熔融Cu55团簇在Cu(010)表面上凝固过程的分子动力学模拟

采用基于嵌入原子方法的分子动力学,模拟了熔融Cu₅₅团簇在Cu衬底（010）表面上以两个不同降温速率降温过程中结构的变化.模拟结果表明,降温速率对团簇结构的变化有很大影响.较快的降温速率使得降温过程中团簇原子具有较低的能量;较慢的降温速率有助于高温时位于衬底内的原子向衬底表面扩散,排列形成面心立方结构. 关键词： 团簇 凝固 分子动力学 表面     

熔融Cu55团簇在铜块体中凝固过程的分子动力学模拟

应用基于嵌入原子势函数的分子动力学方法,模拟了嵌入在具有面心立方结构同质块体中的熔融Cu₅₅团簇在不同急冷温度下微观结构的演变情况.通过计算熔融Cu₅₅团簇的均方位移和原子平均能量随时间步的变化,并应用键对分析技术,分析了急冷温度对熔融Cu₅₅团簇结构变化的影响.研究结果表明,由于受到块体结构的影响,在所研究的急冷温度范围内,熔融Cu₅₅团簇在凝固过程中形成了以面心立方结构为主的微观结构.结晶过程是原子不断交换其位置的过程,团簇原子位置的重排敏感于温度的变化.随着急冷温度的升高,原子的扩散范围增大.在100,300和500 K三个较低的温度下有利于形成稳定的面心立方结构,但当急冷到100 K时,团簇中的原子在没有找到其最佳位置之前就已经完成晶化.在急冷到500 K时,团簇中的原子在块体中扩散充分,与块体中的原子形成理想的面心立方结构.在700,900和1100 K三个较高的温度上,局域结构表现为随时间步波动性变化. 关键词： 团簇 分子动力学 计算机模拟 凝固     

低温下Cu13团簇负载于Cu(001)表面上结构变化的分子动力学研究

应用分子动力学方法研究温度为10和50 K时具有二十面体结构的Cu₁₃团簇以不同接触条件与Cu（001）表面结合后的结构变化,原子间的相互作用势采用Johnson的嵌入原子方法模型.通过基于原子密度分布函数的分析表明,负载团簇与表面的结合能主要受团簇与载体相接触的最低层原子数及这些原子所具有的不同几何构型影响,同时更高层的原子呈现出不同的几何结构.温度为10 K时,负载团簇的初始位置对团簇几何结构和结合能影响较大. 关键词： 分子动力学 团簇 表面 计算机模拟     

小尺寸铜团簇冷却与并合过程中结构变化的原子尺度研究

研究Cu_N（N=57,58,59）熔融铜团簇在冷却过程以及300 K时两个具有二十面体结构Cu₅₅团簇在并合过程中的结构变化.对这些小尺寸团簇的结构变化采用基于嵌入原子方法的正则系综分子动力学进行计算机模拟.通过对模拟结果的分析表明,小团簇的冷却和并合过程存在阶段变化的特点.降温过程中Cu_N（N=57,58,59）团簇的原子运动及其微观结构变化表现出较大差异,由此导致这三类团簇内原子排布的不同,其中Cu₅₉团簇结构的有序程度最低.在两个Cu₅₅团簇并合早期阶段,这两个团簇相接触后发生变形导致原子位置出现较大改变,在随后的并合过程中,原子扩散引起原子局部位置调整导致所并合体系的结构发生变化.远离两个团簇接触区的原子仍保持其并合前的结构. 关键词： 团簇 分子动力学 计算机模拟 表面     

低能Cu13团簇沉积薄膜的分子动力学模拟研究

利用分子动力学模拟方法对Cu₁₃团簇在Fe（001）表面上沉积薄膜进行了研究,分析了不同沉积条件对薄膜生长模式的影响,对比分析了不同沉积条件下表面粗糙度、缺陷分布和外延度等薄膜性质的差异。Cu₁₃团簇的初始沉积能量范围为0.1~10.0 eV/atom,沉积率为1.0 clusters/ps,衬底温度分别为300,700和1 000 K。模拟结果表明:团簇初始沉积能量主要影响薄膜生长模式,当初始沉积能量为7.5 eV/atom的Cu₁₃团簇沉积到温度为300 K的Fe（001）表面时,可形成表面光滑、内部缺陷少和较好外延度的高质量Cu薄膜。     

冷速对液态金属Ga凝固过程中微观结构演变影响的模拟研究

采用分子动力学方法对液态金属Ga凝固过程中不同冷却速率对微观结构演变的影响进行了模拟跟踪研究. 运用HA键型指数法和原子成团类型指数法(CTIM)分析了金属原子Ga的成键类型和形成的基本原子团结构. 结果发现，冷却速率对凝固过程中的微观结构起着非常重要的作用. 在以1.0×10¹⁴，1.0×10¹³，1.0×10¹²K/s的速率冷却时，系统形成以与1311，1301键型相关的菱面体结构为主，夹杂着立方体、六角密集等其他团簇结构所构成的非晶态结构；在以1.0×10¹¹K/s的速率冷却时，系统明显发生结晶，其结晶转变温度T_c约为198K，且冷却速率越慢，结晶转变温度T_c越高，形成以与1421键型相关的斜方晶体(经可视化分析确认)为主要构型的晶态结构. 这将为研究液态金属的结晶转变过程提供一种新方法. 关键词： 液态金属Ga 凝固过程 微结构转变 分子动力学模拟     

熔体初始温度对液态金属Ni凝固过程中微观结构演变影响的模拟研究

采用量子 Sutton-Chen多体势, 对熔体初始温度热历史条件对液态金属Ni快速凝固过程中微观结构演变的影响进行了分子动力学模拟研究. 采用双体分布函数g(r)曲线、键型指数法、原子团类型指数法和三维可视化等分析方法对凝固过程中微观结构的演变进行了分析. 结果表明: 熔体初始温度对凝固微结构有显著影响, 但在液态和过冷态时的影响并不明显, 只有在结晶转变温度T_c附近才开始充分显现出来. 体系在1×10¹² K/s的冷速下, 最终均形成以1421和1422键型或面心立方(12 0 0 0 12 0)与六角密集(12 0 0 0 6 6) 基本原子团为主的晶态结构. 末态时, 不同初始温度体系中的主要键型和团簇的数目有很大的变化范围, 且与熔体初始温度的高低呈非线性变化关系. 然而, 体系能量随初始温度呈线性变化关系, 初始温度越高, 末态能量越低, 其晶化程度越高. 通过三维可视化分析进一步发现, 在初始温度较高的体系中, 同类团簇结构的原子出现明显的分层聚集现象, 随着初始温度的下降, 这种分层现象将被弥散开去. 可视化分析将更有助于对凝固过程中微观结构演变进行更为深入的研究. 关键词： 液态金属Ni 熔体初始温度 微观结构 分子动力学模拟     

Cu50Ni50合金快速凝固的分子动力学模拟

采用分子动力学模拟的方法研究了Cu₅₀Ni₅₀合金在不同冷却速度下的凝固过程,利用均方位移、径向分布函数和结构可视化等方法分析其微观结构.并对凝固模型进行拉伸模拟,通过应力应变曲线和直观结构变化分析其性能.研究表明：冷却速度对Cu₅₀Ni₅₀合金凝固形成的结构有较大影响,随着冷却速度的升高,凝固形成的结构中晶体含量减少,在较低的冷却速度下,如冷却1×10¹²K/s时,Cu₅₀Ni₅₀合金凝固形成晶体结构;在较高的冷却速度下,如1×10¹⁴K/s时,Cu₅₀Ni₅₀合金凝固形成非晶体结构,且非晶Cu₅₀Ni₅₀合金的抗拉性能要优于晶体Cu₅₀Ni₅₀合金.     

非晶纳米Ni500团簇等温晶化过程中的结构与动力学研究

采用分子动力学方法和镶嵌原子势, 模拟了500个Ni原子(简称Ni₅₀₀)组成的纳米团簇的等温晶化过程. 通过对纳米Ni团簇的动力学行为和微观结构演变的研究, 发现Ni₅₀₀在高温时是一步晶化的, 在低温时则呈现出多步晶化的特征. 在多步晶化的过程中, 团簇结构会陷入多个亚稳态结构, 经过原子重排, 进入能量更低的亚稳态, 最后完成晶化. 在多步晶化过程中, 原子的位置重排是通过协同跳跃运动实现的, 其协同运动方式不但有常见的线型协同运动, 也有多个原子的集体平移运动等其他形式. 关键词： 分子动力学模拟 纳米Ni团簇 协同运动     

快凝过程中液态Cu64Zr36合金二十面体团簇遗传与演化跟踪

采用分子动力学方法模拟研究了液态Cu₆₄Zr₃₆合金在冷速50 K/ns下 的快速凝固过程, 并通过双体分布函数、Honeycutt-Andersen (H-A) 键型指数和团簇类型指数对其微结构演变特性进行了分析. 液态与快凝玻璃合金的主要原子组态都是二十面体(12 0 12 0)及其变形结构 (12 8/1551 2/1541 2/1431), 其中比例最高的是Cu芯Cu₈Zr₅基本原子团, 其次是Cu₇Zr₆和Cu₉Zr₄团簇; 并且由这些二十面体基本原子团铰链形成的中程序, 其尺寸分布在液相和固相中分别呈现出13, 19, 25,···和13, 19, 23, 25, 29, 37,···的幻数特征. 团簇的演化与跟踪分析发现: 没有任何团簇能从液态直接遗传到固态合金, 遗传的起始温度出现在T_m–T_g过冷液相区. 二十面体团簇的遗传主要以完全和直接遗传为主, 并且一个明显的增加发生在T_g附近. 在玻璃化转变温度T_g以下, (12 0 12 0) 二十面体比 (12 8/1551 2/1541 2/1431) 变形二十面体具有更高的结构遗传能力, 但仅有少部分在遗传过程中能保持化学成分的恒定. 通过部分遗传, 某些二十面体中程序甚至也能从过冷液体中被遗传到玻璃合金. 关键词： 快速凝固 分子动力学 二十面体团簇 遗传     

利用Gupta势结合遗传算法研究ConCu55－n(n=0—55)混合团簇的结构演化及基态能量

采用半经验的Gupta多体势结合遗传算法对Co_nCu_55－n(n=0—55)混合团簇的基态结构和能量进行了研究,发现这些混合团簇的基态结构是在Co₅₅,Cu₅₅单质团簇(Mackay二十面体)的基础之上发生的畸变;从n=0(Cu₅₅)开始,Co原子从中心到表面,从棱到顶点依次、连续替换Cu原子;基态结构与键能较大键的数目及其平均键长有关;Co₁₃Cu₄₂具有最稳定的结构,13个Co原子全部位于团簇内部形成Mackay二十面体对整个团簇的稳定性有显著影响. 关键词： 团簇 结构和能量 Gupta势 遗传算法     

A simulation study of rapid solidification and crystal configuration of Cu<Subscript>70</Subscript>Ni<Subscript>30</Subscript> alloy

A molecular dynamics (MD) simulation study has been performed for the rapid solidification of Cu₇₀Ni₃₀ adopting the quantum Sutton-Chen many-body potentials. By analyzing the bond-types and the relation of atomic average energy versus temperature, it was demonstrated that as cooling rate being 2×10¹² K/s, the Cu₇₀Ni₃₀ formed fcc crystal structures and freezing point was found. In addition, having analyzed the transformation of microstructures and the detail of crystal growth by using atomic trace and visual method, not only could the formation of binary disordered solid solution be showed, but also the solidification of liquid metals and the crystal growth processes could be, further understood.     

A simulation study of rapid solidification and crystal configuration of Cu70Ni30 alloy

A molecular dynamics (MD) simulation study has been performed for the rapid solidification of Cu₇₀Ni₃₀ adopting the quantum Sutton-Chen many-body potentials. By analyzing the bond-types and the relation of atomic average energy versus temperature, it was demonstrated that as cooling rate being 2×10¹² K/s, the Cu₇₀Ni₃₀ formed fcc crystal structures and freezing point was found. In addition, having analyzed the transformation of microstructures and the detail of crystal growth by using atomic trace and visual method, not only could the formation of binary disordered solid solution be showed, but also the solidification of liquid metals and the crystal growth processes could be, further understood.     

The effect of HCP on the formation of twin boundaries and dislocations in Ni–Co alloys

In this study, molecular dynamics (MD) was used to simulate the rapid solidification process of Ni₄₇Co₅₃ and Ni₄₈Co₅₂ alloys at a cooling rate of 10¹² K/s. The effects of HCP on the formation of twin boundaries and dislocations in two Ni–Co alloys are studied. It is found that the difference of HCP clusters is the main effect that producing discrepancies on microstructure of two alloys. The number of HCP clusters accounted for 9.23% in Ni₄₇Co₅₃ alloy. They are regularly arranged to form the number of single-layer twin boundaries, and each twin boundary ends in a dislocation. The FCC and HCP structures coexist in the same atomic layers, which is easy to create dislocations. The relatively standard FCC crystal and only 0.32% HCP clusters are formed in Ni₄₈Co₅₂ alloy at 300 K. That small amount of HCP clusters are dispersed on the surface, and cause the formation of dislocation in the border with FCC clusters.     

Coalescence between Cu57 and Cu58 clusters at a room temperature: molecular dynamics simulations

Three coalescence processes of Cu57-Cu57,Cu57-Cu58,and Cu58-Cu58 clusters at 300 K are investigated by employing molecular dynamics simulations.According to the evolutions of mean square displacement and local atom packing,the coalescence process can be separated into three stages including an approaching stage,a coalescing stage,and a coalesced stage.The simulations show that the coalescence processes and the formed products are sensitive to the respective initial structures of,and the relative configuration between,the two coalescing icosahedron-based clusters.     

Magnetic properties of Co–Si alloy clusters

We have investigated the electronic structure and the magnetic properties of Co–Si alloy clusters using ab initio spin-polarized density functional calculations. The possible CoSi₂, CoSi, and Co₂Si phase clusters with oblique hexagon prism, icosahedron, and cuboctahedron structures are introduced. The CoSi phase cluster with icosahedron structure has the largest binding energy and amount of charge transfer. We found that HOMO-LUMO gap, magnetic moment, and spin polarization for the Co–Si alloy clusters with icosahedron structure increase with Co concentration. The Si atoms in the CoSi phase with icosahedron structure have negative magnetic moment.     

Structural and magnetic properties of Ni<Subscript><Emphasis Type="Italic">n</Emphasis></Subscript> (<Emphasis Type="Italic">n</Emphasis> = 2–21) clusters

Extensive studies of structural and magnetic properties of pure Ni _n (n=2–21) clusters are carried out using density functional theory with generalized gradient approximation. A new structural growth pattern is reported and the icosahedron sequence is not the global minima structures for size n < 16. The evolution pattern of Ni₅–Ni₁₀ clusters is based on square pyramid. For cluster between n = 9 and n = 14, structures of them are trilayered stacking pattern. Especially for Ni₁₃, it seriously deviates from icosahedral pattern which was frequently assumed in previous studies. Ni₁₀, Ni₁₃ and Ni₁₄ are pieces of a double tetrahedron. For cluster size larger than 16, icosahedron based configurations are found to be the dominative structure pattern with exception of Ni₁₉. But trilayered structure is a strong competitor due to small difference in energy between this pattern and icosahedral family. The comparison of magnetic behavior between the calculations and experimental results are conducted. The average coordination mainly dominates on the magnetic behavior in the size range we considered.     

Electronic structures and magnetoresistance of Co/Cu/Ni/Cu superlattices with different Orientations

Electronic structures and magnetoresistance (MR) of pseudo-spin-valves structure (PSV) Co₃/Cu₃/Ni₃/Cu₃(1 0 0), Co₃/Cu₃/Ni₃/Cu₃(1 1 0), and Co₃/Cu₃/Ni₃/Cu₃(1 1 1) are studied using the full potential linearized augmented plane wave (FLAPW) method with generalized-gradient approximation (GGA) for the exchange correlation interactions. It has been found that the spin-dependence scatterings at interfaces are insignificant compared with the ones of the interior layers for the three orientation superlattices. Also, we evaluate the MR ratio by means of the two-current model, and find that the MR ratio of Co₃/Cu₃/Ni₃/Cu₃(1 0 0) (73.72%) is larger than those of structures Co₃/Cu₃/Ni₃/Cu₃(1 1 0) (68.38%), and Co₃/Cu₃/Ni₃/Cu₃(1 1 1) (67.09%).     

Magnetoresistance in thin wires with granular structure

We report on studies of magnetotransport properties and structure at 5–300 K temperature region in glass-coated microwires prepared from immiscible (Co₁₀Cu₉₀ and Co₂₉Ni₂₅Mn₁Cu₄₅) elements. The crystalline structure consists of nanocrystals of Co (Ni) and Cu with average grain size below 30 nm. Considerable magnetoresistance (MR) (up to about 18%) is found in Co₁₀Cu₉₀ microwires depending on fabrication parameters. Magnetic field dependence of MR of Co₁₀Cu₉₀ microwires is completely un-hysteretic showing monotonic decay with magnetic field. On the other hand, MR (up to about 4%) is also found in as-prepared and annealed Co₂₉Ni₂₅Mn₁Cu₄₅ microwires. Annealing of Co₂₉Ni₂₅Mn₁Cu₄₅ microwires (973 K) results in increasing of the coercivity (H_c) from 65 up to 750 Oe. Annealed Co₂₉Ni₂₅Mn₁Cu₄₅ sample exhibits considerable hysteresis on magnetic field dependence of MR. Neutron and X-ray diffraction allows to attribute changes in magnetic properties and MR after annealing of Co₂₉Ni₂₅Mn₁Cu₄₅ microwires to the decomposition of the metastable phase.     

Hyperfine interactions, structure and magnetic properties of nanocrystalline Co–Fe–Ni alloys prepared by mechanical alloying

Mechanical alloying method was used to prepare nanocrystalline Co₅₀Fe₄₀Ni₁₀, Co₅₂Fe₂₆Ni₂₂ and Co₆₅Fe₂₃Ni₁₂ alloys. X-ray diffraction proved that during milling Co–Fe-based solid solution with b.c.c. lattice was formed in the case of Co₅₀Fe₄₀Ni₁₀, while for Co₅₂Fe₂₆Ni₂₂ and Co₆₅Fe₂₃Ni₁₂ compositions Co–Ni-based solid solutions with f.c.c. lattice were obtained. Mössbauer spectroscopy revealed similar values of the average hyperfine magnetic fields for all alloys, e.g. 32.17, 32.24 and 31.21 T for Co₅₀Fe₄₀Ni₁₀, Co₅₂Fe₂₆Ni₂₂ and Co₆₅Fe₂₃Ni₁₂ alloys, respectively. Magnetization measurements allowed to determine the effective magnetic moment, Curie temperature, saturation magnetization and coercive field for the obtained alloys.