Analysis of ultra-small photonic large scale integrated circuits

A detailed study of a platform of ultra-small photonic large-scale integrated circuits was conducted. Bandgap structure calculations of silicon-on-insulator (SOI) based photonic crystals have been investigated. The photonic crystal consists of dielectric cylinders in air. Using the band structure calculations we obtained design parameters for the proposed structures. The coupling between the photonic crystal and a waveguide fabricated from SOI system has been analysed. It is shown that the optical coupling is improved by interfacing different types of spot-size converters (SSCs) between the SOI waveguide and the photonic crystal. Also, the possibility and limitations of silicon doped germanium and SOI photonic crystals to analyse the light guiding in the third dimension is discussed.     

二维三角晶格光子晶体波导的出射光集束传播

为了解决光子晶体波导出射端光场控制, 同时解决二维三角晶格光子晶体波导出射光辐射困难的问题。利用二维三角晶格光子晶体设计了一种新型光子晶体波导出射口结构。在二维三角晶格光子晶体波导出射端引入两个微腔, 通过光波与微腔发生共振, 形成类似于三个点光源干涉的出射光, 同时进一步提出波导出射端喇叭口干涉出射光定向辐射的设计。通过这种微腔喇叭口设计, 利用时域有限差分法分析结果表明光波实现很好的定向辐射, 并且辐射距离显著提高。     

Realization of optical coupling based on semi-circular photonic crystals

In this paper, a new structure used to realize optical coupling is proposed. This structure is made up of half of a two-dimensional circular photonic crystal and a photonic crystal waveguide. It is shown that the peak value of the transmissivity shifts by choosing appropriate parameters of SCPC. This structure has great potential in optical integration and other areas.     

光子晶体波导定向耦合器

在完整二维光子晶体中引入线缺陷后，就形成了光子晶体波导；将时域有限差分方法(FDTD)用于光子晶体波导耦合研究，计算了不同耦合长度情形下的波导各个出口处的透过率，结果表明：光子晶体波导耦合遵循普通介质波导耦合的一般规律，也有定向耦合的功能。进一步的研究表明：对于不同的频率，光子晶体定向耦合器耦合系数是不同的，并且耦合系数和对应的频率之间近似直线关系。     

基于硅纳米线波导的两级光子晶体缩束器

鉴于在微观领域光波的缩束对实现光电集成的重要意义,提出了基于硅纳米线波导的两级光子晶体缩束器。其中一级压缩基于W5型和W1型光子晶体波导间的高效耦合。二级压缩则由宽为0.1μm,长为3.06μm的纳米线波导和W1型光子晶体波导构成,通过二者的高效耦合实现光束压缩。当W1型光子晶体波导和纳米线波导间介质柱的半径为0.04μm时,对于1550nm波长的电磁波,缩束器的通光效率可达93.4%,压缩比为16.08,出射光束半峰全宽仅为0.148μm。     

Adiabatic coupling between conventional dielectric waveguides and waveguides with discrete translational symmetry

We study adiabatic transformation in optical waveguides with discrete translational symmetry. We calculate the reflection and transmission coefficient for a structure consisting of a slab waveguide that is adiabatically transformed into a photonic crystal waveguide and then back into a slab waveguide. The calculation yields high transmission over a wide frequency range of the photonic crystal waveguide band and indicates efficient coupling between the slab waveguide and the photonic crystal waveguide. Other applications of adiabatic mode transformation in photonic crystal waveguides and the coupled-resonator optical waveguides are also discussed.     

并联谐振腔光子晶体单通道侧面耦合波导

分析了多光子晶体谐振腔的并联耦合模理论,并根据该理论设计了单通道光子晶体侧面耦合波导以实现光子晶体器件与光源间的高效耦合。理论研究表明并联谐振腔的耦合效率与谐振腔数量、间距以及品质因子相关。经优化耦合面积和耦合效率,最终选择了5个谐振腔并联作为单通道侧面耦合波导的耦合部分。通过设置谐振腔间距改变其对称性,从而实现侧面耦合波导的单通道传播。在1.55μm工作波长下,单通道侧面耦合波导的耦合效率可达94.49%。     

光子晶体波导耦合的波分复用研究

两平行光子晶体单模波导的相互耦合组成一个耦合结构。两本征模的色散曲线相交并出现简并,简并模之间的耦合作用使模式的分布发生了改变。由于耦合的作用,各个波长的光波会在不同的波导中传输。在简并点处两本征模发生解耦合,光波会沿着原来的方向传输。将两个不同耦合长度的光子晶体波导耦合结构集成在一起,就可以组成一个三波长的光子晶体波分复用器。     

A photonic crystal side-coupled waveguide based on a high-quality-factor resonator array

Based on the present coupled mode theory of the photonic crystal resonator array in this paper,we propose a novel side-coupled waveguide to achieve highly efficient coupling of photonic crystal devices.It is found that the coupling efficiency is sensitive to the interval,the total number and the quality factor of the resonator.Considering the coupling efficiency and the coupling region,we select five resonators with an interval of six lattice periods.By optimizing the structure parameters of the waveguide and resonator,the quality factors of the resonator can be modulated and the coupling efficiency of the side-coupled waveguide reaches 95.47% in theory.Compared with other coupling methods,the side-coupled waveguide can realize efficient coupling with a compact structure,a high level of integration and a low degree of operational difficulties.     

Structure design and performance simulation on monolithic integrated chaotic-optical transmitter with photonic crystal waveguide in external cavity

A novel monolithic integrated chaotic-optical transmitter structure is proposed in this paper. It consists of a distributed feedback laser, a semiconductor optical amplifier, a passive waveguide, and a photonic crystal waveguide. The length of external cavity is shorten to 1.125 mm by the slow light effect in photonic crystal waveguide. The performance of the integrated chaotic-optical transmitter is simulated. A series of dynamic states transiting from steady state, period state, and finally to chaotic laser is obtained. The size and power consumption of the chaotic-optical transmitter are both reduced by introduction of photonic crystal waveguide.     

A three-channels WDM based on MMI in photonic crystal

A photonic crystal waveguide coupling structure can be constructed by putting three adjacent photonic crystal waveguides in parallel. Guided mode propagation method is employed to analyze the interference behavior of the approximate solution in such a coupling and the self-image phenomenon in multi-mode waveguides. A three-channel multimode interference wavelength division multiplexing can be obtained. The presented device has a high transmission rate as well as the advantage of multi-wavelength selection, thus it may have a potentially practical application in future photonic integrated circuit.     

点缺陷二维光子晶体波导的出射光集束

光子晶体器件在高密度集成光通信中有广泛的应用,为解决光子晶体波导出射光场的空间控制,采用时域有限差分法分析光子晶体波导结构的缺陷传播特性,提出基于点缺陷优化波导结构,通过在波导出射口两侧加上点缺陷,出射光方向性有显著提高,实现三点光源干涉系统的光集束。模拟结果表明缺陷态越靠近能带结构中央,共振腔的耦合效率越高;相反,缺陷态越靠近能带结构边缘位置,则共振腔耦合效率越低,因此,选取禁带区域四分之一处对应的点缺陷,可以有效实现波导出射的光集束。     

Efficient transmission in cascaded photonic crystal waveguides via a strong coupling effect

A design of cascaded photonic crystal waveguide is proposed in this paper inspired by the work of Tang et al. [D. Tang, L. Chen, W. Ding, Appl. Phys. Lett. 89 (2006) 131120]. In contrast to a conventional waveguide source, a plane wave source is applied in the current design. We show that an efficient guide mode in the photonic band gap can be achieved. The same idea also works for a slight variation by defects introduction in the photonic crystal. Finally, the strong coupling effect present in the cascaded waveguides is demonstrated by an analogy with photonic quantum wells.     

A photonic crystal side-coupled waveguide based on a high-quality-factor resonator array

Based on the present coupled mode theory of the photonic crystal resonator array in this paper, we propose a novel side-coupled waveguide to achieve highly efficient coupling of photonic crystal devices. It is found that the coupling efficiency is sensitive to the interval, the total number and the quality factor of the resonator. Considering the coupling efficiency and the coupling region, we select five resonators with an interval of six lattice periods. By optimizing the structure parameters of the waveguide and resonator, the quality factors of the resonator can be modulated and the coupling efficiency of the side-coupled waveguide reaches 95.47% in theory. Compared with other coupling methods, the side-coupled waveguide can realize efficient coupling with a compact structure, a high level of integration and a low degree of operational difficulties.     

用级联缓变结构实现光子晶体波导和传统波导的耦合

为了提高光子晶体波导与传统介质波导的耦合效率,设计了级联缓变结构.先将传统介质波导中的光耦合进尺寸相当的光子晶体W5波导中,然后W5波导中的光被耦合进尺寸较小些的W3波导中,最后光被耦合进尺寸最小的W1波导.各级波导之间由半径逐渐增大的空气孔连接,空气孔半径逐渐变化相当于波导有效折射率在变化,所以各级波导可以看作是被折射率缓变结构连接起来.由于折射率的缓变,使得光从前一级波导耦合进相邻的后一级波导时反射很小,从而能有效地提高耦合效率.数值计算表明,在光子晶体禁带范围内,除了波导有限长度和波导微小禁带造成的微小不通带外,耦合系数一般能达80%左右,最高可达到95%.     

喇叭型开口光子晶体波导的传输谱研究

设计一种喇叭型开口二维光子晶体波导,利用时域有限差分法计算波导传输谱图。模拟结果表明：通过改变开口处光子晶体椭圆点缺陷的结构,传输谱图中将出现相应变化的缺陷模,可用于实现频率可调的窄带光子晶体滤波器。     

Numerical characterization of nanopillar photonic crystal waveguides and directional couplers

We numerically characterize a novel type of a photonic crystal waveguide, which consists of several rows of periodically arranged dielectric cylinders. In such a nanopillar photonic crystal waveguide, light confinement is due to the total internal reflection. A nanopillar waveguide is a multimode waveguide, where the number of modes is equal to the number of rows building the waveguide. The strong coupling between individual waveguides leads to the proposal of an ultrashort directional coupler based on nanopillar waveguides. We present a systematic analysis of the dispersion and transmission efficiency of nanopillar photonic crystal waveguides and directional couplers. Plane wave expansion and finite difference time domain methods were used to characterize numerically nanopillar photonic crystal structures both in two- and three-dimensional spaces.     

Efficient input and output fiber coupling to a photonic crystal waveguide

The efficiency of evanescent coupling between a silica optical fiber taper and a silicon photonic crystal waveguide is studied. A high-reflectivity mirror on the end of the photonic crystal waveguide is used to recollect, in the backward-propagating fiber mode, the optical power that is initially coupled into the photonic crystal waveguide. An outcoupled power in the backward-propagating fiber mode of 88% of the input power is measured, corresponding to a lower bound on the coupler efficiency of 94%.     

A photonic crystal L-shaped bend based on ring resonators

We propose a new type of two-dimensional （2D） photonic crystal L-shaped bent waveguides based on ring resonators with an acceptable bandwidth. The proposed structure mechanism is based on coupling between a waveguide and a ring resonator. This structure is designed and verified by finite-difference time-domain （FDTD） computation. Our simulation using this method gets over 90% output.     

Low group velocity in a photonic crystal coupled-cavity waveguide

A two-dimensional photonic crystal coupled-cavity waveguide is designed and optimized, the transmission spectrum is calculated by using the finite-difference time-domain method, and the group velocity of c/1856 is obtained. To our knowledge, this value of group velocity is the lowest group velocity in a photonic crystal waveguide calculated from its transmission spectrum so far. The result is confirmed by the photonic band structure calculated by using the plane wave expansion method, and it is found that the photonic crystal waveguide modes in a photonic band structure are in accordance with those in the transmission spectrum by using the finite-difference time-domain method. The mechanism of slow light in the coupled-cavity waveguide of photonic crystal is analysed.