自动复叠制冷系统制冷剂替代试验研究

R12/R13/R14自动复叠制冷系统中的R12、R13对臭氧层有破坏作用,针对该系统重新选择了制冷剂配组,给出了制冷剂组的选择原则,接着在所搭建试验台上做了一系列配比的实验,找到制冷剂的最佳配比,将R12/R13/R14和R134 a/R23/R14两种系统在5 L载冷剂的负荷下进行了降温速率、制冷量对比。     

R22、R134a在五级自动复叠制冷系统中的应用比较研究

对于多级自动复叠制冷系统,混合制冷剂的选取和组分配比具有很大的影响作用。分别采用R22/R23/R14/R740/R728和R134a/R23/R14/R740/R728两组混合制冷剂应用于五级自动复叠系统,对系统高温级制冷剂R22与R134a进行理论分析和对比实验研究,研究结果表明采用R134a更能有效控制系统排气温度,获取了更低的制冷温度。     

单级自动复叠混合工质制冷循环的实验研究

由于压缩机压比的局限,制约着单一制冷剂的压缩回热循环发展,本系统采用单一压缩机和混合工质的自复叠制冷循环系统取得了较好的制冷效果。文中对单级自动复叠制冷系统进行了理论模拟,并设计和搭建了实验台进行分析。通过理论和实验数据的分析得出混合工质组合R600a/R23,并初步得到最优配比。     

新型混合制冷剂R744/R152a的热力学性能评价

针对CO_2(R744)制冷剂在制冷系统中压力过高,效率较低的缺点,现有人工制冷剂环保性差,即将被淘汰等问题,提出了用于改良CO_2制冷剂的混合制冷剂R744/R152a。使用ASPEN HYSYS建立了仿真系统,并通过仿真结果确定了新型制冷剂的最优配比,为R744/R152a:0.875/0.125,通过进一步的仿真分析,发现新型混合制冷剂的COP、制热量、制冷量都有很大提升,排气压力与CO_2相比降低了1.6—1.8MPa,对CO_2制冷剂的应用与发展提供了新的思路。     

R32/R290混合制冷剂用于热泵热水器系统循环性能分析

在热泵热水器名义工况下,基于换热器中传热窄点温差的限制,对R32/R290二元混合制冷剂在不同质量配比下热泵循环系统特性进行了热力学计算分析。结果表明,相同工作条件下,混合制冷剂R32/R290的最优质量配比为16/84,系统制热性能系数COPh为4.644,较R22系统提高了6.7%,分别比纯质的R32和R290系统高出3.2%和16.8%;在最优质量配比下,系统冷凝压力为2.308MPa,系统压比为2.793,压缩机排气温度为71.88℃。     

R600a/R23两级自动复叠制冷系统降温特性研究

以R600 a/R23两级自动复叠制冷系统为例,研究了不同配比条件下,制冷系统中的特征点温度在降温过程中变化特性。试验表明混合制冷剂的配比是自动复叠制冷系统关键问题,通过控制关键点的温度可以判断混合制冷剂的最佳配比。     

二元混合制冷剂CO2/R600的气液相平衡研究

采用PR状态方程及其混合法则对不同配比的二元混合制冷剂CO2/R600的气液相平衡进行了计算,将计算结果与相关文献数据进行了比对。结果表明,该文的计算结果与文献数据吻合较好,推算方法可用于CO2/R600混合制冷剂的基本热物性预测。     

DME、DME/R125与润滑油互溶性实验研究

利用新搭建的测量制冷剂/润滑油混合物互溶性的实验系统,实验测量了DME/矿物油、DME/酯类油和三种配比的混合制冷剂DME/R125与矿物油的临界互溶温度。结果表明:DME作为制冷剂与各类润滑油都具有良好的互溶性;DME/R125与矿物油的互溶性,随混合制冷剂中DME比例的增加,临界互溶温度降低。     

中高温热泵混合工质的循环性能分析

针对传统制冷剂R22和R134a在中高温领域的使用限制,探究以R22,R134a为核心的非共沸混合工质在热泵系统中的应用,通过建立混合工质在系统循环中的热力学模型对初步筛选的六种高温工质进行系统循环模拟分析,探讨热泵系统在设定工况下最适宜的混合工质及其配比,结果表明:冷凝区间60～80℃内,R22+R124和R134a+R142b相比其他组合有较好的循环性能,在冷凝温度为75℃,蒸发温度分别为20℃、7℃、0℃三种工况下,R22+R124的最适宜配比为0.65/0.35、0.4/0.6和0.3/0.7,R134a+R142b的最适宜配比为0.8/0.2,并且与R22+R142b进行比较,在对应工况下,R22+R124的单位容积制热量是R22+R142b的1.33、1.26和1.24倍。     

一种三级自动复叠制冷系统的试验研究

本文提出一种三级自动复叠的制冷系统,搭建了相应的研究装置,采用R134 a/R23/R14混合制冷剂,对试验装置和混合制冷剂组分的优化试验。并对降温过程中制冷系统中混合制冷剂合流特性进行了分析。     

On the value of the metric tensor and the energy-momentum tensor components on the boundary of the R and T domains

The case of the presence of matter in the R domain near the R-T boundary is examined. Using the relations between fixed and nonsingular reference systems at the boundary, estimates are obtained for the behavior of the velocities and the metric tensor components in the fixed reference system on the boundary of the R and T domains. On this basis estimates are obtained for the behavior of the energy-momentum tensor components on the R and T boundary in the fixed reference system and the locally Lorentz reference system.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 3, pp. 94–98, March, 1978.In conclusion, we are grateful to Igor Dmitrievich Novikov for valuable remarks.     

VISUALIZATION OF NUCLEATE FLOW BOILING FOR AN R22/R114 MIXTURE AND ITS COMPONENTS

Visualization of bubble nucleation during forced-convective flow inside a horizontal, electrically heated quartz tube was done in order to establish a comparison of this phenomenon between refrigerant mixtures and their pure components. The specific phenomena investigated were the suppression of nucleation due to increased mass flow quality while holding all other conditions fixed, and the comparison of the nucleate activity of the binary mixture to the nucleate activity of the pure components. The fluids investigated were a 37.7 mol° R22/62.3 mol° R114 binary mixture and the individual components R22 and R114. These fluids were pumped through an abraded, electrically heated quartz tube. A 16-mm high-speed camera was used, at 7000 frames/s, to film the boiling process. Detailed measurements of bubble frequency and bubble size were possible at low pressures, allowing direct calculation of the latent heat load required to nucleate a single bubble. Further work is required to develop a method that ensures statistically sound bubble frequency measurements. However, the standard deviations of the bubble diameter measurements were acceptable. The films were used to visually demonstrate the suppression of nucleation with increase in quality for R114, R22, and an R22/R114 mixture. The films suggest that, for a given quality, RI14 exhibits much more nucleation than either R22 or the mixture, while the amount of nucleation demonstrated by R22 and the mixture was comparable even though the mixture was mostly R114 by mole. Arguments using the latent heat of vaporization, the vapor density, and the liquid thermal conductivity have been made to explain the visual trends.     

基于光谱技术的芒果糖度酸度无损检测方法研究

提出了一种用近红外光谱技术结合遗传算法和人工神经网络模型的芒果糖度酸度快速无损检测的新方法。首先用偏最小二乘法计算芒果糖度酸度光谱数据的主成分得分值,以此获取芒果的近红外指纹图谱,再结合遗传算法优化人工神经网络技术(GA-BP)进行检测。PLS分析表明,主因子选取18时对糖度具有较好的聚类作用,而主因子数17个时对酸度的聚类效果好。选取最佳主因子作为芒果糖度酸度的神经网络的输入,建立三层GA-BP人工神经网络模型。用135个芒果样本的糖度酸度用来建立遗传算法优化神经网络的芒果糖度酸度检测模型,对未知的45个芒果样本进行糖度酸度的预测。结果表明,提出的遗传算法和人工神经网络模型相结合的光谱分析方法具有很好的预测能力,为芒果糖度酸度检测方法提供了一种新方法。     

采用CO_2天然混合制冷剂的制冷系统热力学分析

受工况条件的限制,CO2制冷系统在实际应用中往往需要采用跨临界循环,高压侧压力高达10MPa及以上。高的运行压力对系统各部件、设备的安全运行均提出更高要求,从而造成初投资增大。采用CO2混合工质,可以有效地改善纯的CO2系统存在的不足。针对三组CO2天然混合工质——R744/R290、R744/R600、R744/R600 a,在特定的工况条件下,对制冷系统进行了热力学理论分析和计算。探讨了混合工质中CO2不同质量配比、不同蒸发器出口制冷剂温度对系统制冷量、COP和冷凝压力的影响。结果表明:在相同工况下,R744/R290的冷凝压力比R744R/600高12~23%,比R744/R600 a高19~24%;R744/R290的COP值比R744/R600高33~41%,比R744/R600 a高25~32%。     

Some double-valued representations of the linear groups

We review the mathematical theory of SL(n, R) and its double-covering group \(\overline {SL}\) (n, R), especially for n=2, 3, 4. After discussing a variety of physical applications, we show that \(\overline {SL}\) (3, R) provides holonomic curved space (“world”) spinors with an infinite number of components. We construct the relevant holonomic “manifield” and discuss the gravitational interaction of a proton as an example.     

MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES FOR HORIZONTAL FLOW BOILING HEAT TRANSFER WITH PURE AND MIXED REFRIGERANTS

Abstract

A test rig and measurement techniques for horizontal flow boiling of pure and mixed refrigerants are described. Local heat transfer coefficients were measured for R22/R114 and R12/R152a mixtures as well as the corresponding pure components. The test section consists of an S-m-long, 9.1-mm-i.d., electrically heated stainless steel tube and has the distinctive feature of variable heated length. Details of pressure, composition, and fluid and wall temperature measurements are discussed. The composition of subcooled liquid entering test section varied from test to test, and it is recommended that it be measured for each test. For the R22/R114 mixture, local composition measurements in the annular liquid film revealed a composition variation of up to 0.07 mole fraction around the circumference of the heated tube.     

Some double-valued representations of the linear groups

We review the mathematical theory ofSL(n, R) and its double-covering group , especially forn = 2, 3, 4. After discussing a variety of physical applications, we show that provides holonomic curved space (world) spinors with an infinite number of components. We construct the relevant holonomic manifield and discuss the gravitational interaction of a proton as an example.Invited paper, dedicated to Eugene Paul Wigner on the occasion of his eightieth birthday.Supported in part by a U.S. Department of Energy Research Grant.     

Role of nuclear motion in double ionization of molecular hydrogen by a single photon

We examine the origin of recently observed variations with internuclear distance (R) of the fully differential cross sections for double ionization of aligned H2 by absorption of a single photon. Using the results of fully converged numerical solutions of the Schr?dinger equation, we show that these variations arise primarily from pronounced differences in the R dependence of the parallel and perpendicular components of the ionization amplitude. We also predict that R dependences should be readily observable in the asymmetry parameter for photodouble ionization, even in experimental measurements that are not differential in the energy sharings between ejected photoelectrons.