全天时喇曼激光雷达探测大气水汽的技术实现及分光系统设计

为实现大气水汽的全天时测量,选用Nd∶YAG脉冲激光器的四倍频输出266.0nm作为激励光源,设计日盲紫外域喇曼激光雷达系统.由于低层大气污染造成的臭氧污染,通过增加大气氧气的振动喇曼散射信号测量通道,实时反演近地表臭氧浓度的分布,为修正激光雷达方程中的臭氧吸收提供解决方案.同时,选用高光谱分辨率光栅和窄带宽激光反射镜设计光栅光谱仪作为激光雷达的分光系统.仿真计算表明,入射角为10°时,设计的光栅光谱仪可有效分离并提取氧气、氮气和水汽的振动喇曼散射回波信号,日盲紫外喇曼激光雷达系统可实现全天时状态下2km高度范围内大气水汽的廓线探测.     

紫外域波长选择对全天时水汽拉曼激光雷达探测性能的影响

Nd∶YAG激光器三倍频输出的354.7nm光和四倍频输出的266.0nm光都位于紫外波段,都可作为水汽拉曼激光雷达的激励光源;从水汽拉曼激光雷达系统的实际建设出发,分别从后向散射系数、消光系数、大气透过率、臭氧吸收和太阳背景噪声等方面对激光雷达系统的探测性能进行分析,探讨354.7nm和266.0nm激光光源对拉曼激光雷达开展全天时大气水汽探测的影响。结果表明:在水汽探测中,266.0nm及其对应的氧气、氮气和水汽拉曼波长均位于日盲紫外区内,不受太阳背景噪声的影响,但会受到臭氧吸收的影响;354.7nm波段无臭氧吸收,但会受到太阳背景噪声的影响;在分光系统参数一致的情况下,激光雷达系统选用266.0nm波段激光光源时,白天水汽的有效探测距离为2.7km,选用354.7nm波段激光光源时,有效探测距离仅为0.6km;日盲紫外波长的选择可有效提高白天水汽拉曼激光雷达的探测距离,实现水汽的全天时探测。     

全天时紫外高光谱瑞利测温激光雷达系统EI北大核心CSCD

紫外高光谱瑞利测温激光雷达是一种探测大气温度廓线的有效工具。目前,紫外高光谱瑞利测温激光雷达通常采用355nm波长的光,然而白天太阳背景光辐射会影响雷达系统的信噪比(SNR),进而制约温度探测的距离和精度。针对大气温度的全天时探测,提出了基于法布里-珀罗标准具的266nm紫外高光谱瑞利测温激光雷达系统。由于到达地面的太阳背景光辐射不包含266nm波长的光,只需考虑臭氧对266nm波长光吸收的影响,进而实现全天时大气温度的探测。基于脉冲能量、望远镜直径、望远镜接收视场角、臭氧浓度以及太阳背景光强度等主要影响参数,对266nm和355nm两个波长紫外高光谱瑞利测温激光雷达系统的谱宽、透过率、回波信号SNR以及温度偏差参数进行数值仿真和对比分析。结果表明,大气分子和气溶胶散射对266nm波长光的影响远大于对355nm波长光的影响。白天266nm紫外高光谱瑞利测温激光雷达系统的有效探测距离为4km左右,比355nm紫外高光谱瑞利测温激光雷达系统的有效探测距离远2.9km;夜间266nm紫外高光谱瑞利测温激光雷达系统有效探测距离为6km。探测距离小于5km时,白天266nm紫外高光谱瑞利测温激光雷达的探测温度偏差比355nm紫外高光谱瑞利测温激光雷达的探测温度偏差小10K。266nm紫外高光谱瑞利测温激光雷达可实现全天时大气温度的探测。     

全天时紫外高光谱瑞利测温激光雷达系统

紫外高光谱瑞利测温激光雷达是一种探测大气温度廓线的有效工具。目前,紫外高光谱瑞利测温激光雷达通常采用355nm波长的光,然而白天太阳背景光辐射会影响雷达系统的信噪比(SNR),进而制约温度探测的距离和精度。针对大气温度的全天时探测,提出了基于法布里-珀罗标准具的266nm紫外高光谱瑞利测温激光雷达系统。由于到达地面的太阳背景光辐射不包含266nm波长的光,只需考虑臭氧对266nm波长光吸收的影响,进而实现全天时大气温度的探测。基于脉冲能量、望远镜直径、望远镜接收视场角、臭氧浓度以及太阳背景光强度等主要影响参数,对266nm和355nm两个波长紫外高光谱瑞利测温激光雷达系统的谱宽、透过率、回波信号SNR以及温度偏差参数进行数值仿真和对比分析。结果表明,大气分子和气溶胶散射对266nm波长光的影响远大于对355nm波长光的影响。白天266nm紫外高光谱瑞利测温激光雷达系统的有效探测距离为4km左右,比355nm紫外高光谱瑞利测温激光雷达系统的有效探测距离远2.9km;夜间266nm紫外高光谱瑞利测温激光雷达系统有效探测距离为6km。探测距离小于5km时,白天266nm紫外高光谱瑞利测温激光雷达的探测温度偏差比355nm紫外高光谱瑞利测温激光雷达的探测温度偏差小10K。266nm紫外高光谱瑞利测温激光雷达可实现全天时大气温度的探测。     

水汽探测拉曼激光雷达的新型光谱分光系统设计与分析

提出并设计了一套新型的大气水汽和气溶胶探测用紫外域拉曼激光雷达系统, 以二向色镜和超窄带滤光片构成高效率拉曼光谱分光系统, 实现激光雷达大气回波信号中米-瑞利散射信号、 氮气和水汽的振动拉曼散射信号的精细分离和高效率提取. 利用美国标准大气的分子散射模型和实测的大气米散射信号模型, 对分光系统的米-瑞利散射信号的抑制率、大气水汽测量的信噪比和误差进行数值仿真设计. 搭建实验系统对西安地区夜间的大气水汽进行实验观测, 并利用有云天气下实测的激光雷达回波信号, 反演获得大气后向散射比和水汽混合比的相关特性, 验证了该拉曼光谱分光系统对米-瑞利信号的抑制率达到10^-7以上量级. 理论和实验结果表明, 设计的新型拉曼光谱分光系统可以在大气后向散射比为17时, 实现水汽探测误差小于15%, 满足拉曼激光雷达系统对大气水汽的高效率探测. 关键词： 拉曼激光雷达 水汽混合比 大气后向散射比     

基于小波去噪算法的全天时大气水汽拉曼激光雷达探测与分析

提出了一种基于小波阈值去噪算法的白天太阳背景光滤波抑制方法,实现对拉曼回波信号中真实信号与噪声的分离,并有效滤除白天背景噪声。基于西安理工大学大气水汽探测拉曼激光雷达系统的全天时实测数据,详细讨论了分解层数、小波基函数、阈值函数以及阈值选取方法等因素对白天探测回波信号去噪结果的影响,对去噪前后信号进行分析并对去噪评价函数进行对比,当利用小波基sym6、分解层数为5层,并采用改进阈值函数和改进通用阈值方法的最优条件时,可实现对白天水汽拉曼散射信号和米-瑞利散射信号较好的去噪效果。讨论了小波去噪前后大气水汽混合比反演廓线和激光雷达水汽探测信噪比(SNR)的结果,分析表明利用该去噪系统得到的白天激光雷达水汽探测SNR提高约3.4倍,水汽探测距离可从1.5~2km提高到3km以上。开展全天时激光雷达连续探测实验和去噪处理,获得了24h边界层内大气水汽混合比的连续变化特性,并得到与近地面气象站数据的较一致的结果,充分验证了小波去噪算法应用于全天时大气水汽探测的可行性和有效性。     

振动拉曼散射信号反演激光雷达几何因子分析

利用研制的探测大气二氧化碳廓线的振动拉曼激光雷达系统采集的氮气分子振动拉曼散射信号,结合激光雷达探测时的大气消光数据,反演求出激光雷达的几何因子曲线。并对气溶胶波长指数变化对振动拉曼信号反演几何因子造成的影响进行分析与估算。气溶胶消光波长指数变化对振动拉曼散射信号反演几何因子会带来较大的误差影响。当气溶胶消光波长指数或其谱分布确定时,振动拉曼散射信号反演几何因子具有简便、可靠等优点,在振动拉曼激光雷达系统几何因子确定中可以充分应用此方法。     

全天时大气温度探测的纯转动拉曼激光雷达系统设计与仿真

提出了一种全天时大气温度探测的纯转动拉曼激光雷达系统,选用Nd\:YAG脉冲激光器的四倍频输出266.0 nm作为激励波长,避开了强烈的太阳背景光对系统探测大气温度的影响。设计了一种新型三次衍射式双光栅多色仪作为激光雷达的分光系统。仿真结果表明,双光栅多色仪可实现Stokes与Anti-Stokes高低量子数通道转动拉曼谱线的有效提取,对米-瑞利弹性散射信号的抑制率可达到60～70 dB。充分考虑臭氧吸收和荧光对系统探测性能的影响,所设计的日盲紫外纯转动拉曼激光雷达采用模拟探测模式可在12 min的积分时间内实现2.2 km高度范围内大气温度的全天时探测。     

大气边界层白天温度测量用转动拉曼激光雷达

设计了一个转动拉曼激光雷达系统,对大气边界层温度进行全天候高精度测量。系统选用波长355 nm的紫外激光作光源,采用高光谱分辨力光栅,将雷达接收到的散射信号以及太阳背景光从空间上分离,配合边缘反射镜,反射转动拉曼信号,去除大部分米氏-瑞利散射和太阳背景光噪声信号,并用两个窄带干涉滤光片,分离中心波长为353.9 nm和353.1 nm转动拉曼散射信号,同时对噪声信号进行2次高精度剔除,以保证白天测量的需要。对系统进行了分析及数值计算,结果表明在激光脉冲能量300 mJ,望远镜有效口径25 cm,测量时间10 min的条件下,可以在白天太阳背景光辐射度为3×108W/(m2.sr.nm)的边界层内测量高度2.5 km以下的大气温度分布,并在大气散射比低于2.5的条件下,温度测量精度可达到1 K。     

Mie散射激光雷达回波信号小波去噪方法

针对强背景光下,Mie散射激光雷达回波信号所含噪声的特点,提出小波滤波消噪方法.该方法通过小波变换分离出背景光的直流部分,并利用小波软阈值消除来自背景光的白噪声和探测系统的电噪声.为了验证该方法的有效性,提取并反演了Mie散射激光雷达系统实际探测得到的大气回波信号.反演结果显示有效探测距离从2.5km提高到5km,表明该方法能够在白天背景下有效降低Mie散射激光雷达回波信号中的电噪声和背景光的噪声污染.     

基于拉曼激光雷达的大气三相态水同步精细探测分光系统的设计与仿真分析

水是惟一具有三相态的大气参数,三相态水的分布研究对认识云微物理、云降水物理以及人工影响天气过程具有重要的科学意义.在大气三相态水的拉曼激光雷达探测技术中,需首先解决三相态水的高光谱分光技术,以保证对回波信号的精细提取和高信噪比探测.考虑到水汽、液态水和固态水的拉曼光谱特性,本文首先通过理论仿真详细探讨了各拉曼通道中滤光片的选型参数对三相态水光谱重叠特性和探测信噪比的影响;并针对两者无法同时取得最优解的情况,提出了利用多目标规划问题的评价函数方法,分析获得了各通道最优的滤光片参数.结果表明,当固态水、液态水和水汽通道窄带滤光片中心波长和带宽分别为397.9 nm （3.1 nm）,403 nm （5 nm）和407.6 nm （0.6 nm）时,可获得各通道间最低的光谱重叠度值和最佳探测信噪比,从而实现了三相态水同步探测拉曼分光系统的优化设计.进一步的仿真结果表明,当激光雷达探测效率因子为1800 J·mm·min时,在有云条件下系统可获得白天3.6 km以上和晴天条件下4 km以上的三相态水有效探测,保证了利用拉曼激光雷达实现对三相态水的同步高信噪比探测,为后续大气三相态水的拉曼激光雷达同步探测和反演提供了技术和理论支持.     

纯转动拉曼激光雷达中阶梯光栅单色仪设计

纯转动拉曼激光雷达测温系统通常根据大气中N₂分子高低阶量子数的转动拉曼散射回波信号来反演大气温度,而探测转动拉曼谱的一种有效方法就是采用单色仪。文章阐述了中阶梯光栅单色仪的探测原理和结构,分析了探测谱线的高阶和低阶量子数及对应的拉曼散射波长。通过对中阶梯光栅的分光原理及色散能力分析计算了准直-聚焦系统的焦距,给出了光学系统的设计参数。利用Zemax软件对光路进行了模拟仿真,仿真结果表明：在探测激光波长为532 nm的条件下,采用两块中阶梯光栅设计的单色仪,能够将529.05, 530.40, 533.77和535.13 nm的拉曼谱线很好的分开,同时对对称量子数的谱线信号进行求和,增强系统的信噪比。中阶梯光栅单色仪体积较小,利于测温雷达系统的小型化。     

Enhanced solar-blind ultraviolet single-photon detection with a Geiger-mode silicon avalanche photodiode

Solar-blind ultraviolet detection is of great importance in astronomy and industrial and military applications.Here, we report enhanced solar-blind ultraviolet single-photon detection by a normal silicon avalanche photodiode(Si APD) single-photon detector with a specially designed photon-collecting device. By re-focusing the reflected photon from the Si chip surface on the detection area by the aluminum-coated hemisphere, the detection efficiency of the Si APD at 280 nm can be improved to 4.62%. This system has the potential for high-efficiency photon detection in the solar-blind ultraviolet regime with low noise.     

A detection of atmospheric relative humidity profile by UV Raman lidar

A new spectroscopic filter constructed with a high-spectral-resolution grating and two narrow-band mirrors is designed to separate the elastic scattering and the vibrational Raman scattering spectra in an ultraviolet (UV) Raman lidar system. The density of humidity and water vapor mixing ratio are calculated from the vibrational Raman scattering signals of N₂ and H₂O. Water vapor mixing ratio is retrieved from this development. With this measured water vapor mixing ratio, the relative humidity is calculated with atmospheric temperature profile obtained by another Raman temperature lidar. Preliminary experiments and comparison results between lidar and radiosonde showed that the UV Raman lidar system has the capability for profiling the water vapor mixing ratio up to a height of 2 km with less than 10% of the uncertainty under the conditions of laser energy of 300 mJ and signal-averaging time of 10 min.     

Raman lidar for the study of liquid water and water vapor in the troposphere

A Raman lidar system based on a tripled Nd:YAG laser is used for profiling of water vapor and liquid water in the troposphere. The Raman signals from water in the gas and liquid state are separated by interference filters and their relative intensities are studied for different atmospheric conditions. For clean weather or immediately after the rain the Raman signal from liquid water inside PBL is about one order of magnitude lower than the signal from water vapor. But during cloud measurements both Raman signals become comparable and the results of water vapor measurements must be corrected for the interference of liquid water Raman scattering. The obtained results are used for the estimation of liquid water content in the atmosphere. Received: 4 October 1999 / Revised version: 18 February 2000 / Published online: 11 May 2000     

High-responsivity solar-blind photodetector based on MOCVD-grown Si-doped β-Ga_2O_3 thin film

Si-doped β-Ga_2O_3 films are fabricated through metal-organic chemical vapor deposition(MOCVD). Solar-blind ultraviolet(UV) photodetector(PD) based on the films is fabricated by standard photolithography, and the photodetection properties are investigated. The results show that the photocurrent increases to 11.2 m A under 200 μW·cm-2254 nm illumination and ±20 V bias, leading to photo-responsivity as high as 788 A·W~(-1). The Si-doped β-Ga_2O_3-based PD is promised to perform solar-blind photodetection with high performance.     

Recent advances in Ga-based solar-blind photodetectors

Solar-blind ultraviolet photodetectors have many advantages, such as low false alarm rates, the ability to detect weak signals, and high signal-to-noise ratios. Among the various functional solar-blind ultraviolet photodetectors, Ga-based alloys of AlGaN and Ga_2O_3 are the most commonly adopted channel semiconductor materials and have attracted extensive research attention in the past decades. This review presents an overview of the recent progress in Ga-based solar-blind photodetectors. In case of AlGaN-based solar-blind ultraviolet photodetectors, the response properties can be improved by optimizing the AlN nucleation layer and designing the avalanche structure. On the other hand, we also discuss the morphology and growth methods of Ga_2O_3 nanomaterials and their effect on the performance of the corresponding solarblind photodetectors. The mechanically exfoliated Ga_2O_3 flakes show good potential for ultraviolet detection. Also, Ga_2O_3 nanoflowers and nanowires reveal perfect response to ultraviolet light. Finally, the challenges and future development of Ga-based functional solar-blind ultraviolet photodetectors are summarized.     

Study of atmospheric water in gaseous and. liquid state by using combined elastic–Raman. depolarization lidar

A combined elastic–Raman lidar system based on a tripled Nd:YAG laser is used for the separate detection of elastic backscatter and Raman signals from atmospheric nitrogen, water vapor and liquid water and for their depolarization measurement. Vertical profiles of water-vapor and liquid-water content measured under clear-sky conditions behave differently: inside the boundary layer the ratio of liquid-water to water-vapor Raman backscatters rises with altitude. The depolarization measurements bring additional information about atmospheric scattering. The observed depolarization ratio of the water-vapor Raman signal is about 14%, while for liquid water this ratio varies in the 30–75% range, which exceeds the depolarization of bulk water and is attributed to the water-aerosol effects. Raman contours of water vapor and liquid water are partially overlapped, and bleed-through of liquid-water Raman backscatter leads to enhancement of depolarization of the water-vapor Raman signal. This parameter may be used as a convenient indicator of liquid-water interference in water-vapor measurements. Received: 12 December 2000 / Revised version: 27 September 2001 / Published online: 7 November 2001