Wetting characteristics of ZnO smooth film and nanowire structure with and without OTS coating

ZnO is an important material that is used in a variety of technologies including optical devices, sensors, and other microsystems. In many of these technologies, wettability is of great concern because of its implications in numerous surface related interactions. In this work, the effects of surface morphology and surface energy on the wetting characteristics of ZnO were investigated. ZnO specimens were prepared in both smooth film and nanowire structure in order to investigate the effects of surface morphology. Also, a hydrophobic octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS) coating was used to chemically modify the surface energy of the ZnO surface. Wettability of the surfaces was assessed by measuring the water contact angle. The results showed that the water contact angle varied significantly with surface morphology as well as surface energy. OTS coated ZnO nanowire specimen had the highest contact angle of 150°, which corresponded to a superhydrophobic surface. This was a drastic difference from the contact angle of 87° obtained for the smooth ZnO film specimen. In addition to the initial contact angle, the evolution of the water droplet with respect to time was investigated. The wetting state of water droplet was analyzed with both Wenzel and Cassie-Baxter models. Spontaneous and gradual spreading, together with evaporation phenomenon contributed to the changing shape, and hence the varying contact angle, of the water droplet over time.     

基于格子Boltzmann方法的液滴沿固壁铺展动态过程模拟

矿井喷雾降尘是利用水雾使粉尘润湿沉降的过程,考虑到固体与液体间分子作用力,本文采用格子Boltzmann方法对液滴沿固壁铺展的动力学行为进行了数值模拟,结果发现铺展直径及动态接触角随时间呈指数规律,确定了液滴表面张力与铺展最大直径间的关系,固壁润湿性对铺展最大速度值影响较大,这些与物理试验及文献结果符合良好. 进一步考察了疏水性强的固壁,发现当液滴表面张力足够小时,铺展接触角可以在90°以下,与理论公式符合. 研究发现铺展过程中伴随着振荡,且铺展到最大时液膜有回缩趋势. 关键词： 液滴 格子Boltzmann方法 铺展 数值模拟     

弯曲表面上光的临界反射现象及其应用

本文在实验上发现了在流体表面上反射光场光强分布的奇异现象机制分析为一种表面临界反射,用几何光学理论分析,可将这一现象应用于流体的润湿接触角测流体的表面张力系数.     

润湿性梯度驱动液滴运动的格子Boltzmann模拟

运用考虑了固体与液体间分子作用力的格子Boltzmann方法,数值研究了由于固液界面上表面张力梯度引起的Marangoni效应驱动的液滴运动.当表面张力梯度较小时,计算结果和前人的理论预测符合较好.而表面张力梯度较大时,由于液滴不变形和准平衡态等假设不再满足,理论预测的液滴运动速度高于数值模拟的结果.计算结果显示,在向亲水端运动过程中液滴内部出现旋涡结构,当润湿性梯度较大时,其前进速度和接触角随时间变化出现振荡.     

润湿性梯度驱动液滴运动的格子Boltzmann模拟

运用考虑了固体与液体间分子作用力的格子Boltzmann方法,数值研究了由于固液界面上表面张力梯度引起的Marangoni效应驱动的液滴运动.当表面张力梯度较小时,计算结果和前人的理论预测符合较好.而表面张力梯度较大时,由于液滴不变形和准平衡态等假设不再满足,理论预测的液滴运动速度高于数值模拟的结果.计算结果显示,在向亲水端运动过程中液滴内部出现旋涡结构,当润湿性梯度较大时,其前进速度和接触角随时间变化出现振荡. 关键词： 润湿性 格子Boltzmann方法 Marangoni效应 液滴     

A molecular dynamics study of effective parameters on nano-droplet surface tension

The main purpose of this paper is to numerically study the effect of droplet radius, temperature, and surface wettability on droplet surface tension. Moreover, the validity of Young-Laplace equation (Y-L) for nano-droplet is examined. Simulations of droplet surrounded by its vapor and droplet on solid surface are carried out and the results are compared to each other in order to comprehend the role of surface wettability on droplet surface tension. The pair potential for the liquid-liquid and liquid-solid interaction is considered using Lennard-Jones model. Different numbers of atoms and surface wettabilities are employed to generate droplet of different radiuses. In addition, contact angle of droplet on solid surface is computed. Pressure tensor and density profile is locally calculated. Furthermore, liquid pressure is evaluated far from the interface using the virial theorem and gas pressure is obtained using an equation of state. In order to calculate the surface tension, two different approaches are employed; Young-Laplace equation and direct molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. The surface tension increases with increase in droplet radius and it is seen that the surface wettability does not directly influence the surface tension.     

The debate on the dependence of apparent contact angles on drop contact area or three-phase contact line: A review

A sessile drop is an isolated drop which has been deposited on a solid substrate where the wetted area is limited by the three-phase contact line and characterized by contact angle, contact radius and drop height. Although, wetting has been studied using contact angles of drops on solids for more than 200 years, the question remains unanswered: Is wetting of a rough and chemically heterogeneous surface controlled by the interactions within the solid/liquid contact area beneath the droplet or only at the three-phase contact line? After the publications of Pease in 1945, Extrand in 1997, 2003 and Gao and McCarthy in 2007 and 2009, it was proposed that advancing, receding contact angles, and contact angle hysteresis of rough and chemically heterogeneous surfaces are determined by interactions of the liquid and the solid at the three-phase contact line alone and the interfacial area within the contact perimeter is irrelevant. As a consequence of this statement, the well-known Wenzel (1934) and Cassie (1945) equations which were derived using the contact area approach are proposed to be invalid and should be abandoned. A hot debate started in the field of surface science after 2007, between the three-phase contact line and interfacial contact area approach defenders. This paper presents a review of the published articles on contact angles and summarizes the views of the both sides. After presenting a brief history of the contact angles and their measurement methods, we discussed the basic contact angle theory and applications of contact angles on the characterization of flat, rough and micropatterned superhydrophobic surfaces. The weak and strong sides of both three-phase contact line and contact area approaches were discussed in detail and some practical conclusions were drawn.     

A new laser shadowgraphy method for measurements of dynamic contact angle and simultaneous flow visualization in a sessile drop

A new laser shadowgraphy method is presented to measure the dynamic contact angle of a sessile drop on a nontransparent metal substrate and simultaneously visualize flow motions inside the drop. A collimated laser beam is refracted into the drop, then reflected on the substrate surface and finally refracted out of the drop to form a shadowgraphic image on a screen. The instant diameters of the refracted-shadowgraphic image, cooperated with the corresponding instant contact-diameters of the drop measured from the magnified top view, are used to determine the instant contact angles of the sessile drop. At the same time, flow motions, if any, in the drop can be visualized from the refracted-shadowgraphic image. The new method is demonstrated to be a very simple, accurate, and unique optical technique for simultaneous measuring of the dynamic contact angle of a liquid drop spreading on a nontransparent metal substrate with flow visualization in the drop.     

Measures of wettability of solid surfaces

The surface tension of a solid surface is not amenable to direct experimental measurement. The most common method for assessing this surface tension is by contact angle measurements. The currently optimal way to measure and interpret contact angles is discussed, emphasizing the yet unresolved issues. It is argued that the most meaningful measurements to be done are of the most stable apparent contact angle (from which the surface tension of the solid is eventually assessed) and the contact angle hysteresis range (which indicates the existence and degree of chemical heterogeneities and roughness).     

Assessing the equation of state and comparing it with other relationships used for determining the surface tension of solids

Some facts regarding the equation of state (EQS) in calculating the surface tension of solids by means of contact angle measurements were manifested. In the present investigation, it was mathematically proved that the surface tension of a solid as estimated by the EQS is in fact equivalent to the Zisman critical surface tension for that same solid. Additionally, the applicability of the EQS's approach in attaining the surface tension of powdered solids by the aid of the capillary rise procedure is also discussed and its limitations are clarified. Furthermore, a methodology was devised so that the surface tension of solids as determined by the EQS could be compared with those calculated by approaches using components of surface tension. This methodology revealed that the applications of approaches based on the geometric mean (i.e. Owens/Wendt and van Oss et al. relationships) are restricted to achieving only high surface tensions of solids.     

平衡接触角对受热液滴在水平壁面上铺展特性的影响

壁面温度是影响壁面润湿性的重要外部条件. 为解决液滴铺展中三相接触线处应力集中问题, 已有研究多采用预置液膜假设, 但无法探究壁面温度对润湿性的影响. 本文针对受热液滴在固体壁面上的铺展过程, 基于润滑理论建立了演化模型, 通过数值模拟, 从平衡接触角角度分析了温度影响壁面润湿性及铺展过程的内部机理. 研究表明: 随温度梯度增大, 液滴所受Marangoni效应增强, 致使液滴向低温区的铺展速率加快; 铺展过程中, 位于高温区的接触线与液滴主体部分间形成一层薄液膜, 重力与热毛细力先后主导该区域的铺展; 当液-固或气-液界面张力对温度的敏感度高于另两个界面时, 低温区方向的平衡接触角不断增大, 使壁面润湿性恶化, 导致液滴铺展减慢; 而当气-固界面张力对温度的敏感度高于其他两个界面时, 低温区方向上的平衡接触角将减小, 由此改善壁面润湿性, 加快液滴铺展; 在温度影响壁面润湿性和液滴铺展过程中, 平衡接触角起关键作用.     

Relationship between sliding acceleration of water droplets and dynamic contact angles on hydrophobic surfaces

This study measured sliding acceleration of water droplets on hydrophobic solid surfaces and used expanding and contracting method to compare that value with dynamic contact angles. Sliding action of the droplet was classified into three motion categories: constant accelerated motion, constant velocity and stasis. Differences exist in the dependencies of contact radius and the injection-suction rate in dynamic contact angle hysteresis according to these categories. This method is an effective indicator of water droplets’ sliding acceleration.     

Effect of contact line curvature on solid-fluid surface tensions without line tension

For sessile droplets partially wetting a solid surface, it has been observed experimentally that the value of the contact angle depends on the contact line curvature and this dependence has been attributed to tension in the contact line. But previous analyses of these observations have neglected adsorption at the solid-liquid interface and its effect on the surface tension of this interface. We show that if this adsorption is taken into account the relation between the contact angle and contact line curvature is completely accounted for without introducing line tension. Further, from the observed relation between the contact angle and contact line curvature, the adsorption at the solid-liquid interface can be determined, as can the surface tensions of the solid-liquid and solid-vapor interfaces.     

基于范德瓦尔斯表面张力模式液滴撞击疏水壁面过程的研究

液滴撞击疏水壁面过程的研究在介观流体力学和微流体作用材料科学的研究中具有重要的理论意义和工程价值. 论文在SPH方法中引入范德瓦尔斯状态方程处理液滴表面张力, 考虑流体粒子之间远程吸引, 近程排斥的内部作用力, 提出了流体粒子与疏水壁面粒子间势能函数与表面张力相结合的作用模式. 通过模拟真空条件下两个静止的等体积液滴相互融合的过程, 验证了计算模式在模拟液滴的表面张力中的有效性. 采用该模式模拟的液滴撞击疏水壁面过程, 不仅能够有效地模拟液滴撞击壁面后的变形过程, 而且清晰地模拟出液滴的回弹、腾空以及二次撞壁现象的完整过程. 模拟结果与液滴撞击疏水壁面的实验结果以及VOF模拟结果符合较好, 表明本文所提出的表面张力和疏水壁面作用力处理模式对模拟液滴撞壁过程具有实际应用价值.     

用晶格玻尔兹曼方法研究微结构表面的疏水性能

将固体表面分别近似为具有简单的周期性矩形、三角形和半圆形微粗糙结构表面,建立了两相流的晶格玻尔兹曼模型.通过测量不同微粗糙结构表面上液滴的接触角,探讨微结构形状和尺寸的改变对固体材料表面疏水性能的影响.最后,由流体在各种糙壁管中的速度滑移,验证了结论的正确性.     

超疏水聚合物表面的水滴蒸发模拟

基于质量守恒和Fick第一定律，模拟了水滴在超疏水聚合物表面的蒸发全过程．研究从以往的接触角<90±扩展到>150±，液滴形貌扩展为椭球球帽模型进行疏水表面蒸发模拟．水滴在超疏水PC和FPU/PMMA表面蒸发的实验结果显示，计算的椭球球帽模型可以更好的反映出液滴接触角和高度的变化情况，并且不同聚合物表面接触角的相同变化趋势也揭示出微-纳二级结构表面结构不仅影响液滴接触角，也影响液滴蒸发模式．     

Droplet transient migration and dynamic force balance mechanism on vibration-controlled micro-texture surfaces

In this paper, forced vibration was used to regulate the droplet migration, fully recording the transient migration of droplets on a micro-textured substrate under the resonance frequency by a high-speed camera. The influence of resonance frequency and dynamic migration characteristics of droplets on the solid micro-texture surface under lateral vibration were researched. The experiment demonstrates that the driving force is caused by the difference between the left and right contact angles made the droplet oscillate and migrate, and as time t increases, the left and right contact points are periodically shifted and the amplitude of migration increases. Therefore, based on the droplet migration behavior and its force balance mechanism, a spring vibration model of migration behavior of the vibrating droplet micro unit was set up to predict the complete trajectory of its migration on a solid surface. The calculation results show that the theoretical displacement is less than the experimental displacement, and the longer the time, the larger the difference. Affected by the vibration, part of the droplet permeates through the micro-texture, resulting in the droplet losing height and the contact angle becoming smaller as well. While the other part of droplet overcomes the internal surface tension to migrate.     

应用激光蚀刻不同微织构表面的润湿性

运用激光微织构技术, 通过控制微凹坑形状、间距、深度等参数, 在45#钢表面制备了一组表面算术平均偏差S_a相同但表面微观结构不同的试件. 使用Talysulf CCI Lite 非接触式三维光学轮廓仪对表面进行测量, 采用ISO 25178三维形貌表征参数对其形貌进行表征. 在SL200 KS光学法固液接触角和界面张力仪上针对32#汽轮机油进行润湿性试验, 分析了温度、液滴体积、表面结构特征等因素对润湿性的影响, 并借助ISO25178中部分参数对固体表面形貌随机特征与其润湿性之间的关联性进行了量化研究. 基于固液本征接触角为锐角, 研究结果表明: 固液接触角在润湿过程中先迅速减小, 之后逐渐趋于稳定; 固液平衡接触角随温度的升高而减小, 随液滴体积的增大先增大后减小; 激光微织构能够改变表面润湿性, S_a相同的表面, 微织构形状、方向均影响表面润湿性, 当槽状微织构表面的槽方向与液滴铺展方向一致时, 润湿效果最优. ISO25178系列三维形貌表征参数中幅度参数(S_ku, S_sk)、空间参数(S_tr, S_al)、混合参数(S_dq, S_dr)与表面润湿性之间具有较强的关联性: S_ku, S_al, S_dr越大, S_sk, S_tr, S_dq 越小的表面, 固液平衡接触角越小, 表面润湿性越好.     

Field dependent shape variation of magnetic fluid droplets on magnetic dots

The morphology of magnetic fluid droplets on magnetic thin film dots is studied experimentally, including the aspect ratio and the contact angle variation of the droplets. Under a uniform external magnetic field, the droplet's aspect ratio increases with the external field and with the diameter of the magnetic dot due to the concentrated magnetic flux inside the magnetic fluid droplet. Similar to the electrical wetting phenomenon, the induced magnetic dipoles in the magnetic film and in the magnetic fluid near the solid–liquid interface change the solid–liquid interfacial tension, and in consequence reduce the apparent contact angle of the magnetic fluid droplet.