原子键断裂从而萌生裂纹致使Nb₃Sn单晶断裂;而含中心裂纹的Nb₃Sn单晶则由于裂纹尖端应力集中使得原子键断裂形成微裂纹,裂纹扩展致使Nb₃Sn单晶断裂。Nb₃Sn单晶在不同的应变率下表现出不同的断裂机制,在低应变率下表现为脆性断裂,而在高应变率下表现为韧性断裂。     

钽、铁、钨三种体心立方金属裂纹的多尺度模拟及韧脆性分析

采用多尺度准连续介质法计算模拟了钽、铁、钨三种体心立方(body-centered-cubic,BCC)金属的I型裂纹断裂过程.观察了加载过程中裂纹尖端区域原子的位错、孪晶等塑性变形现象,以及裂纹的脆性开裂和扩展现象.模拟结果表明,不同BCC金属材料的裂纹在相同的加载下有不同韧脆性表现.在一定变形范围内,钽裂纹主要表现出的是裂纹尖端附近区域原子的位错和形变孪晶等塑性变形现象;铁裂纹在变形过程中先后表现出了塑性变形和脆性扩展现象,与实验结果吻合;钨裂纹在变形过程中则主要变现出脆性扩展现象.计算了三种金属材料的广义层错能曲线,得到其不稳定层错能;并分别用两种不同的韧脆性准则,对三种材料断裂模型的韧脆性行为进行分析,计算分析结果与模拟结果一致,从而验证了模拟结果的正确性.     

冲击载荷下分支交错层状仿生复合材料动态断裂行为的实验研究和数值模拟

通过三点弯动态冲击实验和数值模拟方法,研究了分支交错层状仿生复合材料的动态断裂韧性。首先设计并制备了分支交错层状仿贝壳复合材料试样,即将一种脆性刚性材料和一种橡胶类材料分别作为复合材料的硬质层和软胶层;随后采用改进的分离式Hopkinson压杆装置进行了三点弯冲击实验;接着讨论了初始冲击速度、硬质材料长宽比、软质材料层厚度对复合材料试样动态断裂行为的影响;最后采用ABAQUS有限元数值模拟,研究了不同宽度和不同冲击方向对复合材料试样动态断裂韧性和裂纹扩展的影响。结果表明:随着冲击速度和硬质材料长宽比增加、软胶层厚度减小,裂纹越倾向于沿直线扩展,反之,裂纹越倾向于绕过硬质材料沿着软胶层呈折线扩展;试样的峰值动载荷和起裂时间也随之增大。有限元模拟结果表明:随着结构总宽度的增大,试样断裂韧性增加,裂纹倾向于绕过硬质材料沿着软胶层扩展;采用实验设计的冲击方向时,试样的断裂韧性高于其他方向。     

相干梯度敏感干涉测量技术及在静态断裂力学实验中的应用

介绍了相干梯度敏感(CGS)干涉测量技术的基本原理及其在静态Ⅰ型断裂实验中的应用,验证了该方法对裂纹尖端局部变形场和断裂特性进行定量研究的可行性。给出了代表静态Ⅰ型裂纹尖端奇异场光力学信息的CGS控制方程,模拟并分析了Ⅰ型裂纹尖端的CGS条纹模式,对静态Ⅰ型裂纹尖端变形场和断裂特性进行了三点弯曲的CGS试验,并提取了应力强度因子KⅠ。结果表明,试验结果与理论分析结果相吻合。     

α-Fe纯I型裂纹扩展中位错形成过程的三维分子动力学模拟

通过分子动力学方法模拟了三维 α-Fe I型裂纹的单向拉伸实验中的裂纹扩展过程。研究了在不同温度下裂纹扩展时位错的形成过程和断裂机理。计算结果表明,裂纹扩展过程是位错不断发射的过程。 裂纹尖端附近先形成无位错区和层错,当裂纹处应力增加到KI=0.566 MPam1/2时,裂纹尖端附近的某一层原子会逐渐分叉形成两层原子,分层后的原子层继续分离形成位错;当应力KI 达到0.669MPam1/2时第一个位错发射。随着温度的升高,临界应力强度因子逐渐降低,同时位错发射也相应地加快。     

Crack propagation in amorphous polymers and their composites

The fracture energy of a polymer depends strongly on the viscoelastic responses of the material, and therefore is a function of temperature and crack velocity. The toughness of a composite is determined by the way in which the reinforcing filler modifies the energy dissipating mechanisms of the polymeric matrix.

The fracture toughness of a variety of polymeric glasses and their composites with glass beads, glass fibers, and rubber particles was measured. The velocity of rapidly moving cracks and the crack propagation rates under controlled loading conditions were also measured.

It was found that the crack propagation velocities in unfilled and glass bead filled materials were controlled by the longitudinal stress waves in the matrix and that the only effects of the glass beads were to blunt the crack tip and limit the viscous deformation. The effect on fracture toughness was relatively small and either positive or negative, depending on which of the above two factors dominated.

The presence of rubber particles as a second phase lowered terminal crack propagation velocities and greatly increased the fracture toughness, indicating a crack retarding effect of the rubber particles. This is related to the induction of crazes in the matrix by the rubber phase.

Glass fibers had a tendency to bridge the tip of a propagating crack, thereby greatly increasing the fracture toughness. In this case the work of fracture comes from a combination of the elastic strain energy stored in the fibers, the energy dissipated in debonding the fibers from the matrix, and the fracture energy of the matrix itself.     

边界元法分析二维线弹性裂纹扩展

用边界元法研究裂纹扩展过程.首先将尖端区域Williams渐近展开的特征分析法与边界积分方程结合,解出切口尖端附近应力奇异性区域的各应力场渐近展开项系数,获得平面切口/裂纹结构完整的位移和应力场.再基于考虑非奇异应力项贡献的最大周向应力脆性断裂准则,运用边界元法分析边缘含裂纹半圆形弯曲试样在荷载作用下的启裂方向,对裂纹扩展过程给出自动跟踪方法,通过算例证明边界元法模拟裂纹扩展过程的正确性和有效性.     

基于准连续介质方法模拟纳米多晶体Ni中裂纹的扩展

通过准连续介质方法模拟了纳米多晶体Ni中裂纹的扩展过程.模拟结果显示:裂纹尖端的应力场可以导致晶界分解、层错和变形孪晶的形成等塑性形变,在距离裂纹尖端越远的位置,变形孪晶越少,在裂纹尖端附近相同距离处,层错要远多于变形孪晶.这反映了局部应力的变化以及广义平面层错能对变形孪晶的影响.计算了裂纹尖端附近区域原子级局部静水应力的分布.计算结果表明:裂纹前端晶界处容易产生细微空洞,这些空洞附近为张应力集中区,并可能促使裂纹沿着晶界扩展.模拟结果定性地反映了纳米多晶体Ni中的裂纹扩展过程,并与相关实验结果符合得很好     

An extensive 3D dislocation dynamics investigation of stage-I fatigue crack propagation

Stage-I fatigue crack propagation is investigated using 3D discrete dislocation dynamics (DD) simulations. Slip-based propagation mechanisms and the role of the pre-existing slip band on the crack path are emphasized. Stage-I crack growth is found to be compatible with successive decohesion of the persistent slip band/matrix interface rather than a mere effect of plastic irreversibility. Corresponding crack tip slip displacement magnitude and the associated crack growth rate are evaluated quantitatively at various tip distances from the grain boundary. This shows that grain boundaries systematically amplify slip dispersion ahead of the crack tip and consequently, slow down the stage-I crack growth rate. The results help in developing an original crack propagation model, accounting for the boundary effects relevant to polycrystals. The crack growth trend is then evaluated from calculations of the energy changes due to crack length increments. It is shown that the crack necessarily propagates by increments smaller than 10 nm.     

Hot cracks in rubber: origin of the giant toughness of rubberlike materials

We study crack propagation in rubberlike materials and show that the nonuniform temperature distribution which occurs in the vicinity of the crack tip has a profound influence on the crack propagation, and may strongly enhance the crack propagation energy G(v) for high crack velocities v. At very low crack-tip velocities, the heat produced at the crack tip can diffuse away, but already at moderate crack-tip velocities a very large temperature increase occurs close to the crack tip resulting in a "hot-crack" propagation regime. The transition between the low-speed regime and the hot-crack regime is very abrupt and may result in unstable crack motion, e.g., stick-slip motion or catastrophic failure.     

The effects of substructure on fatigue crack propagation

The correlation between the initiation and propagation of fatigue cracks and the substructure formation was examined using aluminium specimens. The effects of substructures introduced by static and alternating stresses and those of the recovery of the substructure on the propagation rates of fatigue cracks were also studied. Observations of the substructures were made by means of the X-ray micro-beam technique. The principal results obtained are as follows:

1. At the time of fatigue crack initiation a definite substructure develops at the root of a notch made on the specimen edge.
2. The rate of fatigue crack propagation has a relation to the characteristics of the substructures at the tip of the fatigue cracks.
3. While the rates of propagation are retarded by static pre-strains, they increase in proportion to the degree of substructure formation due to alternating stresses.
4. The rates are usually reduced by the recovery after alternating deformation.

On the basis of the above results, the significance of substructures for fatigue fracture is discussed.     

Crack motion in viscoelastic solids: The role of the flash temperature

We present a simple theory of crack propagation in viscoelastic solids. We calculate the energy per unit area, G(v), to propagate a crack, as a function of the crack tip velocity v. Our study includes the non-uniform temperature distribution (flash temperature) in the vicinity of the crack tip, which has a profound influence on G(v). At very low crack tip velocities, the heat produced at the crack tip can diffuse away, resulting in very small temperature increase: in this “low-speed” regime the flash temperature effect is unimportant. However, because of the low heat conductivity of rubber-like materials, already at moderate crack tip velocities a very large temperature increase (of order of 1000 K) can occur close to the crack tip. We show that this will drastically affect the viscoelastic energy dissipation close to the crack tip, resulting in a “hot-crack” propagation regime. The transition between the low-speed regime and the hot-crack regime is very abrupt, which may result in unstable crack motion, e.g. stick-slip motion or catastrophic failure, as observed in some experiments. In addition, the high crack tip temperature may result in significant thermal decomposition within the heated region, resulting in a liquid-like region in the vicinity of the crack tip. This may explain the change in surface morphology (from rough to smooth surfaces) which is observed as the crack tip velocity is increased above the instability threshold.     

钛金属应力腐蚀机理电子理论研究

为从理论上揭示钛金属应力腐蚀行为的本质，建立了α钛晶粒及位错塞积形成的微裂纹原子 集团模型，利用递归法(recursion)计算了裂纹及晶粒内的电子结构参量(费米能级、结构能 、表面能、团簇能、环境敏感镶嵌能). 计算结果表明：氢在裂纹处的环境敏感镶嵌能较低 ，易于偏聚在裂纹处，且氢在钛金属裂纹处团簇能为正值不能形成团簇，具有有序化倾向， 趋于形成氢化物. 氢在裂纹处偏聚降低裂纹的表面能，使裂纹容易扩展. 裂纹尖端处费米能 级高于裂纹其他区域，使电子从裂纹尖端流向裂纹其他区域造成电位差，在电解质作用下裂 关键词： 递归法 电子结构 钛 应力腐蚀     

Finite element analysis of quasistatic crack propagation in brittle media with voids or inclusions

A three-level finite element scheme is proposed for simulation of crack propagation in heterogeneous media including randomly distributed voids or inclusions. To reduce total degrees of freedom in the view of mesh gradation, the entire domain is categorized into three regions of different-level meshes: a region of coarse-level mesh, a region of intermediate-level mesh, and a region of fine-level mesh. The region of coarse-level mesh is chosen to be far from the crack to treat the material inhomogeneities in the sense of coarse-graining through homogenization, while the region near the crack is composed of the intermediate-level mesh to model the presence of inhomogeneities in detail. Furthermore, the region very near the crack tip is refined into the fine-level mesh to capture a steep gradient of elastic field due to the crack tip singularity. Variable-node finite elements are employed to satisfy the nodal connectivity and compatibility between the neighboring different-level meshes. Local remeshing is needed for readjustment of mesh near the crack tip in accordance with crack growth, and this is automatically made according to preset values of parameters determining the propagation step size of crack, and so the entire process is fully automatic. The effectiveness of the proposed scheme is demonstrated through several numerical examples. Meanwhile, the effect of voids and inclusions on the crack propagation is discussed in terms of T-stresses, with the aid of three-level adaptive scheme.