Genetic algorithm-support vector regression for high reliability SHM system based on FBG sensor network

Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) based on fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensor network has attracted considerable attention in recent years. However, FBG sensor network is embedded or glued in the structure simply with series or parallel. In this case, if optic fiber sensors or fiber nodes fail, the fiber sensors cannot be sensed behind the failure point. Therefore, for improving the survivability of the FBG-based sensor system in the SHM, it is necessary to build high reliability FBG sensor network for the SHM engineering application. In this study, a model reconstruction soft computing recognition algorithm based on genetic algorithm-support vector regression (GA-SVR) is proposed to achieve the reliability of the FBG-based sensor system. Furthermore, an 8-point FBG sensor system is experimented in an aircraft wing box. The external loading damage position prediction is an important subject for SHM system; as an example, different failure modes are selected to demonstrate the SHM system's survivability of the FBG-based sensor network. Simultaneously, the results are compared with the non-reconstruct model based on GA-SVR in each failure mode. Results show that the proposed model reconstruction algorithm based on GA-SVR can still keep the predicting precision when partial sensors failure in the SHM system; thus a highly reliable sensor network for the SHM system is facilitated without introducing extra component and noise.     

Fiber Bragg gratings for dispersion compensation in optical communication systems

This paper presents an overview of fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) fabrication principles and applications with emphasis on the chirped FBG used for dispersion compensation in high-speed optical communication systems. We discuss the range of FBG parameters enabled by current fabrication methods, as well as the relation between the accuracy of FBG parameters and the performance of FBG-based dispersion compensators. We describe the theory of the group delay ripple (GDR) generated by apodized chirped fiber gratings using the analogy between noisy gratings and superstructure Bragg gratings. This analysis predicts the fundamental cutoff of the high frequency spatial noise of grating parameters in excellent agreement with the experimental data. We review the iterative GDR correction technique, which further improves the FBG quality and potentially enables consistent fabrication of FBG-based dispersion compensators and tunable dispersion compensators with unprecedented performance.     

光纤光栅水听器技术实验研究

采用光纤布喇格光栅作为基本传感器件, 设计制作了光纤光栅水听器. 利用匹配光纤光栅解调技术, 实现了高灵敏度、高速度的动态信号测量, 并进行了相关的水下声音测量实验. 实验系统可测量水声信号频率范围为10 Hz~3 kHz, 测量动态范围为60 dB, 其结果具有很高的线性度.     

Performance limitation of chirped-fiber-Bragg-grating-based photonic microwave notch filter due to group delay and reflectivity ripples

We investigated the performance limitation of a frequency-tunable photonic microwave notch filter incorporating a chirped fiber Bragg grating (FBG) as a group delay line. In particular, we carried out theoretical and experimental studies to analyze the impact of the reflectivity ripple (RR) and group delay ripple (GDR) in the chirped FBG on the output notch performance. The results of experimental and theoretical analyses performed on a photonic microwave notch filter in which an S-bending-based linearly chirped FBG was incorporated, revealed that the notch depth and notch frequency were significantly affected by imperfections in the chirped FBG. The notch depth was found to be decreased by the RRs, whereas significant fluctuations in the notch frequency were caused by the GDRs. On the basis of the obtained results, we conclude that the RR and the GDR are the fundamental factors that degrade the performance of chirped FBG-based photonic microwave filters.     

In-fiber integrated accelerometer

A compact in-fiber integrated fiber-optic Michelson interferometer based accelerometer is proposed and investigated. In the system, the sensing element consists of a twin-core fiber acting as a bending simple supported beam. By demodulating the optical phase shift, we obtain that the acceleration is proportional to the force applied on the central position of the twin-core fiber. A simple model has been established to calculate the sensitivity and resonant frequency. The experimental results show that such an accelerometer has a sensitivity of 0.09 rad/g at the resonant frequency of 680 Hz.     

顺变柱体型全光纤加速度检波器

介绍了顺变柱体型全光纤加速度检波器的工作原理及结构设计，该检测器包括两个顺变柱体和一个质量块，两顺变柱体上都紧紧地绕着单模光纤，形成了迈克耳孙干涉仪的两个臂，两干涉臂的端面镀有高反铝膜，初步测试结果表明，检波器在共振频率以上有较好的频率响应，输入信号与输出信号吻合得较好。     

Compact fiber optic accelerometer

A compact fiber optic accelerometer based on a Michelson interferometer is proposed and demonstrated. In the proposed system, the sensing element consists of two single-mode fibers glued together by epoxy, which then act as a simple supported beam. By demodulating the optical phase shift, the acceleration is determined as proportional to the force applied on the central position of the two single-mode fibers. This simple model is able to calculate the sensitivity and the resonant frequency of the compact accelerometer. The experimental results show that the sensitivity and the resonant frequency of the accelerometer are 0.42 rad/g and 600 Hz, respectively.     

High-g Shocking Testing of the <i>Martlet</i> Wireless Sensing System

This article reports the latest development of a wireless sensing system, named Martlet, on high-g shock acceleration measurement. The Martlet sensing node design is based on a Texas Instruments Piccolo microcontroller, with clock frequency programmable up to 90 MHz. The high clock frequency of the microcontroller enables Martlet to support high-frequency data acquisition and high-speed onboard computation. In addition, the extensible design of the Martlet node conveniently allows incorporation of multiple sensor boards. In this study, a high-g accelerometer interface board is developed to allow Martlet to work with the selected microelectromechanical system (MEMS) high-g accelerometers. Besides low-pass and high-pass filters, amplification gains are also implemented on the high-g accelerometer interface board. Laboratory impact experiments are conducted to validate the performance of the Martlet wireless sensing system with the high-g accelerometer board. The results of this study show that the performance of the wireless sensing system is comparable to the cabled system.     

Three-component hybrid-integrated optical accelerometer based on LiNbO_3 photoelastic waveguide

A novel three-component hybrid-integrated optical accelerometer based on LiNbO3 photoelastic waveguide is presented. The photoelasitcity of LiNbO3 due to three-dimensional stress states is obtained analytically. We analyze the level of sensitivity to cross-axis accelerations which is a very important parameter for three-component accelerometer. Theoretically, the designed three-component hybrid-integrated optical accelerometer has a transverse sensitivity ratio （TSR） of zero. The sensor has a high natural frequency of 3.5 kHz and a linear broad working freauency.     

一种新型光纤布喇格光栅振动传感器研究

为适合土木工程实际所需，提出了一种新型的、可放大振动信号、工作频带宽的光纤光栅低频加速度传感器.进行了参量优化设计，并在不同阻尼情况下进行了灵敏度、线性度、横向抗干扰和幅频特性等性能试验.试验结果表明：所设计的光纤光栅振动传感器方案是可行的；其线性度好，抗横向干扰能力强，通过合理调整阻尼，灵敏度可达到90 pm/ms－2，上限工作频率可取在系统无阻尼固有频率的80％左右.     

ZnO薄膜硅微压电矢量水听器

提出了一种基于ZnO压电薄膜的硅微压电矢量水听器,其核心部件是利用微电子机械系统(MEMS)技术制作的悬臂梁结构压电加速度计。由近似解析和有限元分析,得出加速度计的灵敏度和谐振频率,并在此基础上对其进行了优化设计。研制了MEMS压电加速度计,并装配后构成MEMS矢量水听器。测试结果表明:加速度灵敏度在20~1,200 Hz范围内约为0.83 mV/(m/s2)。经过液柱法测量,在1 kHz时,MEMS矢量水听器等效声压灵敏度为-229.5 dB (ref.1V/μPa),比同类型压阻式MEMS矢量水听器的灵敏度高17 dB以上。      

Rectangular plate with velocity feedback loops using triangularly shaped piezoceramic actuators: experimental control performance

This paper presents experimental results on the implementation of decentralized velocity feedback control on a new smart panel in order to produce active damping. The panel is equipped with 16 triangularly shaped piezoceramic patch actuators along its border and accelerometer sensors located at the top vertex of the triangular actuators. The primary objective of this paper is to demonstrate the vibration and sound radiation control using the new smart panel. Narrow frequency band experimental results highlight that the 16 control units can produce reductions up to 15 dB at resonance frequencies between 100 and 700 Hz in terms of both structural vibration and sound power radiation.     

三分量全光纤加速度检波器及数字处理系统

研制出三分量全光纤加速度检波器及其数字信号处理系统。该检波器由一个质量块，六个顺变柱体，三组迈克耳孙干涉仪光路组成。顺变柱体是检波器敏感元件中的关键部件。该检波器数字信号处理系统以TI公司的高性能数字信号处理芯片为核心，辅以必要的电路，实现了对加速度信号的高精度检测和误差信号的补偿。测试结果表明，检波器在共振频率以上有较好的频率响应，输入信号与输出信号吻合较好；检波器在共振频率以下亦有较好的频率响应。最后给出了检波器频率响应曲线。     

Comparison of decentralized velocity feedback control for thin homogeneous and stiff sandwich panels using electrodynamic proof-mass actuators

Theoretical and experimental work is presented to compare the effect of decentralised velocity feedback control on thin homogeneous and sandwich panels. The decentralised control system consists of five control units, which are composed of a proof-mass electrodynamic actuator with an accelerometer underneath its footprint and an analogue controller. The stability of the feedback loops is analysed by considering the sensor-actuator open-loop frequency response function of each control unit and the eigenvalues of the fully populated matrix of open-loop frequency response functions between the five sensors and five actuators. The control performance is then analysed in terms of the time-averaged total kinetic energy and total sound power radiated by the two panels. The results show that for a stiff sandwich panel higher stable feedback gains can be implemented than on a thin homogeneous panel of comparable weight per unit area. Moreover the implementation of decentralised velocity feedback can offset some of the undesirable sound transmission properties of lightweight sandwich structures by efficiently reducing structural vibration and sound power radiation in the mid audio frequency range.     

波长扫描极值解调法实现光纤光栅应变和温度传感的测量

本文用可编程调谐光纤光栅环行腔激光器作扫描光源,采用波长扫描极值传感解调法对光纤光栅应变及温度进行了测量。应变测量范围为±2440με,灵敏度为0.016step/με;温度测量范围达608℃,灵敏度为0.13step/℃。     

Effective suppression of pneumatic vibration isolators by using input-output linearization and time delay control

This paper presents a new state space representation of pneumatic vibration isolators (PVIs) and a design of a robust control, Time Delay Control (TDC), based on it. The new state space model, derived by using the input-output linearization method, is of the phase variable form with the air mass-flow as the control input. This model offers a framework that enables simultaneous suppression of both seismic vibration and direct disturbance (or payload disturbance) with an accelerometer only. Based on this model, TDC is designed and verified with experiments on a single chamber PVI with an accelerometer only. In the experiment, the PVI with TDC successfully suppresses seismic vibration and direct disturbance, both individually and simultaneously. Faced with seismic vibration, the transmissibility of the PVI with TDC has virtually no resonance peak at low frequency; under direct disturbance, the former achieves a 68 percent reduction in settling time of the latter. The final analysis of experimental result shows that TDC effectively estimates the modeling error along with other uncertainties and cancels them, while achieving desired closed-loop dynamics.     

Compact FBG diaphragm accelerometer based on L-shaped rigid cantilever beam

A compact fiber Bragg grating(FBG) diaphragm accelerometer based on L-shaped rigid cantilever beam is proposed and experimentally demonstrated.The sensing system is based on the integration of a flat diaphragm and an L-shaped rigid cantilever beam.The FBG is pre-tensioned and the two side points are fixed,efficiently avoiding the unwanted chirp effect of grating.Dynamic vibration measurement shows that the proposed FBG diaphragm accelerometer provides a wide frequency response range(0-110 Hz) and an extremely high sensitivity(106.5 pm/g),indentifying it as a good candidate for embedding structural health monitoring and seismic wave measurement.     

A Fiber Optic Non- Contact Accelerometer

A novel non-contact fiber optic accelerometer is presented. Two laser beams that have passed through two different lengths of feed fibers are launched to the same moving target. The frequency of each beam is Doppler shifted by movement of the target. The frequency shift of the laser beam corresponds to the velocity of the target at the time of launch. The difference in launching time due to the difference in feed fiber lengths samples the velocities of the target at times spaced by the differential arrival times of the laser beams. Two return passes of the reflected light are also made different so that the light passed through the shorter feed fiber is steered to the longer return fiber by means of a combination of A/4 plate and polarization beam splitter (PBS). This arrangement of equalizing the total paths relieved a stringent requirement of the coherency of the laser. Two reflected light beams are mixed and the beat frequency corresponds to the difference in the Doppler shift frequency at two different times of arrival of the launcher. An accelerometer based upon this principle was constructed and its performance was examined using a sinusoidally vibrating hydrophone as a target. Features of such an accelerometer are reduction in the coherency requirements of the light source and simpler amplification of the signal using heterodyne detection.On leave of absence from Department of Optical Engineering, Zhejiang University, HangZhou, China 310027     

一种新型GRIN透镜光纤加速度计的研究

研究了一种新颖的光纤加速度计,阐述了三光纤GRIN透镜加速度敏感元件的工作原理及其结构设计.该传感器包括三根光纤、一个GRIN透镜和一个质量块.根据光功率耦合原理,对透镜倾斜时的误差进行了定量分析.该加速度计具有结构新颖、体积小和灵敏度高等优点,是一种具有多用途的加速度传感器.     

A frequency shift curve based damage detection method for cylindrical shell structures

A novel damage detection method based on frequency shift curve (FSC) is developed for cylindrical shell structures. The FSC is caused by auxiliary mass containing both the natural frequencies and mode shapes information. According to axis-symmetry, the FSC is flat when there is no damage. However, it shows obvious periodic peaks when localized imperfections or damages occur. Furthermore, for the +2nd FSC, the trough with minimum value indicates the circumferential location of the damage and the difference between the lowest trough value and the values of the other three troughs represents the severity of the local damage. Through changing the location of the accelerometer, which can be considered as an auxiliary mass itself, around the cylindrical shell circumference, the FSCs can be measured and then the damage can be detected and located. Moreover, the difference between the averages of ±2nd FSCs also reflects the severity of damages. Numerical simulation and experimental tests have confirmed the finding. Compared with other vibration based methods, the proposed method is fast, sensitive and feasible to implement in practice as the measured frequency is more accurate than the mode shapes, and only a single accelerometer is required in the tests.