多相孔隙储层声学研究进展

本文回顾了关于油、气、水及水合物多相孔隙储层的声学研究进展,提出了"储层声学"的概念,阐明了其研究意义、研究内涵和方法,并介绍了油、气、水及天然气水合物储层声波模拟的部分新的研究成果。指出应该从声学理论和实验等出发,结合声学储层探测和精细描述的实际情况,如利用声学原理圈闭和估算天然气水合物等,继续深入开展相关基础理论和实验研究工作,丰富储层声学研究内容,更加完善储层声学理论体系,为更好利用声学方法探测和评价储层提供坚实的物理基础和可能的技术支撑。     

天然气水合物拉曼光谱研究进展

介绍了常见的几种类型气体水合物的拉曼光谱特征,从水合物晶体结构、生成和分解动力学过程、自然界水合物的分析鉴定及激光拉曼光谱原位探测等几方面对天然气水合物拉曼光谱研究的最新进展进行了综述,探讨了激光拉曼光谱技术目前存在的问题与挑战,指出了其在天然气水合物研究方面的发展趋势与工作重点。     

海洋天然气水合物模拟实验的超声检测

本文主要描述自行开发的U-sonic超声检测仪对天然气水合物在合成和分解过程中声学参数(如声速、频率、幅度)的变化进行声学检测,找出声学参数与水合物形成和分解之间的变化规律,以达到判断和预测水合物形成和分解的目的。     

笼形水合物的科学与技术研究以及在能源和环境领域中的应用

能源与环境是人们越来越关注的问题,而笼形水合物同时在这两方面展示出了巨大的应用前景:(1)在广阔的海底大陆架中蕴藏着大量的以甲烷为主体的笼型水合物--天然气可燃冰;(2)将大气中日益增多的二氧化碳装入笼型水分子中并沉于海底以降减温室效应;(3)氢气可燃冰作为一种清洁的能源载体具有很高的能量密度、可重复再生、可快速允氢;(4)利用笼形水合物的形成过程,可以有效地分离气体、降低能耗、减轻污染,虽然笼形水合物在工程应用以及科学研究中有着重要的价值,仉其晶体结构,成键机制,温压相图,热化学与力学稳定性,合成与分解的反应动力学,声学弹性,与海底沉积的反应,以及扩散和输运性质等郜有待深入的研究.目前,科学家已经研发或者正在探讨将高压和低温装置与中子衍射技术以及激光光谱、热学测量、超声技术等有机的结合在一起,从而能够进行一系列的实验研究米解决诸多的基本科学问题.高压及低温环境下的中子衍射装置在氢气、甲烷以及二氧化碳气体水合物体系研究中显示了巨大的优势,并且在确定水合物晶体结构,气体分子在水合物笼格中的占据情况,以及气体分子在笼格中的分布状态等方面取得了巨大的进展.     

激光拉曼光谱在气体水合物研究中的应用

天然气水合物是一种重要的潜在能源。用激光拉曼光谱法表征气体水合物能够为研究水合物形成机理和开采方法提供重要信息。系统介绍了激光拉曼光谱法的基本原理,综述了激光拉曼光谱仪在气体水合物微观表征上的各种实际应用。通过激光拉曼测试可分析水合物气体组成、推测结构类型,再利用经验公式或者相对定量法可计算出其大/小笼的气体占有率和水合数;利用原位拉曼技术可以观测水合物形成和分解的微观过程,解析气体分子进入和离开笼子的进程、进行水合物形成和分解过程中气体浓度变化及水合物形成过程中气体溶解度的测定,辨识水合物系统中的相变过程,进而研究水合物形成和分解动力学;激光拉曼光谱法还可用于研究超高压条件下气体水合物的结构及其变化过程。原位拉曼光谱能够对深海天然气水合物及其环境在原位进行表征;利用拉曼成像技术可以对水合物晶体表面进行系统测定,探求气体组分在晶体表面的分布。随着激光拉曼技术的发展及与其他设备联用水平的提高,激光拉曼光谱仪向便携,高灵敏度发展,能够更广泛深入地进行气体水合物微观研究。     

制冷剂气体水合物用于蓄冷空调中的探讨

由于能源和电力供应紧张,蓄冷技术引起关注。文中从节能环保的角度,分析了制冷剂气体水合物用于蓄冷空调的必要性和优越性。概括阐述了制冷剂气体水合物的工质选择及替代、促晶技术和蓄冷系统方面的研究,为气体水合物尽快实用化提出研究重点。     

声学与海洋开发

本文对声学技术在海洋探测、海洋开发以及海洋学研究工作中的地位、作用、应用现状和前景作了阐述，同时也对我国科学工作者在这方面作出的成就和贡献作了扼要介绍．     

反恐怖安全检测技术的物理基础

反恐怖安全检测技术已成为人们的热门话题。安全检测技术的诞生和发展离不开物理学家的贡献。物理学为反恐怖安全检测孕育了多种手段和方法。文章简要介绍了X射线探测、γ射线探测、四极共振分析、脉冲式快中子分析、离子迁移率光谱测量、毫米波探测、声学探测、磁场探测、电磁脉冲探测等安全检测技术的物理基础。     

应用中子衍射研究笼型水合物的结构及反应动力学

正随着国民经济的快速发展,能源成为推进我国现代化建设的关键物质因素和原动力,开发新能源特别是具有洁净环保能源理念的新能源成为建设可持续发展社会的迫切需要。笼型水合物在新型清洁能源开发、储存、和温室气体减排上具有巨大的应用前景。本文介绍了我们利用原位高压、低温中子衍射实验手段,并辅以分子动力学模拟,研究多种气体笼型水合物的结构、反应动力学模型,揭示了客体气体分子极性及尺寸影响气体笼型水合物性质的物理机制,以及今后     

甲烷水合物拉曼光谱法研究进展

介绍了甲烷在气相、水合相中的拉曼光谱特征,从水合物生成热力学、生成动力学、分解动力学和分解机理几方面对甲烷水合物实验室拉曼光谱分析和深海拉曼光谱检测的最新进展进行了综述。生成热力学方面重点介绍了基于拉曼光谱技术的水合物生成条件的原位观测、水合物结构的鉴定及水合物孔穴占有率和水合数的求算,生成动力学方面主要介绍了水合物生成过程中孔穴形成随时间的变化关系及水合物形成后流体中甲烷浓度的变化规律等内容。水合物分解方面着重介绍了水合物分解的微观机理、孔穴占有率的变化规律及多孔介质中水合物分解速率表达式。针对目前拉曼光谱法研究水合物存在的问题,对未来的发展方向和重点提出了建议。     

固体核磁共振技术在气体水合物研究中的应用

气体水合物是在低温高压条件下由气体和水形成的笼型化合物,主要有I型,II型和H型3种晶体结构,而固体核磁共振（solid state NMR）是测定其水合指数、笼占有率等结构参数的重要手段. 该文综述了固体核磁共振技术的原理及其在水合物研究中的应用,着重介绍固体核磁共振在水合物结构表征、气体组分的鉴定、结构转化、以及在水合物生成/分解动力学过程监测方面的研究进展. 同时,对其实验方法及测试条件也进行了详细的探讨.     

Laboratory measurement of longitudinal wave velocity of artificial gas hydrate under different temperatures and pressures

The longitudinal wave velocity and attenuation measurements of artificial gas hydrate samples at a low temperature are reported. And the temperature and pressure dependence of longitudinal wave velocity is also investigated. In order to understand the acoustic properties of gas hydrate, the pure ice, the pure tetrahydrofuran (THF), the pure gas hydrate samples and sand sediment containing gas hydrate are measured at a low temperature between 0°C and −15°C. For the pure ice, the pure THF and the pure gas hydrate samples, whose density is 898 kg/m³, 895 kg/m³ and 475 kg/m³, the velocity of longitudinal wave is respectively 3574 m/s, 3428 m/s and 2439 m/s. For synthesized and compacted samples, the velocity of synthesized samples is lower than that of compacted samples. The velocities increase when the densities of the samples increase, while the attenuation decreases. Under the condition of low temperature, the results show that the velocity is slightly affected by the temperature. The results also show that wave velocities increase with the increase of piston pressures. For example, the velocity of one sample increases from 3049 up to 3337 m/s and the other increases from 2315 up to 2995 m/s. But wave velocity decreases from 3800 to 3546 m/s when the temperature increases from −15°C to 5°C and changes significantly close to the melting point. Formation conditions of the two samples are the same but with different conversion ratios of water. The results of the experiment are important for exploration of the gas hydrate resources and development of acoustic techniques. Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 10674148)     

Density functional theory study of structural stability for gas hydrate

Using the first-principles method based on the density functional theory(DFT),the structures and electronic properties of different gas hydrates(CO_2,CO,CH_4,and H_2) are investigated within the generalized gradient approximation.The structural stability of methane hydrate is studied in this paper.The results show that the carbon dioxide hydrate is more stable than the other three gas hydrates and its binding energy is-2.36 e V,and that the hydrogen hydrate is less stable and the binding energy is-0.36 e V.Water cages experience repulsion from inner gas molecules,which makes the hydrate structure more stable.Comparing the electronic properties of two kinds of water cages,the energy region of the hydrate with methane is low and the peak is close to the left,indicating that the existence of methane increases the stability of the hydrate structure.Comparing the methane molecule in water cages and a single methane molecule,the energy of electron distribution area of the former is low,showing that the filling of methane enhances the stability of hydrate structure.     

Clathrate hydrates: recent advances on CH4 and CO2 hydrates,and possible new frontiers

Gas hydrates continue to attract enormous attention throughout the energy industry, as both a hindrance in conventional production and a substantial unconventional resource. Scientists continue to be fascinated by the hydrates’ ability of sequestering large amounts of hydrophobic gases, unusual thermal transport properties and unique molecular structures. Technologically, clathrate hydrates promise advantages in applications as diverse as carbon sequestration and water desalination. The communities interested in hydrates span traditional academic disciplines, including earth science, physical chemistry and petroleum engineering. The studies on this field are equally diverse, including field expeditions to attempt the production of natural gas from hydrate deposits accumulated naturally on the seafloor, to lab-scale studies to exchange CO₂ for CH₄ in hydrates; from theoretical studies to understand the stability of hydrates depending on the guest molecules, to molecular simulations probing nucleation mechanisms. This review highlights a few fundamental questions, with focus on knowledge gaps representing some of the barriers that must be addressed to enable growth in the practical applications of hydrate technology, including natural gas storage, water desalination, CO₂ – CH₄ exchange in hydrate deposits and prevention of hydrate plugs in conventional energy transportation.     

热力法开采地层天然气水合物的热动力评价

本文在推导热力作用下水合物地层温度分布基础上,发展了评价热力法开采天然气水合物的热效率(用于水合物分解的热量与输入总的热量之比)和能量效率(即输出能量与输入能量之比)的模型.模型分析表明,水合物地层热物性参数以及水合物饱和度决定了热力法开采的能量效率.在注入蒸汽开采初始条件下,能量效率可以达到7.0.     

Numerical Investigation into the Gas Production from Hydrate Deposit under Various Thermal Stimulation Modes in a Multi-Well System in Qilian Mountain

The primary objective of this study was to investigate the energy recovery performance of the permafrost hydrate deposit in the Qilian Mountain at site DK-2 using depressurization combined with thermal injection by the approach of numerical simulation. A novel multi-well system with five horizontal wells was applied for large-scale hydrate mining. The external heat is provided by means of water injection, wellbore heating, or the combinations of them through the central horizontal well, while the fluids are extracted outside from the other four production wells under constant depressurization conditions. The injected water can carry the heat into the hydrate deposit with a faster rate by thermal convection regime, while it also raises the local pressure obviously, which results in a strong prohibition effect on hydrate decomposition in the region close to the central well. The water production rate is always controllable when using the multi-well system. No gas seepage is observed in the reservoir due to the resistance of the undissociated hydrate. Compared with hot water injection, the electric heating combined with normal temperature water flooding basically shows the same promotion effect on gas recovery. Although the hydrate regeneration is more severe in the case of pure electric heating, the external heat can be more efficiently assimilated by gas hydrate, and the efficiency of gas production is best compared with the cases involving water injection. Thus, pure wellbore heating without water injection would be more suitable for hydrate development in deposits characterized by low-permeability conditions.     

Numerical Investigation into the Development Performance of Gas Hydrate by Depressurization Based on Heat Transfer and Entropy Generation Analyses

The purpose of this study is to analyze the dynamic properties of gas hydrate development from a large hydrate simulator through numerical simulation. A mathematical model of heat transfer and entropy production of methane hydrate dissociation by depressurization has been established, and the change behaviors of various heat flows and entropy generations have been evaluated. Simulation results show that most of the heat supplied from outside is assimilated by methane hydrate. The energy loss caused by the fluid production is insignificant in comparison to the heat assimilation of the hydrate reservoir. The entropy generation of gas hydrate can be considered as the entropy flow from the ambient environment to the hydrate particles, and it is favorable from the perspective of efficient hydrate exploitation. On the contrary, the undesirable entropy generations of water, gas and quartz sand are induced by the irreversible heat conduction and thermal convection under notable temperature gradient in the deposit. Although lower production pressure will lead to larger entropy production of the whole system, the irreversible energy loss is always extremely limited when compared with the amount of thermal energy utilized by methane hydrate. The production pressure should be set as low as possible for the purpose of enhancing exploitation efficiency, as the entropy production rate is not sensitive to the energy recovery rate under depressurization.     

页岩可压裂性声学模型及应用*

页岩气作为一种非常规能源,储量巨大,因此针对页岩储层地质勘探和有效压裂改造的研究具有重大的意义。常规的脆性模型评价可压裂性通常只考虑单一影响因素,具有一定的工区适用性。该文在弹性参数脆性评价模型和断裂韧性指标的基础上,提出一种表征页岩可压裂性的声学评价模型。选取渝东南目的层页岩岩样,通过超声波实验获取相关实验数据,测量岩石参数,得到了目的层储层特征及声学特征变化规律。结合断裂韧性指标,建立了可压裂性评价模型。通过新评价模型对研究区进行可压裂性反演预测,结果表明储层可压裂性反演结果与页岩气实际产量具有较好的符合,分析可知,新方法预测或评价效果要优于前人模型,具有更好的适用性与可靠性。