松花粉的红外光谱、扫描电镜和X射线能谱仪分析

建立了利用傅里叶变换红外光谱法(FTIR)、扫描电镜 (SEM) 和X射线能谱对4种松花粉和破壁马尾松花粉中的主要营养成分和常见微量元素进行定性定量分析的方法。红外图谱分析结果表明：马尾松、云南松、油松和赤松均有其自己的红外光谱特征,根据谱图特征吸收峰的相对强度的差异可以对松花粉中主要营养成分进行鉴别分析。破壁和天然马尾松花粉的红外图谱差异较显著,说明松花粉破壁对于营养成分的释放有一定意义。扫描电镜和X射线能谱分析显示：4种松树花粉从远极面和近极面观皆呈椭圆形或近圆形,主体的表面纹饰结构基本相同为颗粒状纹饰,颗粒大小差别较大。破壁与天然马尾松花粉的形态差别主要在于气囊从花粉主体颗粒上分离、破碎,有部分花粉颗粒主体的碎片从主体脱落。X射线能谱分析在松花粉中共发现Mg,Se,Si,Sr,P,S,Cl,K,Ca,Mn,Fe共11种无机元素,其中K元素含量最高。4种松花粉中无机元素含量差别比较明显,破壁马尾松花粉的元素能谱强度显著高于天然马尾松。     

Study of deposition patterns of plating layers in SiC/Cu composites by electro-brush plating

SiC reinforced copper composite coatings were prepared by electro-brush plating with micron-size silicon carbide (SiC) ranging from 1 to 5 μm on pure copper sheet in this paper. The micro-structural characterizations of SiC/Cu composite coatings were performed by optical microscope and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) coupled with spectrometer, to study co-deposition mechanism of SiC/Cu. It was found that there were three different patterns of SiC deposition in plating layers during electro-brush plating process, i.e. the particles could deposit inside copper grains, in grain boundaries, or in holes of the surface. To investigate deposition mechanism of each pattern, size of SiC and copper grains was compared. By comparison of size of copper grains and hard particles, SiC were either wrapped in copper grains or deposited in grain boundaries. Moreover, electro-brush plating layers at different brush velocities and current densities were obtained respectively, to analyze the microstructure evolution of the composite coatings. The hardness of plating layers was measured. The results indicated at the current density of 3 A/dm², the SiC/Cu coating was compact with SiC content at a high level and the hardness reached a maximum.     

Ultrastructural study on dynamics of plastids and mitochondria during microgametogenesis in watermelon

Dynamics of plastids and mitochondria during microgametogenesis in watermelon were examined by means of transmission electron microscopy. Plastids are present as proplastids in the microspore and as amyloplasts in the vegetative cell of the bicellular pollen grain, whereas the generative cell is completely devoid of plastids, suggesting that microspore plastids are excluded from the generative cell during the microspore mitotic division. Therefore, watermelon is classified as Lycopersicon type, where plastids exclusion from the generative cell leads to purely maternal plastid inheritance. Mitochondria in the generative cell show noticeable alterations in size and cristae during microgametogenesis. The diameter of mitochondria is about 0.5 μm in the newly born generative cell, while only about 0.16 μm in the spindle-shaped generative cell. Numerous cristae are present in mitochondria in the spherical generative cell, but, in contrast, mere two or three cristae retain in the spindle-shaped generative cell in the mature pollen grain. In conclusion, the size and cristae number of mitochondria in the generative cell are reduced significantly during microgametogenesis in watermelon.     

Determination of aerodynamic diameters of pollen grains and their agglomerates for Western Siberia plants

Results of determination of aerodynamic characteristics of 17 plants dominating the ecosystem of Western Siberia are reported. Pollen of cereals and woody plants was examined. The sedimentation velocities of single pollen grains and their agglomerates were determined. The data obtained were used to calculate the aerodynamic diameters of pollen grains of all investigated plants.     

Magnetic properties of soft layer/FePt--MgO exchange coupled composite perpendicular recording media

The magnetic properties of exchange coupled composite （ECC） media that are composed of perpendicular magnetic recording media FePt MgO and two kinds of soft layers have been studied by using an x-ray diffractometer, a polar Kerr magneto-optical system （PMOKE） and a vibrating sample magnetometer （VSM）. The results show that ECC media can reduce the coercivities of perpendicular magnetic recording media FePt-MgO. The ECC media with granular-type soft layers have weaker exchange couplings between magnetic grains and the magnetization process, for ECC media of this kind mainly follow the Stoner Wohlfarth model.     

Multi-scale homogenization-based modeling of semi-crystalline polymers

This paper presents a finite-strain, multi-scale constitutive model for semi-crystalline polymers, accounting explicitly for the current state and evolution of the underlying crystallographic, lamellar and morphological texture. Specifically, a semi-crystalline polymer is modeled as a two-scale composite, assumed to be, at the larger length scale, an aggregate of randomly distributed grains that, at the smaller length scale, are made up of alternating layers of an amorphous and a crystalline phase. The model incorporates finite elasticity for the amorphous phase and crystallographic hardening for the crystalline phase. The instantaneous effective response of this composite is determined by means of multi-scale homogenization methods, consisting in the use of a “linear comparison composite” (LCC) with the same internal structure as the actual nonlinear composite, with local properties that are optimally chosen via suitably designed variational principles. The effective properties of the resulting two-scale LCC are obtained through a “sequential” homogenization procedure, involving the exact solution for the effective behavior of the lamellar grains and a self-consistent estimate for the aggregate. The latter results are also used to establish evolution laws for the appropriate internal variables in the material. The predictions of the model for the macroscopic response and texture evolution in high-density polyethylene are confronted with available experimental results and compared with those of earlier models.     

Ultrastructure of the mature spermatozoon of the bivalve Scapharca broughtoni (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Arcidae)

The ultrastructure of mature spermatozoa of the giant clam bivalve Scapharca broughtoni was investigated by transmission electron microscopy for the first time. The mature spermatozoon consists of a head which is composed of a cone-shaped acrosome, a round nucleus, and a tail region. A subacrosomal space contains an axial rod and a basal plate, the latter lying between the acrosome and the nucleus. Although the nucleus lacks an anterior invagination, an inverted shallow V-shaped posterior invagination is present within the nucleus. Within the middle portion of the spermatozoon lie five spherical mitochondria while the long whip-like end portion is composed of an axoneme with the typical 9 + 2 structure. Our conclusion is that the spermatozoon of S. broughtoni is of the type I anacrosomal “aquasperm”, and the morphology of acrosome and nucleus are an adaptation to external fertilization.     

Chemistry and morphology of dried‐up pollen suspension residues

Pollen grains are covered with lots of different biochemical compounds, like proteins, saccharides and lipids, which are only loosely attached to the pollen. Therefore, they can be separated from the pollen by suspending them in water. Since these compounds play a key role in many atmospheric processes (e.g. cloud condensation nucleation, ice nucleation, aerial allergen exposure), their separation and analyzing are of interest. The chemical composition of whole pollen grains is compared by both Raman and infrared spectroscopy with material that could be extracted from pollen with water. The dominant signals in the pollen grain Raman spectra are those from sporopollenin and carotenoids. These bands decrease in the washing water spectra, since sporopollenin is high molecular and thus is not extractable. The released material shows in turn a chemical composition that differs significantly between species, what is quite expected, since they differ even in the optical properties of their aqueous suspensions. The FTIR spectra show some additional bands to appear in comparison to the Raman spectra. Furthermore, we investigated the pollen rupturing and material release in the aqueous suspensions by drying them up and picturing the residues with a scanning electron microscope. We saw that corn pollen ejected loads of micrometer‐sized organelles, which are most likely starch granules. The more the pollen disrupted, the more the measured samples were covered with an amorphous film, which consists of the extracted pollen material, like lipids, sugars, and proteins – the same substances we detected by spectroscopy. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Wavelet-based fractal analysis of airborne pollen

The most abundant biological particles in the atmosphere are pollen grains and spores. Self-protection of a pollen allergy is possible through information about future pollen contents in the air. In spite of the importance of airborne pollen concentration forecasting, it has not been possible to predict the pollen concentrations with great accuracy, and about 25% of daily pollen forecasts result in failures. Previous analyses of the dynamic characteristics of atmospheric pollen time series indicate that the system can be described by a low dimensional chaotic map. We apply a wavelet transform to study the multifractal characteristics of an airborne pollen time series. The information and the correlation dimensions correspond to a chaotic system showing a loss of information with time evolution.     

Ferromagnetic resonance, magnetic properties, and resistivity of (CoFeZr)x(Al2O3)1 ? x/Si multilayer nanostructures

Comparative investigations of static magnetic properties, magnetoresistance, and ferromagnetic resonance data of multilayer nanostructures consisting of CoFeZr-Al₂O₃ composite magnetic layers and amorphous silicon semiconductor spacers were performed in a layer thickness range below 5 nm. The influence of layer dimension parameters and chemical peculiarities of silicon on the inner structure and type of magnetic interactions in nanostructures with 35 and 46 at % magnetic phase composite layers is discussed.     

Synthesis of narrow band gap (V2O5)x-(TiO2)1−x nano-structured layers via micro arc oxidation

V₂O₅-TiO₂ layers with a sheet-like morphology were synthesized by micro arc oxidation process for the first time. Surface morphology and topography of the layers were investigated by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and atomic force microscope (AFM). Phase structure and chemical composition of the layers were also studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) techniques. It was revealed that the composite layers had a sheet-like structure average thickness of which was about 100 nm depending on the applied voltage. The layers consisted of anatase, rutile, and vanadium pentoxide phases fractions of which varied with the applied voltage. The optical properties of the layers were also examined employing a UV-vis spectrophotometer. It was found that the absorption edge of the grown composite layers shifted toward the visible wavelengths when compared to MAO-synthesized pure titania layers. The band gap energy of the composite layers was calculated as 2.58 eV. Furthermore, photo-catalytic performance of the layers was examined by measuring the decomposition rate of methylene blue under ultraviolet and visible irradiations. The results demonstrated that about 90% and 68% of methylene blue solution was decomposed after 120 min ultraviolet and visible irradiations over the composite layers, respectively.     

Three-dimensional modeling of genome macroarchitecture on the basis of its structural changes after the action of radiation

At present, after 120 years of theoretical and experimental studies, the problem of the genome macroarchitecture as the highest level of interphase chromosome organization in the nucleus of somatic cells is still open. The problem of spatial organization of interphase chromosomes in the haploid nucleus of germ cells has never been studied. The three-dimensional modeling of spatial organization of part of the haploid genome (the second chromosome) in Drosophila melanogaster mature sperms is performed using mathematical methods and the methods of visualization of macromolecular biostructures. The frequency and arrangement of inversion breaks for 72 structural vg mutants were used as genetic markers under the assumption that both ends of each inversion are brought together and form loops of an appropriate size. For taking into account the spatial proximity and visualization of loop structures of the chromosome, modern methods of three-dimensional modeling with application of splines, Open GL library, Delphi, and Gmax were used. According to the model developed, the whole second chromosome in the nucleus of mature sperms is probably arranged in the form of the megarosette-loop structure, which can be assumed to be the fundamental ordered form of the genome macroarchitecture in haploid germs of higher organisms.     

Detailed non-destructive evaluation of UHMWPE composites in the terahertz range

We report on the terahertz analysis of an internal structure of an ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) composite material, which is based on the HB10-tape from Dyneema $^{\circledR }$ . This type of composite is very hard and resistant and therefore it is often used to manufacture personal armors such as bulletproof vests and helmets. The multilayer structure of the UHMWPE composite was investigated by means of a raster scanning time domain spectroscopy technique in a reflection configuration. The mechanism of the formation of many shifted in time THz pulses (reflected from the internal layers of the sample) originates from the periodic modulation of the refractive index along the propagation of the radiation. This modulation is connected with alternate layers of fibers, each having different direction (perpendicular to each other). As a result we obtained the detailed three dimensional profile of the 3.3-mm thick sample with all 74 layers clearly visible. Thicknesses of all layers, having around 45 $\upmu $ m each, were determined. Moreover, it is also possible to identify internal defects i.e. delaminations in the internal structure of this composite material.     

Surface morphology study of recrystallization dynamics of amorphous ZnO layers prepared on different substrates

Amorphous oxides-based devices are exposed, during fabrication, to different processing conditions affecting their properties. Zinc oxide is a prospective candidate for transparent amorphous oxides, but its structure is changing under the influence of temperature. We investigated surface recrystallization of amorphous zinc oxide layers deposited onto fused silica, sapphire and Si substrates by pulsed laser deposition. The prepared three series of layers had highly nonequilibrium phase structures. Using atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, the effect was studied of subsequent annealing at 200, 400, 600, 800 °C for 60 min upon the surface structural properties of the layers. The following parameters were analyzed: average roughness, RMS roughness and size of formed grains on selected places with 1 × 1 μm² area. Surface structural analysis revealed that annealing led to recrystallization of the prepared layers and roughening of the structural features on the surface. With increasing annealing temperature, the calculated parameters were increasing. The average surface roughness of zinc oxide layers annealed at 800 °C is three times higher than that of the layers annealed at lower temperatures for all substrates used. The process dynamics of thermally caused recrystallization of the layers was different for each of the substrates used.     

不同辐照源对黑松花粉粒的生物学效应

研究了N+离子束、 紫外线和γ射线辐照对黑松花粉粒的影响, 对3种辐射源在诱发花粉粒细胞出现损伤效应上的差异性进行了比较分析。 研究结果表明, 3种辐照源对黑松花粉粒萌发和花粉管生长所表现出的效应存在明显的差异。 γ射线的剂量效应曲线表现为近S型; 紫外线辐照的剂量效应曲线呈现出近L型; 离子束的生物学效应主要在两个方面表现出特异性, 即离子束所导致的剂量 效应曲线呈“马鞍型”趋势和N+离子束注入后会诱发花粉管顶端产生出明显的肿胀现象。The effects of pollens and pollen tubes of Pinus thunbergii induced respectively by N+ beam, γ ray and ultraviolet ray were measured , and the differences of the effects caused by the different radiant factors were distinguished. The results showed that there was obvious difference in the damages of the pollen germination and the pollen tube growth led by the radiant factors. The curve of dose effects from γ ray irradiation was similarly S type, and that from ultraviolet ray treatment approximately L type . The effects from ion implantation expressed the two characteristics, the curve of the saddle type and the top inflation of pollen tube.     

Study on the properties of a novel shape-stable epoxy resin sealed expanded graphite/paraffin composite PCM and its application in buildings

In this study, a novel phase change material (PCM) of epoxy resin sealed expanded graphite/paraffin composite was developed as an independent attachment for building applications. A relatively high thermal energy storage density and a high thermal conductivity (2.141?W/(m·K)) were obtained in the composite PCM. The mass fraction of paraffin in the composite PCM could reach 94% without leakage of liquid paraffin when being heated at 50°C for more than 3 h, and the thermal cycle stability was good. Moreover, the thermal storage and release properties of this composite PCM with different thicknesses were studied by numerical simulation. The results showed that the thermal storage and release time are proportional to the thickness of the composite PCM, and there was almost no temperature gradient during the thermal storage and release process, which indicated that the thermal conductivity of this kind of composite PCM was high enough for building applications.     

Inclusion of poly[bis(methoxyethoxyethoxy)phosphazene] into layered graphite oxide

The highly ionically conducting polymer poly[bis(methoxyethoxyethoxy)phosphazene] (MEEP) has been complexed with lithium triflate and intercalated between the layers of graphite oxide (GO). The resulting composite was characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and ionic conductivity measurements.     

Preparation,characterization, and performance study of beeswax/expanded graphite composite as thermal storage material

In this study, beeswax as a new energy storage material and its composite with expanded graphite were prepared and characterized for their surface and thermal properties. Surface characterization showed no chemical interaction between beeswax and expanded graphite. The thermal conductivity of the composite was improved with 117% enhancement. The thermal performance of beeswax and its composite as a heat storage material was studied in a rectangular shell-and-tube thermal storage unit. The melting point of the composite remained almost same as that of beeswax; however, the melting time was reduced considerably, from 540 to 360 min with inlet water at 80°C and a 2-lpm flow rate.