噪音信号对夜间对流层臭氧探测准确度的影响

本文探讨在背景噪音影响下,差分吸收激光雷达测量臭氧的不确定性:背景噪音对臭氧浓度廓线的影响正比于背景噪音强度、强吸收波长和弱吸收波长的回波信号强度比,理论计算结果表明:合适的回波信号强度比可以使激光雷达背景信号对夜间臭氧探测浓度的影响变得非常小,可以忽略不计,实验结果表明:用波长对( 280 nm,283 nm)对大气臭氧进行观测时,适当调节两波长回波信号强度比为0.96时,背景信号对臭氧浓度探测的影响小到可以忽略的程度,模拟分析和实验观测结果相接近,证实了理论推算的合理性,在背景噪音强度未知的情况下,通过调整强吸收和弱吸收两波长的激光脉冲的能量,在示渡器上得到适合的回波信号强度比值,可以抑制背景噪音信号时臭氧探测结果的影响,确保夜间臭氧测量的准确性.     

日盲紫外域拉曼激光雷达探测大气水汽技术研究

拉曼激光雷达通过探测与水汽浓度相关的大气水汽振动拉曼散射回波信号,可实现大气水汽混合比廓线的探测。然而由于振动拉曼信号非常微弱,在白天测量时振动拉曼散射光谱会淹没在太阳背景光中,多在夜间测量。为实现大气水汽的全天时测量,设计开发一套日盲紫外波段拉曼激光雷达系统。该系统选择Nd∶YAG脉冲激光器的四倍频输出-266.0 nm日盲紫外波段作为拉曼激光雷达系统的激励波长,采用镀高增益介质膜的牛顿式望远镜作为接收器,同时利用二向色镜和超窄带干涉滤光片设计高效率的高光谱分光系统,实现了大气氧气、氮气和水汽振动拉曼散射回波信号277.5,283.6和294.6 nm的精细提取。计算仿真结果表明,臭氧吸收对日盲紫外域拉曼激光雷达探测存在一定的影响,主要是探测距离的影响;氮气通道不受白天太阳背景光噪声的影响;水汽通道存在少量太阳背景光噪声,对系统探测距离略有影响。而系统信噪比计算结果表明,设计的日盲紫外域拉曼激光雷达系统可实现白天3.5 km大气水汽的探测。实际进行水汽探测时,可利用氮气和氧气通道反演出臭氧浓度廓线,修正臭氧对发射波长、各通道拉曼散射波长的吸收,进一步提升系统的探测能力和探测精度。     

全天时紫外高光谱瑞利测温激光雷达系统EI北大核心CSCD

紫外高光谱瑞利测温激光雷达是一种探测大气温度廓线的有效工具。目前,紫外高光谱瑞利测温激光雷达通常采用355nm波长的光,然而白天太阳背景光辐射会影响雷达系统的信噪比(SNR),进而制约温度探测的距离和精度。针对大气温度的全天时探测,提出了基于法布里-珀罗标准具的266nm紫外高光谱瑞利测温激光雷达系统。由于到达地面的太阳背景光辐射不包含266nm波长的光,只需考虑臭氧对266nm波长光吸收的影响,进而实现全天时大气温度的探测。基于脉冲能量、望远镜直径、望远镜接收视场角、臭氧浓度以及太阳背景光强度等主要影响参数,对266nm和355nm两个波长紫外高光谱瑞利测温激光雷达系统的谱宽、透过率、回波信号SNR以及温度偏差参数进行数值仿真和对比分析。结果表明,大气分子和气溶胶散射对266nm波长光的影响远大于对355nm波长光的影响。白天266nm紫外高光谱瑞利测温激光雷达系统的有效探测距离为4km左右,比355nm紫外高光谱瑞利测温激光雷达系统的有效探测距离远2.9km;夜间266nm紫外高光谱瑞利测温激光雷达系统有效探测距离为6km。探测距离小于5km时,白天266nm紫外高光谱瑞利测温激光雷达的探测温度偏差比355nm紫外高光谱瑞利测温激光雷达的探测温度偏差小10K。266nm紫外高光谱瑞利测温激光雷达可实现全天时大气温度的探测。     

全天时紫外高光谱瑞利测温激光雷达系统

紫外高光谱瑞利测温激光雷达是一种探测大气温度廓线的有效工具。目前,紫外高光谱瑞利测温激光雷达通常采用355nm波长的光,然而白天太阳背景光辐射会影响雷达系统的信噪比(SNR),进而制约温度探测的距离和精度。针对大气温度的全天时探测,提出了基于法布里-珀罗标准具的266nm紫外高光谱瑞利测温激光雷达系统。由于到达地面的太阳背景光辐射不包含266nm波长的光,只需考虑臭氧对266nm波长光吸收的影响,进而实现全天时大气温度的探测。基于脉冲能量、望远镜直径、望远镜接收视场角、臭氧浓度以及太阳背景光强度等主要影响参数,对266nm和355nm两个波长紫外高光谱瑞利测温激光雷达系统的谱宽、透过率、回波信号SNR以及温度偏差参数进行数值仿真和对比分析。结果表明,大气分子和气溶胶散射对266nm波长光的影响远大于对355nm波长光的影响。白天266nm紫外高光谱瑞利测温激光雷达系统的有效探测距离为4km左右,比355nm紫外高光谱瑞利测温激光雷达系统的有效探测距离远2.9km;夜间266nm紫外高光谱瑞利测温激光雷达系统有效探测距离为6km。探测距离小于5km时,白天266nm紫外高光谱瑞利测温激光雷达的探测温度偏差比355nm紫外高光谱瑞利测温激光雷达的探测温度偏差小10K。266nm紫外高光谱瑞利测温激光雷达可实现全天时大气温度的探测。     

全光纤拉曼测温激光雷达分光系统设计

设计了一个532.25nm波长的转动拉曼激光雷达用新型全光纤分光系统,对强背景噪音下微弱的转动拉曼信号进行高精度提取,以用于探测大气温度。该新型全光纤分光系统由3个光纤布拉格光栅(FBG)及光纤环行器构成,利用FBG的波长选择特性,可高精度剔除大气回波信号中的米氏散射、瑞利散射信号成份,分离出中心波长分别为530.6nm和528.8nm的转动拉曼散射信号,用于反演大气温度。通过对分光系统进行参数优化设计和数值计算,表明基于FBG的分光系统可以对回波信号中的米氏散射、瑞利散射信号进行高达7个数量级以上的抑制,满足转动拉曼测温激光雷达对米氏散射、瑞利散射信号的高精度剔除。     

全天时喇曼激光雷达探测大气水汽的技术实现及分光系统设计

为实现大气水汽的全天时测量,选用Nd∶YAG脉冲激光器的四倍频输出266.0nm作为激励光源,设计日盲紫外域喇曼激光雷达系统.由于低层大气污染造成的臭氧污染,通过增加大气氧气的振动喇曼散射信号测量通道,实时反演近地表臭氧浓度的分布,为修正激光雷达方程中的臭氧吸收提供解决方案.同时,选用高光谱分辨率光栅和窄带宽激光反射镜设计光栅光谱仪作为激光雷达的分光系统.仿真计算表明,入射角为10°时,设计的光栅光谱仪可有效分离并提取氧气、氮气和水汽的振动喇曼散射回波信号,日盲紫外喇曼激光雷达系统可实现全天时状态下2km高度范围内大气水汽的廓线探测.     

基于差分吸收激光雷达的云消除算法研究

差分吸收激光雷达测量臭氧浓度过程中,云层信号会造成对流层臭氧浓度剧烈的抖动,带来了很大的测量误差.本文提出了一种云消除算法,该算法通过插值云层高度区域内的臭氧浓度,有效消除了对流层臭氧浓度的剧烈抖动.通过阐述其理论基础,给出了其算法关键点,即云信号的识别和云高度的精确定位.根据云层消光系数的特点,通过设定气溶胶消光系数阈值获取云层高度信息,利用累加平均有效减少噪音造成的测量误差.结果表明,在精确确定云高、云底的基础上,运用线性插值算法对臭氧测量结果进行修正,可以有效克服云层对测量结果造成的急剧起伏.     

基于InGaN/GaN多量子阱双波长发光二极管生长及发光性能

差分吸收激光雷达测量臭氧浓度过程中,云层信号会造成对流层臭氧浓度剧烈的抖动,带来了很大的测量误差.本文提出了一种云消除算法,该算法通过插值云层高度区域内的臭氧浓度,有效消除了对流层臭氧浓度的剧烈抖动.通过阐述其理论基础,给出了其算法关键点,即云信号的识别和云高度的精确定位.根据云层消光系数的特点,通过设定气溶胶消光系数阈值获取云层高度信息,利用累加平均有效减少噪音造成的测量误差.结果表明,在精确确定云高、云底的基础上,运用线性插值算法对臭氧测量结果进行修正,可以有效克服云层对测量结果造成的急剧起伏.     

二氧化硫-臭氧-气溶胶多波长差分吸收激光雷达同时观测

利用多波长差分吸收雷达同时观测Miyakejima(34°04′22″N,139°31′40″E)火山爆发在对流层产生的SO2、O3以及气溶胶。此观测技术通过合理选择激光波长对((288.83nm,289.83nm),(288.10nm,289.83nm))能消除观测数据中由于SO2、O3的吸收以及气溶胶散射导致的相互影响,提高观测精度。用波长对(288.10nm,289.83nm)测量O3的浓度,然后再用实测O3所产生的吸收矫正其对SO2观测(使用波长对(288.83nm,289.83nm))浓度的影响;气溶胶消光系数通过实测弱吸收波长回波信号(或由532nm的单波长回波信号)直接反演所得,并用来矫正气溶胶对SO2、O3观测产生的散射和消光误差;介绍了实验之前用于测试光路调试的定标误差分析,以及由于激光能量和实测大气的不稳定产生的统计误差。实测火山爆发产生的对流层二氧化硫的浓度高达45ppb,测量误差小于10ppb,远远大于通常情况下二氧化硫的本底浓度1ppb;长期观测对流层臭氧的浓度约为45ppb,在2000年冬季对臭氧进行了时间为半个月的连续观测,最高浓度达250ppb,该高浓度臭氧可能来自于平流层的传输,该数据有助于研究对流层顶与平流层底交接区的大气运动。     

1/2波片对机载激光雷达偏振探测影响的研究

利用平面平行板模型和晶体膜层理论定量分析了1/2波片对机载激光雷达回波信号偏振探测的影响。计算结果表明:当入射光波长为532nm时,1/2石英波片对机载激光雷达回波信号平行分量与垂直分量透过率比值的影响幅度为0.82～1.196,1/2方解石波片对机载激光雷达回波信号的平行分量与垂直分量透过率比值的影响幅度为0.86～1.27;若用1/2石英波片测得的k=1.2,当考虑石英波片对五的影响时,则偏振探测两通道k的真实值应在1.003～1.463之间;若用1/2方解石波片测得的k=1.2,当考虑方解石波片对k的影响时,偏振探测两通道k的真实值应在0.945～1.395之间。由于1/2波片对k的影响,使机载激光雷达反演得到卷云等探测目标的退偏振比有较大的系统误差。     

Effects of laser excitation wavelength and optical mode on Raman spectra of human fresh colon,pancreas, and prostate tissues

Early cancer detection is the central and most important factor for allowing successful treatment and resultant positive long‐term patient outcomes. Recently, optical techniques have been applied to this purpose, although each has inherent limitations. In particular, Raman spectroscopy applied in the pathological diagnosis of cancerous tissues has received increasing attention, with the merit of being highly sensitive to the biochemical alterations in tissue compositions and applicable in vivo. Nevertheless, its application has been impeded by the high background intensity, which masks the Raman signal of biological molecules. In this work, the influence of laser excitation wavelength (785 vs. 830 nm) and optical mode (single mode vs. multimode) on the background intensity of fresh human tissues was studied. Based on the results, laser with 830 nm excitation demonstrated better background reduction than that with 785 nm excitation for the same optical mode, but the Raman signal intensity was conversely reduced, and the signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) not improved. In contrast, by comparing single‐mode and multimode 785 nm excitations, it was shown that the single‐mode laser with its smaller beam waist and beam propagation factor had better background reduction ability and an improvement of the SNRs. It is speculated that this decrease in background intensity comes from the effect of the optical mode on the Mie scattering from the biological tissue. High‐quality spectra based on a careful selection of both laser excitation wavelength and optical mode will benefit Raman measurements in further research focusing on spectral interpretation and histopathological correlation ultimately aimed toward intraoperative applications. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

序贯试验法激光诱导击穿光谱实验条件优化

采用波长为1064 nm的Nd:YAG脉冲激光作为光源聚焦于铝合金表面产生激光诱导等离子体,使用三光栅光谱仪和门宽控制的ICCD检测光谱信号。实验分析了实验参数对Al Ⅰ 394.40 nm和Al Ⅰ 396.15 nm两条特征谱线强度和信背比的影响。研究表明,ICCD探测延时、ICCD门宽和激光脉冲能量对光谱信号和信背比有较大的影响,其中ICCD门宽变化会引起光谱信号信背比起伏变化。通过优化这些实验参数,确定了最佳实验条件,在低激光脉冲能量下获得了高光谱强度和信背比的信号,为定性和定量分析铝合金成分提供了有利条件。     

光源稳定性对简并四波混频信噪比影响的实验研究

在碘蒸气中研究了染料激光稳定性对简并四波混频(DFWM)信噪比的影响。实验中采用多模Nd∶YAG激光器倍频的输出泵浦染料激光器(染料PM580溶于酒精)。在具有前向补偿分光系统和图像探测系统的帮助下,在常温常压条件下测得泵浦光在波长为554.013 nm时达到饱和光强为290 μJ。同时发现染料激光器的光稳定性(输出波长范围,光束质量和能量转换效率等)随使用时间,泵浦激光脉冲次数和能量的增加而逐渐减弱。另外通过对比发现在染料激光器输出不稳定时,光源单色性和指向性等指标的变化导致在同一泵浦强度不同时刻获得的DFWM信号强度相差很大,且DFWM信号信噪比低。染料激光器光源稳定性对DFWM信号影响的研究结果对物质的痕迹量探测以及无荧光物质光谱定标等方面的应用具有重要意义。     

On the polarisation sensitivity and performance optimisation of a dual pump four wave mixing based wavelength converter

This paper presents a detailed investigation of the performance of a wavelength conversion scheme. The converter is based on four wave mixing in semiconductor optical amplifiers using two parallel polarised pumps. Measurements of the conversion efficiency and the signal to background noise ratio of the two replicas of the signal, for the cases of the signal polarisation being either parallel or orthogonal relative to the pump waves have been carried out. These measurements will reveal the polarisation sensitivity of this scheme which appears to be less than 1 dB when the wavelength spacing between the signal and its closest spaced pump is larger than 12 nm. The experimental results are supported in a satisfactory way by theoretical considerations. A simple theoretical expression describing the polarisation sensitivity have been derived and the theoretical results are in good agreement with those experimentally obtained. A performance comparison of the conversion scheme using semiconductor optical amplifiers with different lengths but the same structure is also performed. Through the following study the optimum operational conditions for this wavelength conversion scheme will be determined.     

基于噪声预估计的DPOAE最小二乘估计方法*

针对畸变产物耳声发射(distortion product otoacoustic emission, DPOAE)信号比较微弱,估计结果的准确性对信噪比依赖性强的特点,本文给出一种新的DPOAE信号最小二乘估计(least square estimation, LSE)方法。该方法先估计本底噪声,将本底噪声的影响体现于估计模型中,再估计DPOAE信号。记录信号经过一定的预处理后,利用频域加窗法估计本底噪声并进行噪声衰减;利用IFFT变换后的信号估计DPOAE信号的模型参数,给出DPOAE的强度和相位。仿真和实验结果表明,该方法相对于传统的最小二乘拟合(least-square-fit, LSF)法,对DPOAE的估计更加准确,抗噪声干扰能力更强。     

Retrieval of ozone profile from ground-based measurements with polarization: A synthetic study

We perform a retrieval based on optimal estimation theory to retrieve the vertical distribution of ozone from simulated spectra in the Huggins bands. The model atmosphere includes scattering by aerosol as well as Rayleigh scattering. The virtual instrument is ground-based and zenith-viewing. Using this algorithm, we show that it is possible to retrieve the ozone profile provided that the spectral resolution is at least 0.2 nm and the signal to noise ratio greater than 500. Our synthetic retrievals suggest that if we are able to measure the Stokes parameters Q, U and V with accuracy comparable to that of the intensity, the information contained in the measurements, and therefore the inversion, will improve. Furthermore, we find that the measurement of the full Stokes vector from the ground-based instrument will especially enhance the retrieval of tropospheric ozone. Utilizing concepts from information theory, our arguments are confirmed by increases in the degrees of freedom and the Shannon information content in the simulated measurements.     

A method of background noise reduction in lidar data

This paper applies a theoretical approach to the calculation of background noise levels during the analysis of lidar (light detection and ranging) data. We develop a method for the identification of background noise concealed within lidar signals under clear atmospheric or homogeneous aerosol layer conditions and derive an equation for the calculation of these noise levels from a theoretical consideration of the lidar equation. An increasing range-corrected signal indicates that a large amount of background noise exist in the return signal. We calculate the level of background noise by selecting three equidistant points in the return signal from the homogeneous layer and inputting the range and intensity of these points into the derived equation. Background noise calculations using actual lidar signals were in good agreement with calculations based on a simulated lidar signal. The background noise equation was verified using both observational lidar data and a simulated signal, indicating that it provides a reasonable measure of background noise levels in lidar data.     

Experimental and theoretical investigation of photoacoustic-signal generation by wavelength-modulated diode lasers

The dependence of photoacoustic spectra on different experimental parameters was investigated by both theoretical and experimental means. The experiments were carried out with an inexpensive resonant optoacoustic system based on near-infrared laser diodes, which allowed photoacoustic and direct absorption spectra to be recorded simultaneously. The experimental observations were compared to theoretical predictions. It was also demonstrated that source-frequency (wavelength) modulation at the resonance frequency of the cell provides superior signal to noise ratio compared to amplitude modulation and eliminates background drifts and fluctuations.     

基于Boxcar滤波器的荧光检测二氧化硫信号的去噪研究

荧光法以物质发射的荧光强度与浓度之间的线性关系进行定量分析。当采用荧光法检测大气中的二氧化硫等有害气体时,由于光电探测器等光电元件在无荧光时,仍会产生暗电流噪声,使得本底噪声信号对测量结果有直接的影响。在分析Boxcar滤波算法的基础上,运用小波滤波、EMD滤波和Boxcar滤波三种算法对淹没在本底噪声中的荧光信号进行有效提取和恢复,较之前两种滤波方法,Boxcar滤波效果更佳,对本底噪声的抑制更强,并验证了取样次数影响着荧光信号的信噪比。     

Performance analysis for an all-optical wavelength converter using four-wave mixing (FWM) in a single mode fiber

An analytical approach is presented to determine the performance of a tunable wavelength converter based on four wave mixing (FWM) in a single mode fiber (SMF) with two pump lasers. The analysis is carried out for an intensity modulated (IM) signal taking into considerations the effects of spectral broadening due to FWM and laser phase noise. The results evaluated at a bit rate of 10 Gb/s show that the signal power is substantially higher at lower values of wavelength separation. For example, for input powers of 10 mW each, wavelength separation of 4 nm between the pump-2 and the input signal, the output converted power is found to be –10 dBm corresponding to wavelength separation of 2 nm between pump-1 and converter signal. The corresponding crosstalk power is found to be –25 dBm at a channel separation of 3 times bit rate.