不同干涉激光偏振态对偶氮分子玻璃表面起伏光栅形成的影响

研究了在不同偏振态干涉Ar+激光作用下,一种偶氮无定形分子玻璃膜表面形成起伏光栅的特性.实验采用p+P,p+s,RCP+LCP三种干涉激光偏振态,利用实时光栅衍射效率测定和原子力显微镜观察等方法,考察了偶氮无定形分子玻璃(IAC-4)膜表面起伏光栅的形成速率和起伏深度.实验发现,当IAc-4形成表面起伏光栅时,其衍射效率增加速度和表面起伏光栅的深度为RCP+LCP>p+s>p+P.在RCP+LCP干涉激光照射下,IAC-4能够极快地形成表面起伏光栅;而用p+P干涉激光照射,则效率最低.在单束激光强度为58 mW/cm2的RCP+LCP偏振态干涉激光照射下,经过80 s～2 min,一级衍射效率即可达62 oA并接近饱和,光栅起伏深度达到734 nm.而在同样强度的P+P,p+S偏振态干涉激光照射下,一级衍射效率和光栅起伏深度分别为3.1%,23 nm和9.3%,120 nm.采用p+s偏振干涉激光时,得到的光栅周期为干涉光场周期的一半.上述实验结果表明,偶氮无定形分子玻璃(IAC-4)材料可很好地用于表面起伏光栅制备,但刻写效果则取决于干涉激光的偏振态.     

高密度相位光栅的偏振选择性

高密度光栅具有与传统光栅不同的性质,其衍射特性往往是偏振相关的。本文针对1550nm波长TE/TM偏振入射光和0.5的光栅占空比,利用严格耦合波分析数值计算了不同光栅周期下0级及-1级的衍射效率。研究表明,相比周期为1550nm的光栅,当周期为1200nm时,偏振相关衍射效应明显增强,当光栅周期为890nm时,TE偏振光的衍射效率随着光栅深度呈正余弦变化,而TM偏振光的衍射效率始终集中在0级,具有偏振选择性。通过模式方法,利用模式中的有效折射率概念,研究了不同周期下被入射光所激发的两种光波模式通过光栅区域传播所累积的相位差;基于双光束干涉,模拟了0级和-1级的衍射效率。结果表明,利用严格耦合波分析的数值计算结果符合模式方法的理论预期,对于高密度相位光栅的偏振选择性给予了合理的物理机制解释。     

线偏振高斯光束通过复合型衍射光栅的传输特性

提出一种集合浮雕和折射率周期分布调制的复合型衍射光栅,并利用角谱表示和严格的模式理论研究了线偏振高斯光束通过这种复合型衍射光栅的传输特性.数值计算结果表明,在光栅的同一透射深度处复合型衍射光栅光强的起伏频率要比浮雕型光栅光强的起伏频率小.最后使用复合型衍射光栅模型,研究了亚波长体积相位全息光栅的表面起伏和入射光束的束腰宽度对衍射效率的影响. 关键词： 复合型衍射光栅 亚波长体积相位全息光栅 高斯光束 严格模式理论     

偏振敏感材料中具有圆各向异性的偏振全息光栅

在向列相液晶中掺杂质量分数约0.2%的偶氮侧链型聚合物制成偏振敏感材料,使用正交圆偏振光记录了具有圆各向异性的一维偏振全息光栅,用线偏振光探测偏振全息光栅,得到正,负一级衍射光也为线偏振光,且偏振态与探测光和零级偏振态相互正交,可以运用琼斯矩阵理论加以解释.偏振全息光栅可由外加电场控制衍射级的变化,即在外加电场作用下,正、负一级衍射产生了90°的相位差.在频率6.05 Hz、电压2.2 V的外场作用下,衍射级的极值振荡变化.     

紫光诱导菌紫质中同圆偏振光栅的衍射调制特性

基于琼斯矩阵和菌紫质分子光循环的简化光循环模型,建立了紫光诱导同圆偏振记录光栅的理论模型,采用四波耦合光路测量菌紫质光栅的衍射效率.理论模拟和实验结果表明:加入线偏振的辅助紫光,线偏振再现光与线偏振辅助紫光相互平行时,菌紫质光栅的衍射效率最大;线偏振再现光与线偏振辅助紫光相互垂直时,菌紫质光栅的衍射效率最小;菌紫质薄膜中同圆偏振记录光栅的稳态衍射效率随线偏振再现光偏振方向和线偏振辅助紫光偏振方向之间的夹角按余弦规律变化.线偏振紫光能诱导同圆偏振记录光栅由非偏振光栅转化为偏振光栅.     

C60掺杂向列相液晶中光栅衍射选择性的分析

利用琼斯矩阵(Jones matrix) 方法对C60掺杂向列相液晶中光栅衍射选择性进行分析.给出两束p 偏振光在液晶样品中产生相位全息光栅的透射矩阵,通过探测光的矢量和光栅透射矩阵的琼斯矩阵运算,可以探测衍射光束的偏振态与入射光偏振态的关系.分析发现对于p 偏振的探测光,透射光和正、负一阶衍射光的偏振态均为p 偏振,且正、负一阶衍射效率相同;对于s 偏振的探测光只有透射光存在,可见记录的相位光栅表现出光栅衍射的选择性.     

13.4nm软X射线干涉光刻透射光栅的优化设计

基于严格的矢量耦合波方法,结合纳米级光栅实际制作工艺,定量分析了在13.4 nm软X射线(TE偏振)正入射条件下,光栅材料、厚度、占空比、梯形浮雕底角大小等因素对光栅一级衍射效率的影响.结果表明,在此波段处,Si3N4、Cr、Au浮雕的相位作用对光栅衍射起重要影响,其中非金属材料Si3N4比金属材料Cr、Au的相位作用更明显.最后优化得到了用Si(或Si3N4)做衬底的si3N4、Cr、Au光栅,分析结果显示,其一级衍射效率优于目前用于13.4 nm软X射线干涉光刻的Cr、Si3N4复合光栅.     

双光束干涉中偏振态分布的演示实验

光的干涉现象是波动过程的基本特征之一,是波动光学研究的主要内容.相干条件说明光波的偏振态对光的干涉效应有影响.为了让学生更好地理解光的干涉过程中偏振态的影响,本文设计了一种全息记录光路,利用一种对激发光偏振态敏感的偶氮染料样品,演示了样品经过不同偏振的两束特定波长写入激光作用后,可以观察到写入光和探测光的衍射现象.这些衍射现象说明样品中可以形成的不同类型的折射率光栅,而这些折射率光栅来源于样品表面不同偏振态的周期分布导致的染料分子的周期取向分布,从而形象地说明了光的干涉过程中相位差的重要性,有助于学生对光的干涉的深入理解.     

液晶稳态和瞬态多波混频与非线性光学特性

在掺杂（～3%重量比）碳纳米管和光敏取向基团的向列态液晶薄膜（5μm厚）中，在使用Ar⁺(514.5nm)为激发光做前向多波混频实验时，观察到7级的自衍射和探测光He-N e(632.8nm )的多级衍射均呈多环状结构.高斯光束中心处的光致非线性折射率系数δn～0.8. Ar⁺ (514.5nm)连续光形成光栅的时间和弛豫时间都与写入光的偏振态强烈相关.在使用Nd :YAG（532 nm）为激发光时，光栅的弛豫时间～200ms量级，且探测光He-Ne(632.8nm)的o光和e光所探 测到的动力学响应曲线是不同的. 关键词： 瞬态 稳态 多波混频 液晶     

像素偏振片阵列制备及其在偏振图像增强中的应用

像素偏振片阵列在实时测量光的斯托克斯参量方面具有重要的应用.本文设计和制作了基于金属铝纳米光栅的像素偏振片阵列,制作工艺基于电子束曝光技术.偏振片阵列单元尺寸为7.4μm,每相邻2×2单元的透偏振方向分别为0,7π/4,π/2和3π/4.光栅周期为140 nm,占空比为0.5,深度100 nm,光栅面型为矩形.像素偏振片阵列的扫描电子显微镜照片显示,制备的偏振片阵列的金属纳米光栅栅线无断线、无交叉、无杂物污染,光栅栅线结构平直,厚度均匀,满足理想矩形面型.采用偏振光作为照明光的光学显微镜拍摄图片显示,像素偏振片阵列整体形状规则,具有很好的偏振特性,最大偏振透射率可达到79.3%,消光比可达到454.将像素偏振片阵列与CCD(charge coupled device)集成在一起,采集单帧图像即可计算图像的斯托克斯参量,从而得到拍摄物体线偏振度图像和线偏振角图像,实现了偏振增强,可应用于目标反隐和识别.     

Diffraction efficiency increase by corona discharge in photoinduced surface-relief gratings on an azo polymer film

The diffraction efficiency of a surface-relief grating (SRG) was dramatically increased by corona discharge. We fabricated this SRG by applying surface modulation to azo polymer films, using laser interference fringes. The electric charge was deposited upon the SRG by a corona discharge in an oven. The first-order diffraction efficiency measured before and after corona discharge above the glass-transition temperature increased from ~2% to ~40% in a SRG written with a circularly polarized beam. The relief depth of the SRG as measured with an atomic-force microscope also increased, from ~130 nm to ~450 nm. The increase in diffraction efficiency was independent of the writing polarization.     

Direct Fabrication Methods of Surface Relief Electro-Optic Gratings in Azo-Polymer Films

Two fabrication methods of surface relief electro-optic (EO) gratings in azo-polymer films are described: surface deformation by a continuous wave laser and laser ablation by a pulse laser. In the fabrication process, the periodic intensity modulation of laser beams is formed by an interference fringe or a phase mask. The surface relief EO grating is fabricated by poling the surface relief grating (SRG) after the SRG fabrication process. The linear dependence of an applied voltage in the modulation efficiency of the first-order diffraction beam is observed. The proposed methods are effective for highly-efficient surface relief EO grating fabrication.     

Experimental study of liquid-crystal alignment on a surface relief grating

In this experimental work, photofabrication of a surface relief grating (SRG) on poly[(methyl-methacrylate)-co-(DR1 methacrylate)] copolymer was used align liquid-crystal molecules in parallel. The interference pattern of circularly polarized Ar⁺ laser beams was used for this purpose, and the dynamic diffraction efficiency of the grating was measured at the same time. Then, the polymeric layers aligned by SRG were used to fabricate a homogeneous aligned liquid-crystal cell. The SRG-induced optical anisotropy of the empty cell and the cell filled with the well-known 5CB nematic liquid crystal was investigated by polarizing microscopy. In addition, the SRG-induced dichroism was studied by polarized UV-Vis spectrophotometry. Finally, the SRG-induced dichroism and optical anisotropy were compared for four different incidence angles. This alignment technique could have useful applications in in-plane switching LC displays.     

Fabrication of a pure polarization grating in a cross-linked azopolymer by polarization-modulated holography

A cross-linked azopolymer with high optical and thermal stability was prepared. A pure polarization grating without surface topology was fabricated from cross-linked azopolymer by polarization holography by use of orthogonal linearly polarized beams from a He-Cd laser with a power density of 60 mW/cm(-2). The surface relief structure was investigated by atomic-force microscopy, and the polarization grating was observed by polarization optical microscopy. The grating spacing is 1.5 microm. The grating is stable at room temperature and can endure repeated writing-erasing.     

Volume polarization holographic recording in thick phenanthrenequinone-doped poly(methyl methacrylate) photopolymer

Volume polarization holographic recording in phenanthrenequinone-doped poly (methyl methacrylate) photopolymer is obtained. Photoinduced birefringence in a 2 mm thick sample is measured by a phase-modulated ellipsometry. The birefringence induced in this material by linearly polarized beam at 514 nm reaches 1.2×10(-5). In addition, ability for recording volume polarization grating using two different polarization configurations is demonstrated and compared. The experimental results show that the diffraction efficiency of the hologram reaches to ～40% by using two orthogonal circularly polarized beams.     

一种新的双偶氮染料掺杂聚合物薄膜的光致双折射及偏振全息的研究

作为一种有可能作为永久信息存储的材料,合成出一种新的双偶氮材料(BA1)。当样品被波长为532nm的光激发时,几乎大部分BA1分子从反-反态转化到顺-顺态,产生了光致双折射。因此,研究了BA1分子掺杂的PMMA薄膜的光致双折射和透过信号与入射光强度的关系。实验结果表明:透过信号强度随着泵浦光的增强而增强。通过偏振态互相平行(SS)和垂直(SP)的两束偏振光用来研究偏振全息存储,结果表明SP光栅形成的衍射信号要比SS光栅的衍射信号强很多。     

Structuring of photosensitive material below diffraction limit using far field irradiation

In this paper, we report on in-situ atomic force microscopy (AFM) studies of topographical changes in azobenzene-containing photosensitive polymer films that are irradiated with light interference patterns. We have developed an experimental setup consisting of an AFM combined with two-beam interferometry that permits us to switch between different polarization states of the two interfering beams while scanning the illuminated area of the polymer film, acquiring corresponding changes in topography in-situ. This way, we are able to analyze how the change in topography is related to the variation of the electrical field vector within the interference pattern. It is for the first time that with a rather simple experimental approach a rigorous assignment can be achieved. By performing in-situ measurements we found that for a certain polarization combination of two interfering beams [namely for the SP (?, ?) polarization pattern] the topography forms surface relief grating with only half the period of the interference patterns. Exploiting this phenomenon we are able to fabricate surface relief structures with characteristic features measuring only 140 nm, by using far field optics with a wavelength of 491 nm. We believe that this relatively simple method could be extremely valuable to, for instance, produce structural features below the diffraction limit at high-throughput, and this could significantly contribute to the search of new fabrication strategies in electronics and photonics industry.     

偶氮液晶聚合物薄膜的二维偏振全息记录

利用偏振全息记录的方法在一种含偶氮侧链的液晶聚合物薄膜中写入了二维偏振光栅.实验采用两束正交偏振的532 nm线偏光作为写入光,在样品同一点上分别记录了相互垂直的两个一维偏振光栅,继而对所构成的二维偏振光栅的特性进行了研究.实验结果表明：二维光栅的衍射效率比一维光栅低,其偏振特性是两个一维光栅元特性的叠加;二维光栅衍射效率对入射光偏振态的依赖性和光栅的偏振转换性质来源于材料中线双折射和圆双折射的共同作用. 关键词： 偏振全息 二维光栅 偶氮液晶聚合物     

Three-dimensional planarized diffraction structures based on surface relief gratings in azobenzene materials

The method of step-by-step formation of correlated 3D phase optical structures is presented. Surface relief gratings (SRG) recorded in azobenzene polymer layers are alternated with layers of a spacer polymer with a different refractive index. A pair of azobenzene and spacer polymers with excellent compatibility makes it possible to prepare layers of good optical quality in a stack without destruction of SRG in the previous layer. A correlated stack of six layers (three active and three spacer layers) with 2D structures of different types (linear, tetragonal, and hexagonal) were built. In this way hierarchical 3D structures with different grating periods or different shapes of SRG can be also produced, resulting in full flexibility of the structure type and grating parameters.     

Nongeneric polarization singularities in combined vortex beams

Nongeneric polarization structures of singular beams formed as a coherent coaxial mixture of weighted orthogonally polarized single-charged Laguerre-Gauss modes with different radial indices are analyzed. A general solution for the superposition of elliptically orthogonally polarized partial vortex beams is obtained; the limiting special cases in which the mixed modes are linearly or circularly polarized are investigated. It is established that unusual spatially stable polarization structures such as closed C contours and L contours with a fixed azimuth of linear polarization arise in such combined beams. The results are experimentally confirmed by using a new diffraction method for testing phase singularities in optical beams.