“橡皮筋振子组”的演示

除弹簧之外,橡皮筋的弹性是比较好的。把橡皮筋绳与一定质量的小球连接起来,可制成“橡皮筋振子”。在橡皮筋绳的弹性限度内,在要求不很高时,振子离开平衡位置后所受到的回复力,亦可视为与它的位移成正比,方向相反,振子做简谐振动。     

橡皮筋滞后特性的实验分析

利用约利弹簧秤对橡皮筋的力的滞后特性进行了实验分析，并由此说明了不能用橡皮筋做测力计的物理机理，为检验弹簧的质量提供了一种实验途径及理论依据．     

气垫导轨实验中滑块的等速和定速发射

设计了由改进的弹射架和定位释放器组成的等速发射装置,实现了气垫导轨实验中滑块的等速发射,并可通过控制滑块初始位置使滑块获得预期发射速度.分析表明滑块发射所获得的速度和初始位置间的关系为近似的线性关系,这一结论和实验结果完全符合.     

电磁轨道炮的物理原理

<正>近年来,一种新的武器概念进入公众视野。它就是基于电磁弹射原理制造的电磁轨道炮。美国人用于航空母舰上飞机起飞的新的电磁弹射也基于同一原理。它是物理学和电工学用于国防技术的典型事例。电磁轨道炮是一种动能武器,就是依靠发射弹丸的动能摧毁目标。它的工作原理是将电磁能转换成动能,可称电磁发射。当然电磁发射的也不一定是用于武器     

封三照片说明

枪,据史料记载我国宋朝就已制成突火枪和火铳,那是世界上最早"枪"的雏形。到了14世纪,随着火铳流入欧洲,枪得到了长足发展,特别是两次世界大战的爆发,大大推动了枪械的技术进步。目前世界上枪的品种与型号林林总总多达数千种,而在这枪海中最为让人称奇的是近年来研制出的特种枪械,下面就介绍几种现代特种枪械。渔叉枪——这款枪发射的渔叉后部可拖动一条     

基于自制示力杆的力的合成实验演示板

力的合成实验是高中物理力学部分中的一个重要实验,常用的力的合成实验所用的器材包括:两个弹簧测力计、一根带两个细绳套的橡皮筋、演示板等.     

强光一号POS等离子体源性能参数测量

以强光一号等离子体源（电缆枪）为研究对象,采用电荷收集器（法拉第杯）对强光一号等离子体源性能参数进行测量。实验结果表明:等离子体发射密度与电缆等离子体枪枪芯到枪口的距离正相关,而发射速度与电缆等离子体枪枪芯到枪口的距离负相关;增大电缆枪驱动电压时,等离子体发射密度增速远小于驱动电流增速。重复性研究表明,对由数十支电缆枪组成的等离子体源而言,单支电缆枪放电分散性对其输出等离子体整体分布均匀性影响不大。不确定度分析表明,通过多次重复实验求平均值,可以有效减小实验结果的不确定度,发射密度测量结果的合成标准不确定度在10%以内。     

电磁弹射灭火弹消防系统研究

首先介绍了我国严峻的火灾形势,阐明现有气动和火箭发射灭火弹装置的研究现状,针对射程不足、火工品使用限制等问题,提出采用电磁线圈发射器发射灭火弹进行灭火,基于电流丝模型法设计了一种10级线圈发射器模型,以脉冲电容器作为初始能源,采用续流电路对线圈进行时序放电,可将7.2 kg抛体加速至最高速度171 m/s,出口速度154 m/s,发射效率达15%,分析表明现有电磁线圈发射器能够满足灭火弹的发射需要。提出一种智能化无人电磁弹射灭火弹消防系统,智能指挥控制系统利用无人机采集火场信息,制定灭火策略,指挥无人电磁发射灭火车发射灭火弹实现精准高效灭火,根据灭火效能评估结果调整灭火方案,直至完成灭火任务。     

多用射弹演示装置的设计与使用

采用自制弹簧枪，配用激光瞄准，光电控制，制作了多用射弹演示装置，使用该装置可验证多个规律。     

横波纵波波动演示仪

针对现有仪器演示横波和纵波的不足,自制了横波纵波波动演示仪.利用曲柄滑块机构将电机的旋转运动变成直线往复运动,以此带动橡皮筋和圆柱形弹簧振动得到横驻波与纵驻波,通过观察横波和纵波的振动图像、产生条件就能让学生直观感受横波与纵波的形成与产生过程.     

气垫导轨上弹簧振子阻尼振动的数字化实验研究

对传统的气垫导轨上弹簧振子的简谐运动和阻尼振动的实验进行改进,同时利用DISLab位移传感器测量数据并结合MATLAB软件进行数据处理,能够方便精确地计算弹簧的弹性系数以及滑块与导轨间的阻尼常量,从而实现了物理实验的数字化。     

Hysteresis and elastic interactions of microasperities in dry friction

Velocity independent dry friction of a slider upon a base is due to an hysteretic response of relative displacement to a tangential driving force F. We show that the purely elastic model for multistability considered in a previous publication is in no way essential: multistability arises just as well from adhesion. We emphasize the physical consequences of multistability for dynamic/static, a.c./d.c. friction. When the slider is moved from rest by an amount the transition from the zero force static configuration to dynamic behaviour is progressive, spreading on a range equal to the width of the hysteresis cycle. When is small, an elastic restoring force ensues, in agreement with observations. The competition of that elastic pinning with bulk elasticity generates a screening length which we believe is the natural size of Burridge Knopoff blocks. We then study the effect of elastic interactions between asperities: it is weak for dilute asperities, but its long range makes it important. In lowest order the interaction mediated displacement of a given asperity has logarithmically divergent fluctuations: they become comparable to the asperity radius when the slider size reaches another characteristic “Larkin length”, which for dilute micronic asperities is exponentially large. We give arguments suggesting that individually monostable asperities display collective multistability on scales larger than . For individually multistable sites we show that elastic interactions give rise to cascade processes in which the spinodal jump of a given asperity triggers the jump of others. We estimate the size of these cascades that should show up in the noise spectrum. Received: 3 February 1998 / Accepted: 19 March 1998     

Elastic friction drive of surface acoustic wave motor

Importance of elastic deformation control to obtain large output force with a surface acoustic wave (SAW) motor is discussed in this paper. By adding pre-load to slider, stator and slider surfaces are deformed in a few tens nanometer. Appropriate deformation in normal direction against normal vibration displacement amplitude of SAW existed. By moderate deformation, the output force of the SAW motor was enlarged up to about 10 N and no-load speed was 0.7 m/s. To produce this performance, the transducer weight and slider size were only 4.2 g and 4 x 4 mm(2).By traveling wave propagation, surface particles of the SAW device move in elliptical motion. Due to the amplitude of the elliptical motion is 10 or 20 nm order, the contact condition of the slider is very critical. To control the contact condition, namely, the elastic deformation of the slider and stator surface in nanometer order, a lot of projections were fabricated on the slider surface. The projection diameter was 20 micro m. In static condition, the elastic deformation and stress were evaluated with the FEM analysis. From this calculation and the simulation result, it is consider that the wave crest is distorted, hence the elasticity has influence on the friction drive condition.Elastic deformation of the stator surface beneath the projection from the initial position were evaluated. In 4 x 4 mm(2) square area, the sliders had from 1089 to 23,409 projections. Depression was independent to the contact pressure. However, the output force depended on the depression although the projection density were different. From the view point of the output power of the motor, the proper depression was independent to the projection density. Around 25 nm depression, the output force and output power were maximized. This depression value was almost same as the vibration displacement amplitude of the stator transducer.     

Regge closed string scattering and its implication on fixed angle closed string scattering

We calculate the complete closed string high energy scattering amplitudes (HSA) in the Regge regime for arbitrary mass levels. As an application, we deduce the complete ratios among closed string HSA in the fixed angle regime by using Stirling number identities. These results are in contrast with the incomplete set of closed string HSA in the fixed angle regime calculated previously. The complete forms of the fixed angle amplitudes, and hence the ratios, were not calculable previously without the input of zero-norm state calculation. This is mainly due to the lack of saddle point in the fixed angle closed string calculation.     

Restoration of hadron elastic scattering properties for multistring-type models via multiple production parameters

New relations of elastic hadron collision properties with string numberw _m -distribution are performed. The relations derived allows to compute an elastic amplitude and, consequently, total, elastic cross-sections,B-slope, real-to-imaginary part of forward amplitude and differential dΦ/dt cross-section using multiple production parameters. The certain limitations for string number distribution are obtained out from unitarity condition. It is shown that widerw _m -distribution corresponds to higher opacity of hadron interactions. Several high-energy models are analyzed by means of the rules.     

Kinetics and dynamics of frictional stick-slip in mesoscopic boundary lubrication

The kinetics and dynamics of frictional stick-slip motion of a slider of size extending from mesoscopic upward is analyzed within the framework of a multi-contact, earthquake-like model. The microscopic contacts are characterized by a distribution of static thresholds for individual breaking. The condition for an overall elastic instability leading to stick-slip sliding are derived and details of the slip motion are studied theoretically. The crucial model parameters emerging from this analysis include the delay time for each micro-contact to reform after breaking, the strength of elastic interaction between the contacts, the elasticity of contacts and of the slider, and the distribution of static thresholds for their breaking. The dynamics is also studied with the help of a scaling procedure. As a prototype application, we adopt parameters appropriate to describe recent surface force apparatus (SFA) boundary lubrication experiments. Despite suggestions of extremely large lubricant viscosities, the experimental data are shown to be fully compatible with ordinary, bulk-like viscosity values once the multi-contact aspects are taken into account.     

对动力学法测定材料弹性模量实验的研究

简要分析了动力学法测定材料弹性模量实验在理论推导中存在的困难,讨论了实验中悬丝的材料、直径等影响因素,并提出相关建议;同时对利用李萨如图形判断共振频率的方法做了介绍和说明.     

Elastic Interaction between a String of Cells and an Individual Cell

The elastic interaction between a string of cells and an individual cell on an elastic substrate is investigated numerically using the force-dipole model. This interaction is found to be of short range, and the cut-off distance is about 1.4 times of the length of the cell. The energy-minimization distance is about half the cellular length. The specific relationship between the cellular reorientation and the cellular position are obtained quantitatively. A critical distance is found, and the cellular orientation has an abrupt change at this transition point.     

Effective dynamics of an electrically charged string with a current

Equations of motion for an electrically charged string with a current in an external electromagnetic field with regard to the first correction due to the self-action are derived. It is shown that the reparameterization invariance of the free action of the string imposes constraints on the possible form of the current. The effective equations of motion are obtained for an absolutely elastic charged string in the form of a ring (circle). Equations for the external electromagnetic fields that admit stationary states of such a ring are derived. Solutions to the effective equations of motion of an absolutely elastic charged ring in the absence of external fields as well as in an external uniform magnetic field are obtained. In the latter case, the frequency at which one can observe radiation emitted by the ring is evaluated. A model of an absolutely nonstretchable charged string with a current is proposed. The effective equations of motion are derived within this model, and a class of solutions to these equations is found.     

Symmetric Soliton Configurations of Bosonic String Theories

We obtain a reduction of the symmetry holographic principle for symmetric configurations of Nambu–Goto–Polyakov string theories in a semi-Riemannian space. The argument reduces the search of string configurations with a certain degree of symmetry to that for elastic curves in a corresponding orbit space. These solutions are solitons which are holographically related to particles that evolve along elastic worldlines in the orbit space. We also exhibit examples and applications to obtain soliton string shapes with cylindrical, rotational, toroidal etc. symmetry. In most of the cases we can determine the whole moduli space of symmetric solitons.