LNG冷藏车冷量回收的各种方法比较分析

液化天然气(LNG)是一种绿色的汽车燃料,LNG冷藏车是以LNG为动力燃料.存储在111K下的LNG在汽化升温过程中会释放大量的冷量,通过对冷量回收,用于低温冷藏车的冷藏运输,具有节能和环保的双重意义.文中分析了LNG冷藏车的特点,针对传统LNG冷藏车制冷方式的缺点,通过三种改进方案得以解决,并对三种方案的特点进行分析...     

车用小型液化天然气燃料罐及其关键技术研究

随着世界资源和环境问题的日益突出,以天然气作为汽车代用燃料的技术越来越受到人们的重视.液化天然气汽车(LNGV)是天然气汽车的一个重要发展方向,同时该技术对LNG燃料罐提出了更高的要求.本文对目前液化天然气汽车的发展现状、小型车用LNG燃料罐的结构、功能以及国内外LNG燃料罐的技术基础进行了总结,重点介绍了近年来世界车用天然气燃料罐的关键技术.     

以LNG为燃料的交通工具液位测量技术的发展

介绍了一些目前以LNG为燃料的交通工具常用的液位计,对其基本组成、基本工作原理以及发展动态进行了较为细致的分析和综述,根据以上因素对其优缺点进行了分析,为液位计的选择以及设计提供参考。同时也给出了除去液位计外影响液位测量精度的其他因素,为LNG燃料罐液位检测技术的研究方向提供参考。     

小型LNG燃料船燃料分配系统的动态模拟

液化天然气(LNG)燃料分配系统作为LNG燃料船的一个重要组成部分,负责向发动机输送合适温度、压强、流量的天然气。国内外许多学者提出过不同的LNG燃料分配系统设计,但极少涉及系统的动态运行情况。选取Wartsila 6L20DF双燃料发动机为目标发动机,提出了无自增压单元的分配系统并确定了设计参数,利用HYSYS软件对燃料分配系统进行动态模拟,并研究了发动机负载、LNG温度、压强的变化对系统输出的影响。结果显示,在测试工况下,系统对于发动机负载变化、LNG温度压强的扰动均能够实现较好地控制,输出气体的温度能在扰动发生的十分钟内恢复稳定。     

车载LNG气瓶稳定供气及自增压气化量分析

LNG汽车供液系统主要采用自增压方式输送液体。考虑到车载LNG气瓶内液位下降而引起供液动力不足,致发动机燃料无法稳定供给,提出了气瓶稳定供气的条件。并建立了稳定供气过程中,空温式气化器气化量与发动机燃料流量的关系式,为LNG汽车自增压系统设计提供了参考。     

基于LNG冷能利用的公交车空调制冷系统优化

公交车的LNG燃料蕴含大量冷量,目前尚未得到利用。文中就LNG冷能用于公交车空调系统低温送风和空调系统的过冷循环分别进行了优化分析。应用Cleland公式和VB编程计算,结果表明:LNG冷能用于12m公交车低温送风,空调制冷系统COP可提高6.8%～8.6%;将LNG冷能用于12m公交车空调系统的过冷循环,空调制冷系统COP可提高18.2%。     

LNG汽车燃料汽化器设计与实验研究

汽化器是LNG汽车燃料系统的重要设备。本文提出将汽化器换热过程分为过冷段、沸腾段与过热段的简化方法,并进行了LNG汽车起步阶段与正常行驶阶段汽化器性能模拟实验研究。     

液化天然气(LNG)冷藏车冷量回收换热器的设计

液化天然气(LNG)用做优质"绿色"汽车燃料的同时,还具有大量的冷能,该冷能可回收用于冷藏车制冷,LNG冷藏车是一种节能环保型汽车。在LNG冷藏车冷量回收系统中,传统的方式是将LNG在换热器中直接气化,并向空气释放冷量,但这种方式中的换热器表面易结霜,对其性能造成很大危害。文中提出了采用热管技术回收LNG冷量并用于冷藏车制冷的方法;设计了新型的热管式LNG冷量回收换热器,该新型换热器具有高效、紧凑等特点。     

利用LNG冷(火用)的准零CO2排放循环探析

本文研究利用LNG冷(火用)来完善燃用它的热机性能,既提高了效率,又能回收用LNG燃料热机的唯一主要排放-CO2.这种系统的温度区间横跨大气温度,会有很多新的特点值得探索.作为前期研究,本文建议了两种新循环,分别基于Brayton循环与超临界Rankine循环,且分别适用于LNG超临界及亚临界汽化过程.文中对此两种循环进行了分析计算与讨论,说明建议是可行的,热机效率可达60%以上,且同时基本回收所有燃烧产生的CO2.     

液化天然气汽车的发展优势

天然气是优质的绿色燃料。用作汽车燃料 ,可明显减少有害气体排放。较之压缩天然气、液化天然气 (LNG) ,具有能量存储密度大、一次充灌行驶里程长的巨大优势。此外 ,低压的 LNG存储在1 1 0 K的低温下 ,因而蕴藏着大量的冷能 ,回收该冷能用于汽车空调或低温冷藏链中的冷藏运输过程 ,这不仅有效回收、利用了能源 ,而且减少了机械制冷造成的大量动力消耗和制冷剂泄漏造成的臭氧层破坏 ,具有可观的经济效益和环保效益     

钙钛矿结构ZrBeO3稳定性的第一性原理研究

基于密度泛函理论构建了钙钛矿结构ZrBeO3晶体模型,计算了该晶体模型结合能,表明了该构型热力学稳定性;计算出该结构在不同压力下的弹性常数,并据此计算了ZrBeO3的体积模量、剪切模量、杨氏模量、泊松比、BH/GH(体模量/剪切模量)等参数,结果表明该材料具有机械稳定性,随着等静压力增加,材料由脆性向韧性转变;计算了零压下ZrBeO3的硬度,为34.5 GPa,表明该结构晶体应为超硬材料;计算了ZrBeO3的声子能谱,结果表明ZrBeO3在低温零压下热动力学不稳定,为此分析比较了不同压力下的声子能谱、不同原子轨道及化学键布居值,研究表明随着压力增加,Be原子sp杂化后形成的Be-O共价键成分增强、Zr-O键离子键成分增强,晶格动力学趋于稳定。     

矿井下用光纤光栅水压传感器及系统

研究了一种基于光纤Bragg光栅的弹簧管式新型水压传感器.利用ANSYS软件对传感器的灵敏度进行模拟计算,并对传感器性能进行了标定和测试,达到了很好的效果.将传感器安装到煤矿井下进行水压远程在线监测,与压力表测量数据进行对比,进一步验证了传感器用于煤矿水压监测的可行性.     

Diffusion-controlled autoignition of hydrogen outflowing into an air-filled channel

The results of a numerical study of the pulsed outflow of hydrogen into an air-filled channel are presented. The adjustable parameters were the initial pressure of hydrogen in the reservoir and the distance from the diaphragm to the ignition point. The pressure, temperature, and water vapor mass fraction profiles along the channel wall at various moments of time were calculated. The autoignition parameters were calculated with account of turbulence, boundary layer formation, heat transfer, and diaphragm opening time. It was demonstrated that the boundary layer effect promotes hydrogen autoignition. The dependence of the distance from the diaphragm to the autoignition point was calculated as a function of the pressure in the reservoir with hydrogen. The simulation results were found to be in close agreement with the available experimental data.     

Density-functional theory study of the effect of pressure on the elastic properties of CaB6

Under high pressure, the long believed single-phase material CaB6 was latterly discovered to have a new phase tI56. Based on the density-functional theory, the pressure effects on the structural and elastic properties of CaB6 are obtained. The calculated bulk, shear, and Young's moduli of the recently synthesized high pressure phase tI56-CaB6 are larger than those of the low pressure phase. Moreover, the high pressure phase of CaB6 has ductile behaviors, and its ductility increases with the increase of pressure. On the contrary, the calculated results indicate that the low pressure phase of CaB6 is brittle. The calculated Debye temperature indicates that the thermal conductivity of CaB6 is not very good. Furthermore, based on the Christoffel equation, the slowness surface of the acoustic waves is obtained.     

Pressure induced superconductivity in Bismuth

Abstract

In this paper, we report the high pressure band structure and superconductivity calculated for Bi at 9 GPa. The band structure calculation was performed using the LMTO method. The theoretically calculated value of superconducting transition temperature is found to be in good agreement with the experimentally observed value. It is concluded that the same mechanism of s → electron transfer under pressure, which has been used by us for explaining the pressure induced superconductivity in many solids, is found to be responsible for promoting T, in Bi also.     

Elastic properties of Se and As2Se3 glasses under pressure and temperature

The sound velocities and their pressure and temperature variations of Se and As₂Se₃ glasses have been determined by means of a pulse superpositions method, and other elastic constants and their pressure and temperature derivatives were calculated from these data. The bulk modulus was found to be 94·6 kbar for Se glass and 143·7 kbar As₂Se₃ glass, both of which are higher than the values calculated from the previous compression data. No anomaly was observed in any of the pressure and temperature dependence of elastic behavior of these glassses. Furthermore, the comparison of the pressure and temperature derivatives of the bulk modulus indicates that the thermodynamic self-consistency is satisfied on these materials. The bulk moduli of these glasses and crystalline As and Se were used to obtain an empirical bulk modulus-volume relationship for compounds in the As?Se system. The acoustic Grüneisen parameter was calculated and compared with the thermal Grüneisen parameter.     

Pressure-dependent mechanical stability of simple cubic carbon

The pressure-dependent energetic and mechanical stabilities of simple cubic carbon were studied using first-principles calculations. The enthalpies of graphite, diamond, BC8, and simple cubic carbon were calculated, and it was found that simple cubic carbon was the most energetically stable polytype above 2700 GPa. Elastic constants were calculated as a function of pressure. Simple cubic carbon was mechanically unstable below 400 GPa, but became mechanically stable above 400 GPa. Our calculated results also indicated that the bulk module of simple cubic carbon increased linearly with increasing pressure.     

Point-defect concentrations in B2 NiAl alloys under pressure

The pressure dependence of point-defect concentrations is calculated on the basis of two recently published models. It is demonstrated that the effective formation volume of vacancies shows asymmetrical character about stoichiometry. For Ni-rich and stoichiometric compositions, the concentration of Ni vacancies versus pressure can be described by a simple exponential function. The concentration of Ni antisite defects is independent of pressure. For Al-rich compositions, the concentration of Ni vacancies shows a more complex behaviour. At low pressures the vacancy concentration is independent of pressure, the effective formation volume is zero, while above a critical pressure the vacancy concentration becomes pressure dependent. This can be explained by the annihilation reaction of Ni vacancies. The pressure of complete replacement depends on the stoichiometry and has proved to be very sensitive to the input parameters used in the different models. The changes expected in diffusion activation energy and activation volume with composition are discussed on the basis of calculated temperature and pressure dependence of Ni vacancy concentration, assuming vacancy-mediated diffusion. The pressure effect on the boundary that separates regions in which triple defects or interbranch defects dominate was also investigated. It was observed that pressure expands the region in which Al interbranch defects dominate.     

Raman phonon spectra and lattice dynamics of 9,10-dinitroanthracene under pressure

Abstract

Raman phonon spectra of 9, 10-dinitroanthracene have been recorded in the pressure range 0-6GPa. No phase transition is detected up to the maximum pressure studied. Quasi Harmonic Lattice Dynamics calculations, based on an atom-atom potential previously modeled on homologous 9,10-disubstituted anthracenes, have been performed. The optimized potential was used to calculate the equilibrium geometry and the lattice phonon frequencies as a function of pressure. The calculated structure at ambient conditions closely resembles the experimental one. The calculated phonon frequencies show a good agreement with the experimental values at all pressures measured.     

Simulation of vocal fold impact pressures with a self-oscillating finite-element model

Vocal fold impact pressures were studied using a self-oscillating finite-element model capable of simulating vocal fold vibration and airflow. The calculated airflow pressure is applied on the vocal fold as the driving force. The airflow region is then adjusted according to the calculated vocal fold displacement. The interaction between airflow and the vocal folds produces a self-oscillating solution. Lung pressures between 0.2 and 2.5 kPa were used to drive this self-oscillating model. The spatial distribution of the impact pressure was studied. Studies revealed that the tissue collision during phonation produces a very large impact pressure which correlates with the lung pressure and glottal width. Larger lung pressure and a narrower glottal width increase the impact pressure. The impact pressure was found to be roughly the square root of lung pressure. In the inferior-superior direction, the maximum impact pressure is related to the narrowest glottis. In the anterior-posteriorfirection, the greatest impact pressure appears at the midpoint of the vocal fold. The match between our numerical simulations and clinical observations suggests that this self-oscillating finite-element model might be valuable for predicting mechanical trauma of the vocal folds.