真皮革和人工革在太赫兹波段的光谱研究

皮革检测鉴定的市场需求缺口巨大,不同种类皮革,尤其是不同种类真皮革无损、无标记检测具有重要的应用价值。利用太赫兹时域光谱技术系统地测试了不同种类真皮革和人工革的太赫兹透射光谱,计算了不同真皮革和人工革的太赫兹吸收系数和折射率。在0.2~1.5 THz范围内,不同种类皮革的太赫兹吸收系数和折射率数值大小具有明显差异,真皮革大于人工革;且真皮革中,爬行类皮革>鱼类皮革>哺乳类皮革。进一步地,猪、牛、羊真皮革在25~80 ℃加热过程中太赫兹时域光谱振幅变化均在60 ℃左右出现拐点,而人工革无拐点;且猪、牛、羊真皮革变化趋势各异。为了验证皮革太赫兹光谱产生差异的原因,首先对代表性皮革牛皮革、人造革和合成革的主要组成成分牛皮胶原蛋白、聚氯乙烯（PVC）和聚氨酯（PU）进行了太赫兹光谱测试,牛皮胶原蛋白的太赫兹吸收系数和折射率大于聚氯乙烯和聚氨酯;并且在25~80 ℃加热过程中胶原蛋白出现变化拐点,而聚氯乙烯无。实验结果显示,皮革主要组成成分的太赫兹光谱特征的数值差异和变化趋势与对应皮革相同,表明不同种类皮革间差异性的太赫兹光谱特征主要来源于其组成成分的不同。基于此,太赫兹光谱技术有望用于皮革的快速、准确、无损、无标记检测,用于区分不同种类真皮革和人工革,尤其是分辨来源于爬行动物、哺乳动物和鱼类的真皮革。     

一种皮革产品的红外无损检验

基于红外光谱法可以对不同形态物质进行结构分析,可对皮革产品进行定性分析。依据红外光谱谱带的数目、位置、形状和强度都随化合物不同而各不相同的特点,将牛皮革、羊皮革和聚氯乙烯（PVC）革的红外谱图进行比对和剖析,并用于皮革产品的检验。通过实验得出,利用红外方法可以快速对皮革产品进行红外无损检验。     

常见皮革的近红外光谱快速判别分析

皮革种类的鉴定对生产控制、贸易过程和市场管理都具有重要意义,目前尚未有皮革种类鉴定的正式检测标准,皮革种类鉴定主要依靠感官法、燃烧法、化学溶解法、显微镜法等综合判定,对人员要求高,主观性强。利用近红外光谱技术对市场五种常见皮革样品(头层牛皮革、剖层移膜革、羊皮革、再生革和人造革)进行分析,利用判别分析法(discriminant analysis, DA)结合标准正态变量变换(multiplicative signal correction,MSC)、多元散射校正(standard normal variate,SNV)、一阶微分(first derivative)、二阶微分(second derivative)等光谱预处理方法进行分类鉴别。结果显示：上述五种革类在同一空间中重叠严重,但是利用样本反面光谱数据可以轻易将人造革和其他革类进行区分,误判率为1.2%,余下四种天然或加工革类重叠稍显严重,在同一个空间内同时对四种革类区分效果不是很理想,两两分组的分类效果较好,误判率13%～17.9%。而不同的数据处理方法在不同的判别分析模型中带来的效果也不尽相同,未发现一种能持续稳定为模型提供优化效果的预处理手段。上述数据说明采用近红外手段对于皮革种类进行判别是具有可行性的,由于本次取样来自于市场上的皮包、皮衣、皮带等最终产品,已经过染色、压花、覆膜等各种复杂处理,可能对模型带来一定的影响,如果能采取一些手段,如扩大样本量等,减弱这些影响,应该能得到更满意的结果。     

基于瞬发伽马中子活化分析技术的金属样品检测研究

在合金材料的生产过程中,不同金属元素的含量改变对产品的性能以及可靠性有重要的影响,通过在线检测技术能够对产品中不同元素含量进行实时分析,从而指导其工业生产过程,提高产品质量。目前常规的无损检测方法受限于分析深度,无法对样品内部成分进行分析,从而影响测量结果的准确性。瞬发伽马中子活化分析（PGNAA）技术是一种高灵敏度、多元素同时分析的无损检测技术,可以对大块样品进行快速分析。针对PGNAA技术在大体积金属样品检测的可行性进行研究,通过测量快中子与样品发生非弹性散射反应激发的伽马射线对样品成分进行分析。搭建了一套测量系统,包括D-T中子发生器,中子反射体,中子准直体,高纯锗（HPGe）探测器及探测器屏蔽防护。首先,对Fe,Ti,Cr,Ni和Cu等5种金属元素进行了分析研究。对不同质量下的样品进行测量,通过伽马能谱处理软件GAMMAFIT对HPGe探测器测量到的特征伽马峰进行拟合,获得全能峰的净面积。分析全能峰净面积与样品质量之间的响应,对探测器的探测效率变化造成的非线性响应进行修正,得到不同元素的校准曲线,结果显示各元素修正后的校准曲线均具有良好的线型关系。对不同元素的质量检测限进行分析,不同金属元素的质量检测限分别为Fe（44 g）,Ti（25 g）,Cr（33 g）,Ni（108 g）和Cu（72 g）。利用测量系统对不锈钢合金样品中的Fe和Cr元素含量测量开展了研究,通过测量标准样品建立了Fe和Cr元素的定标曲线,并对未知样品进行了测量分析。同时与X射线荧光光谱（XRF）测量结果进行了对比分析,结果表明两种方法的Fe元素和Cr元素测量值偏差分别为4.08%和2.97%。研究结果表明,利用PGNAA技术可以对多种金属元素和合金样品进行测量分析,为后续其他金属样品的检测奠定了研究基础。     

基于FTIR指纹光谱的牛肉产地溯源技术研究

在中国牛肉4个产区吉林省榆树市、贵州省安顺市、宁夏自治区同心县、河北省张北县屠宰场采集了58个肉牛牛肉样品,进行脱脂、干燥、粉碎。利用近红外光谱分析技术,对牛肉样品的近红外光谱进行主成分分析、聚类分析、判别分析,建立了判别牛肉产地来源的傅里叶变换红外光谱定性分析模型。分析结果显示4个产区的牛肉的平均近红外光谱存在有差异,牛肉样品的主成分空间分布也位于不同的区域。根据光谱距离,对样品进行聚类分析,初步判定了牛肉的产区,其中贵州的牛肉光谱比较复杂,与河北牛肉样品的光谱距离很近,存在一定交叉。利用来源于4个产区的18个独立样品对模型进行了验证,正确识别率为100％。说明应用近红外光谱分析技术可准确、快速、低廉地追溯牛肉的产地来源。     

古代玻璃样品表面因素对便携式X射线荧光定量分析的影响

便携式X射线荧光光谱分析技术(PXRF)是一种表面分析技术,样品表面状况对定量分析结果有很大的影响.本文采用PXRF对新疆、广西、江苏等地出土的Na2O-CaO-SiO2,K2O-SiO2和PbO-BaO-SiO2体系古代玻璃的风化表面与内部进行了定量分析,指出了主要助熔剂的含量在不同部位的变化.另外,还研究了样品与参...     

太赫兹成像技术对玉米种子的鉴定和识别

利用太赫兹时域光谱(THz_TDS)测试技术及透射式太赫兹逐点扫描成像技术分别对几种玉米种子DNA和胚的样品进行了光谱和成像测量;利用空间图样成份分析(component spatial pattern analysis)方法对得到的THz像进行识别运算。实验结果表明,几种样品在THz波段都有不同的吸收特性,但都没有明显的吸收峰,不能利用“特征指纹谱”进行识别。用基于THz扫描成像的空间图样成份分析方法能很好地实现不同玉米种子DNA样品的鉴定和识别。与现有的THz图像识别方法相比,这个方法只需要THz像的实验数据和样品的吸收谱信息,不需要样品的其它特征。这项研究为进一步利用THz成像技术实现无损检测、安全检查、质量监测等提供了依据,具有实际应用价值。     

一种基于近红外光谱技术的熊胆粉鉴别方法

建立了一种基于近红外光谱分析技术的方法,对熊胆粉的真伪进行了签别,并对掺伪品中熊胆粉的掺入比例进行了定量分析.采集了四处不同产地的30份熊胆粉样品,六份猪胆粉份样品,以及65份按不同比例混合的熊胆粉与猪胆粉的混合样品的近红外光谱,对所采集的样品光谱进行主成分分析,观察到熊胆及其伪品和掺伪品之间存在明显的界限,不同产地的...     

纺织纤维及其制品非破坏性快速鉴别的研究

纺织纤维的快速鉴别对我国纺织品生产过程质量控制、贸易和市场监督具有重要实际意义。文章收集了的12种纺织纤维共214个样品,研究了各种形态样品的近红外光谱测量方法。采用多元光散射校正方法消除噪声和基线漂移对光谱的影响。对样品总集光谱进行系统树分析,发现组成接近的纤维样本能均够聚类在一起,有些不同种类纤维之间有交叠。结合近红外光谱和簇类的独立软模式方法(SIMCA),可以实现化学组成非常接近的不同纤维种类的区分。该研究结果表明,采用近红外分析技术,实现非破坏性地快速鉴别纺织纤维是可行的。     

非均匀固体热导率分布的重建:利用光声技术研究激光冲击的铝合金

利用光声检测技术，详细研究了由强激光脉冲冲击硬化的铝合金样品（２０２４－Ｔ６２）。在不同调制频率的激光照射下，利用光声技术测定样品表面温度的变化，并运用由脉冲谱技术和正则化算法导出的热波反演算法重建其热导率的深度分布。对不同冲击次数的硬化效果进行了分析，分析结果与利用显微维氏硬度计破坏性的测试所得的结果完全一致。说明这种光声实验系统和反演算法对于非均匀介质的深度剖面分析是一种无损地评价材料特性十分有效的方法。     

皮革中鞣性金属元素含量及分布的微波消解-ICP-AES研究

以新型无铬金属鞣剂鞣制的绵羊皮和猪皮为研究对象,以铬鞣绵羊皮和猪皮为对比。采用微波消解法处理试样,电感耦合等离子体-原子发射光谱法测定主要鞣性金属元素在皮革粒面层、中间层和肉面层的含量。锆在绵羊皮革各层的分布均匀性比猪皮好,正常鞣制皮革中粒面层的含量少于肉面层。钛在绵羊皮革粒面层的含量比例高于锆,在猪皮革粒面层的比例低于锆。绵羊皮革和猪皮革中铬的物质的量总量和各层含量都明显多于锆或钛,铬更容易进入猪皮的粒面层,不易进入中间层。     

Ultrasonic effects on titanium tanning of leather

The effects of ultrasound on titanium tanning of leather were investigated. Either 20 or 40 kHz ultrasound was applied to the titanium tanning of pigskins. Five different treatment conditions were carried out and the effects were examined, such as leather shrinkage temperature (T(s)), titanium content and titanium distribution in the leather. Overall heat loading was carefully controlled. Results showed that 20 kHz ultrasound effectively improves titanium agent penetration into the hide and increases the leather's shrinkage temperature. Doubling the frequency to 40 kHz produced negligible enhancements. An impressive 105.6 degrees C T(s) was achieved using 20 kHz ultrasound pretreatment of the tanning liquor followed by 20 kHz ultrasound in the tanning mixture (liquor plus pigskins) in a special salt-free medium. Finally, using a unique ultrasonic tanning drum with 26.5 kHz ultrasound, the T(s) reached a record level of 106.5 degrees C, a value not achieved in conventional (no ultrasound) titanium tanning. The ultrasonic effects on titanium tanning of leather are judged to make a superior mineral tanned leather.     

Use of ultrasound in leather processing Industry: Effect of sonication on substrate and substances – New insights

Influence of ultrasound (US) on various unit operations in leather processing has been studied with the aim to improve the process efficiency, quality, reduce process time and achieve near-zero discharge levels in effluent streams as a cleaner option. Effect of US on substrate (skin/leather) matrix as well as substances used in different unit operations have been studied and found to be useful in the processing. Absorption of US energy by leather in process vessel at different distances from US source has been measured and found to be significant. Effect of particle-size of different substances due to sonication indicates positive influence on the diffusion through the matrix. Our experimental results suggest that US effect is better realized for the cases with pronounced diffusion hindrance. Influence of US on bioprocessing of leather has been studied and found beneficial. Attempts have also been made to improve the US aided processing using external aids. Operating US in pulse mode operation could be useful in order to reduce the electrical energy consumption. Use of US has also been studied in the preparation of leather auxiliaries involving mass-transfer resistance. Preliminary cost analysis carried out for ultrasound-assisted leather-dyeing process indicates scale-up possibility. Therefore, US application provide improvement in process efficiency as well as making cleaner production methods feasible. Hence, overall results suggest that use of US in leather industry is imminent and potential viable option in near future.     

皮革产品的ATR-FTIR快速鉴定

分析和比较真皮和人造革的 ATR- FTIR红外谱图表明 ,两者的特征峰峰位并不重叠或干扰 ,其结构可以区分。用 ATR- FTIR鉴定皮革产品具有准确、灵敏、快速、简便、对产品无损伤、无需预处理、易实现现场自动化等优点     

X射线能谱研究鞣性金属在绵羊皮革中的分布

以绵羊皮革为研究对象,利用X射线能谱仪(EDXA)分析了鞣性金属锆铬在绵羊皮革中的分布,结果表明:鞣性金属元素锆、铬在绵羊皮革中的分布整体上比较均匀,但局部存在不均匀现象,鞣性金属组分主要分布于纤维束边缘,纤维束的空隙和内部含量均较低.     

Ultrasound assisted chrome tanning: Towards a clean leather production technology

Nowadays, there is a growing demand for a cleaner, but still effective alternative for production processes like in the leather industry. Ultrasound (US) assisted processing of leather might be promising in this sense. In the present paper, the use of US in the conventional chrome tanning process has been studied at different pH, temperature, tanning time, chrome dose and US exposure time by exposing the skin before tanning and during tanning operation. Both prior exposure of the skin to US and US during tanning improves the chrome uptake and reduces the shrinkage significantly. Prior exposure of the skin to US increase the chrome uptake by 13.8% or reduces the chrome dose from 8% to 5% (% based on skin weight) and shorten the process time by half while US during tanning increases the chrome uptake by 28.5% or reduces the chrome dose from 8% to 4% (half) and the tanning time to one third compared to the control without US. Concomitantly, the resulting leather quality (measured as skin shrinkage) improved from 5.2% to 3.2% shrinkage in the skin exposed to US prior tanning and to 1.3% in the skin exposed to US during the tanning experiment. This study confirms that US chrome tanning is an effective and eco-friendly tanning process which can produce a better quality leather product in a shorter process time with a lower chromium dose.     

Studies on the use of power ultrasound in leather dyeing

Uses of power ultrasound for acceleration/performing the chemical as well as physical processes are gaining importance. In conventional leather processing, the diffusion of chemicals through the pores of the skin/hide is achieved by the mechanical agitation caused by the paddle or drumming action. In this work, the use of power ultrasound in the dyeing of leather has been studied with the aim to improve the exhaustion of dye for a given processing time, to reduce the dyeing time and to improve the quality of dyed leather. The effect of power ultrasound in the dyeing of full chrome cow crust leather in a stationary condition is compared with dyeing in the absence of ultrasound as a control experiment both in a stationary as well as conventional drumming condition. An ultrasonic cleaner (150 W and 33 kHz) was used for the experiments. Actual power dissipated into the system was calculated from the calorimetric measurement. Experiments were carried out with variation in type of dye, amount of dye offer, temperature and time. The results show that there is a significant improvement in the percentage exhaustion of dye due to the presence of ultrasound, when compared to dyeing in absence of ultrasound. Experiments on equilibrium dye uptake carried out with or without ultrasound suggest that ultrasound help to improve the kinetics of leather dyeing. The results indicate that leathers dyed in presence of ultrasound have higher colour values, better dye penetration and fastness properties compared to control leathers. The physical testing results show that strength properties of the dyed leathers are not affected due to the application of ultrasound under the given process conditions. Apparent diffusion coefficient during the initial stage of dyeing process, both in presence and in absence of ultrasound was calculated. The values show that ultrasound helps in improving the apparent diffusion coefficient more for the difficult dyeing conditions such as in the case of metal-complex dyes having bigger aggregate size compared to less difficult dyeing conditions.