高静压物理变性处理糯玉米淀粉的糊化及重结晶机理研究

采用高静压技术(HHP)作为物理变性方法处理糯玉米淀粉,考察高静压力对糯玉米淀粉糊化及重结晶的影响。采用偏光显微镜及扫描电子显微镜观测处理后的淀粉颗粒的形态变化,激光粒度分析仪用于记录淀粉颗粒的粒度分布及变化规律;利用红外光谱技术分析可能发生的微观二级结构变化,结合X射线衍射曲线及DSC差热分析曲线,验证淀粉颗粒内部结构的变化。结果表明:300MPa的高静压对淀粉具有压缩作用,使其粒度减小,结晶度提高,起始糊化温度、糊化焓值增加;450MPa高静压处理后,淀粉的结晶结构几乎完全被破坏,糊化度达到95%,膨胀度为57.07%,并以此验证了HHP处理会导致淀粉颗粒发生有限膨胀;600MPa高静压处理后,淀粉颗粒发生重结晶现象,表现为典型的多峰、宽峰DSC曲线,结晶度增加。综合本研究及其他研究成果,提出"3个发展阶段"的HHP对糯玉米淀粉颗粒微观结构变化的新机制,包括:颗粒被压缩、内部结晶结构解体及颗粒解体并重新排序阶段。     

水分对高静压处理不同类型淀粉微观结构的影响

利用高静压(HHP)作为物理变性方法处理糯玉米淀粉和木薯淀粉,考察水分含量对不同类型淀粉的糊化及重结晶的影响。用偏光显微镜、扫描电子显微镜观测HHP处理后淀粉颗粒的形态变化,利用激光粒度分析仪记录淀粉颗粒的粒度分布及变化规律,结合X射线衍射曲线及低场核磁共振图谱,分析淀粉颗粒内水分的结合方式及程度。结果表明:当粉水比(淀粉质量和水质量之比)为3/10~5/10时,在HHP处理下,两种淀粉均发生结晶解体和溶胀现象。糯玉米淀粉的重结晶程度顺序为4/10粉水比3/10粉水比5/10粉水比;木薯淀粉颗粒结晶结构完全消失,结晶破坏的程度是3/10粉水比4/10粉水比5/10粉水比。随着水分含量增大,糯玉米淀粉及木薯淀粉的粒度逐渐增大。干燥后淀粉中的水分主要以结合水的形式存在,且水分参与结晶结构的形成。     

动态超高压微射流对糯米淀粉结构的影响

以6%的糯米淀粉溶液为原料,并采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM),紫外-可见(UV/Vis),偏光显微(PLM),X射线衍射(XRD)分析动态超高压微射流处理对糯米淀粉微观结构的影响。结果表明：动态超高压微射流处理后,扫描电镜显示不同压力处理下的糯米淀粉颗粒结构受到不同程度的破坏,经过160 MPa处理后,淀粉颗粒被冲击成片状; 紫外-可见分析中碘兰值变小,支链淀粉含量减小,表明超高压处理过程中支链淀粉的结构被破坏; 偏光显微显示糯米淀粉颗粒的偏光十字随着处理压力的增加逐渐模糊,经160 MPa处理后,多数淀粉颗粒偏光十字消失; X射线衍射分析表明在120 MPa处理后,相对结晶度开始降低,但降低幅度较小。     

动态高压微射流对玉米直链淀粉结构的影响

以玉米直链淀粉为研究对象,采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、原子力显微镜(AFM)、X射线衍射及红外光谱研究了动态高压微射流(DHPM)不同压力处理(80～200MPa)对直链淀粉结构的影响。结果表明,扫描电镜显示玉米直链淀粉经DHPM处理后,其表面形貌发生改变,颗粒结构被破坏,有团聚现象;原子力图像显示处理后的淀粉分子相互交联缔合,排列成紧密的网状结构;X射线衍射和红外光谱分析得出处理后的直链淀粉晶型未改变,结晶度随压力增大而减小,这为DHPM对淀粉改性提供了理论基础。     

对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯-ε-己内酯共聚酯中硬链段结晶特性研究

利用广角X射线衍射和傅里叶变换红外光谱研究了对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯-ε-己内酯(TCL)共聚酯中对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(ET)硬链段的晶区结构和结晶特性。结果表明,在ET硬段含量较高的TCL共聚酯中,ET链段的结晶特性与纯的聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)基本相同。ET硬段晶区的尺寸和结晶度均随链段序列长度的减小而减小。     

用X射线粉末衍射法测定晶体结构

测定的晶体结构方法很多,不同方法可以相互补充和验证.X射线衍射是测定物质相结构最常用、最方便的一种方法.本文仅就多晶X射线衍射方法测定材料的晶体结构作一简要的叙述. 一、X射线粉末衍射方法 用于测定物质晶体结构的X射线粉末衍射的主要方法简述如下.1.德拜-谢乐照相法 光源用单色X射线,试样为多晶转动样品,用对X射线灵敏的胶片记录全部衍射线的位置、强度和形状.由于底片安装方式不同,有对称型正规法、对称型背射法和反对称法三种.此法只需 0.1mg试样,试样的吸收系数可以调节,使整个照片衍射强度比较均匀. 对于对称型的粉末照片,必…     

高静压对淀粉结构及糊化性质的影响

综述了高静压对淀粉的影响。阐述了高静压的定义及其原理,与高静压的作用直接相关的淀粉结构及其性质。根据文献资料报道对25种以上淀粉的研究表明,高静压不仅对淀粉结构影响明显,包括微观结构、宏观颗粒形态,而且对淀粉糊化过程及性质也有较大的影响。施加的压力、淀粉的种类、处理温度、溶液浓度不同,对淀粉的结构和糊化影响也显著不同。大量的研究表明,高静压对淀粉的处理是有潜力的非热物理变性的手段,通过利用不同的高静压处理手段,得到不同品质的高静压淀粉产品,使淀粉在不同的领域中发挥更大的作用。     

用SAXS和XRD方法研究TiO2纳米颗粒微观结构

用溶胶-凝胶方法制备了TiO₂纳米样品,并对该样品在300℃到800℃温度区域进行了退火处理.应用同步辐射X射线粉末衍射(XRD)方法研究了经不同热处理温度的TiO₂纳米颗粒的结构相变.应用同步辐射小角X射线散射(SAXS)方法研究了TiO₂纳米颗粒的表面分形与界面特性.得到纳米颗粒粒度与退火温度的变化规律,讨论了表面界面特征与相变的关系. 关键词： X射线小角散射 X射线衍射 2纳米颗粒')" href="#">TiO₂纳米颗粒     

动态高压微射流作用对膳食纤维结晶结构的影响

 利用N₂吸附法、X射线衍射、傅立叶红外光谱仪（FTIR）等手段,对动态高压微射流技术（Dynamic High Pressure Microfluidization,DHPM）处理前后膳食纤维的比表面积和结晶结构的变化进行表征,研究DHPM对膳食纤维结晶结构的影响。结果表明,经DHPM处理后,膳食纤维的比表面积显著高于未处理的原料膳食纤维（p<0.05）。在40~140 MPa压力区间,样品的比表面积随DHPM处理压力的升高而增加,处理压力为140  MPa时,达到最大值为2.887 5 m²/g。压力继续增大,微小颗粒间的重新聚集,使其对N₂的可及度减小,比表面积下降。X射线衍射结果显示,DHPM处理并没有使膳食纤维的晶型发生改变,为纤维素Ⅰ型。经DHPM处理后,样品表观结晶度显著减小,内部的有序度下降。处理压力越大样品的表观结晶度越小。FTIR光谱分析表明,DHPM处理会破坏膳食纤维内的部分氢键,处理压力越大,作用效果越明显。     

化学合成的钯改性的NiFe2O4纳米颗粒的结构和磁性

采用溶胶-凝胶自动燃烧方法合成了镍铁-钯复合材料NiFe₂O₄-Pd的磁性纳米颗粒. 样品在800 ℃烧结6 h生成结晶相. X射线衍射证实样品呈尖晶石结构. 利用场发射扫描电子显微镜研究结构形态和纳米颗粒的大小. 饱和磁化强度在100和300 K时,随着钯含量增加达5%降低,但加入10%Pd时磁化强度突然上升.     

Influence of botanic origin and amylose content on the morphology of starch nanocrystals

Starch nanocrystals (SNC) are crystalline platelets resulting from the disruption of the semi-crystalline structure of starch granules by the acid hydrolysis of amorphous parts. The aim of this study was to assess the influence of botanic origin and amylose content of native starches on the morphology and properties of resulting nanoparticles. SNC were prepared from five different starches normal maize, high amylose maize, waxy maize, potato, and wheat; covering three botanic origins, two crystalline types, and three range of amylose content (0, 25, and 70%) for maize starch. Different types of nanocrystals were obtained with a thickness ranging between 4 and 8 nm and diameter from about 50 to 120 nm depending on the source. The comparison of their morphology, crystallinity, and rheological properties is proposed for the first time. For the same amylose content, maize, potato, and wheat resulted in rather similar size and crystallinity of SNC proving the limited influence of the botanic origin. For the same botanic origin (maize), differences in size were more important indicating the influence of the amylopectin content. Also, particles tended to show square shapes with increasing native starch’s amylopectin content and A-type crystalinity. Thus, only high amylose content starches should be avoided to prepare SNC.     

Effects of high hydrostatic pressure on β-glucan content,swelling power,starch damage,and pasting properties of high-β-glucan barley flour

ABSTRACT

The effects of high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) on the physicochemical properties of high-β-glucan barley flour were investigated in the present study. Dough samples were made from two types of barley flour with low and high β-glucan content, respectively, and treated with HHP (200–600?MPa) for 10?min. Although the elevation of pasting properties for the samples treated at 600?MPa was reduced to the same extent as that in wheat flour at normal atmospheric pressure, β-glucan content was maintained regardless of the pressure applied. The significant increase in starch damage of the dough samples at 550 and 600?MPa was confirmed by the results of microscopic observation, which revealed that elliptical starch granules were cracked and damaged in samples with low β-glucan at 600?MPa, and in samples with high β-glucan content at 400?MPa or more. X-ray diffraction patterns of the samples treated at 600?MPa indicated the formation of amylose-lipid complexes that were considered to inhibit the elevation of viscosity.     

The application of high pressure–mild temperature processing for prolonging the shelf-life of strawberry purée

The aim of this study was to monitor the shelf-life and quality of strawberry purée preserved using combined high pressure processing (HPP)–mild temperature processing at 300 and 600?MPa for 15 min during cold storage (6°C). Increasing the pressure resulted in a prolonged shelf-life of from 4 to 28 weeks for HPP-preserved purée at 300 and 600?MPa, respectively. The highest inactivation of peroxidases, pectinesterases and polygalacturonases was noted when a higher pressure was used, whereas a lower pressure was more efficient for polyphenoloxidases. The degradation of vitamin C and anthocyanins was 20% and 5% higher at 600?MPa than at 300?MPa, respectively. Significantly fewer changes in the colour coefficient, expressed as ΔE, and the browning index, were observed in purée preserved at 600?MPa. Oxidative and hydrolytic enzymes are highly pressure-resistant, which suggests other inhibitors should be used to increase the shelf-life of good-quality fruit products.     

The variability of times to detect growth from individual Clostridium botulinum type E endospores is differentially affected by high pressure treatments

High pressure thermal (HPT) processing is a candidate technology for the production of safe and stable food. However, little is known about the effect of HPT or high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) treatments at ambient temperature on the variability of times to detect growth from individual spores. We investigated this effect by treating Clostridium botulinum type E spores with HHP (200–600?MPa, 20°C) and HPT (600?MPa, 80°C and 800?MPa, 60°C). Our results indicate that the mean detection times increase and the frequency distribution shifts toward longer times when HHP treatment intensity is increased. HPT treatments result in a highly scattered distribution. In contrast, pressure levels ≤300?MPa decrease detection times and heterogeneity of their distribution, which could lead to an increase in the potential risk originating from C. botulinum type E spores. Data provided here could help to refine risk assessment regarding this important food intoxicator.     

High pressure equipment for food processing

Abstract

Processing food with pressure improves the quality and shelf life of the product. The pressure required is normally 600 to 900 MPa (approximately 6000 to 9000 atm). Equipment for high pressure food processing is available today from ABB Pressure Systems AB. The plant can have a through-put of 300 to 6000 litres per hour at 600 MPa pressure depending on the size of the press. The processing cost at 600 MPa is between 3 to 20 pence per litre depending on production capacity. Processing at 900 MPa instead of 600 MPa will increase the cost 50%, while prolonging the processing time from 3 minutes to 6 minutes at 600 MPa, i.e. introducing a hold time, increases the cost 100%. Pressure is thus cheaper than time. The food is prepacked in flexible material and loaded into the high pressure vessel. Pure water is used as pressure transmitting medium. The pressure is increased to the value required. After decompression the food is ready for distribution.     

Enrichment of free amino acid content and reduction of astringent taste compounds in soybean by high hydrostatic pressure

ABSTRACT

We investigated the effect of high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) on the distribution of free amino acids and isoflavones in soybean immediately after pressure treatment (100–600?MPa, 10–60?min). HHP-treatment at 200 and 300?MPa resulted in high accumulation of free amino acids. Additionally, Gly, Val, and Pro levels increased even after HHP of 400?MPa. The application of HHP-treatment to soybean decreased sources of an astringent taste such as genistein-, daizein-, and glycitein-type molecules under all pressure conditions over 200?MPa. High accumulation of free amino acids with specific pressure–time conditions would be caused by the acceleration of proteolysis and specific amino acid metabolism. We concluded that HHP alone with no subsequent storage enabled the enrichment of specific amino acids such as GABA, Glu, Lys, and Pro in soybean. Soybean with enrichment of these amino acids and improved taste should be an innovative component of functional foods.     

超高压引发胰蛋白构象变化与酶活性间的关系

采用超高压技术处理胰蛋白酶,改变其空间结构,研究酶空间结构变化与酶活力之间的关系。采用傅立叶红外光谱(FTIR)检测超高压处理后胰蛋白酶的二级结构变化;采用荧光光谱检测处理后胰蛋白酶的三级结构;酶活力的检测采用福林酚法。结果显示,与未处理的相比,在37 ℃,不同压力(100～600 MPa)条件处理20 min,对胰蛋白酶活力影响显著(p＜0.05)。其中,300 MPa处理,胰蛋白酶活力达到最大,较未处理的酶活提高了0.386倍。FTIR检测分析显示,300 MPa处理的胰蛋白酶,α-螺旋与β-转角的峰面积比值达到最大(2.749);内源性荧光光谱检测结果显示,当激发波长为295 nm,其荧光强度达到最高值(1 353);激发波长为280 nm,其荧光强度达到最高(4 262);外源性荧光光谱结果显示,当激发波长为228 nm,疏水氨基酸残基的荧光强度达到最高(2 022); 上述荧光强度的变化较0.1 MPa处理的胰蛋白酶均有显著差异(p＜0.05)。结论：超高压处理影响胰蛋白酶的空间结构及酶活性。其中,胰蛋白酶活性与α-螺旋和β-转角的峰面积的比值、色氨酸等疏水氨基酸及酪氨酸残基暴露程度有关。     

高压与加热协同处理对牛肌肉中蛋白酶活性的影响

在不同温度(20～60℃)和压力(0.1～600 MPa)下处理20 min,对牛肌肉中蛋白酶活性的影响进行了研究.结果显示:室温下,随着处理压力的增加,酶的活力显著下降,而压力达400 MPa及以上时,酶的活力则没有明显变化,同时在pH值为3和7.5时酶的活性几乎完全丧失.200 MPa以下的压力处理使肌肉中游离氨基...     

High-pressure effects on cooking loss and histological structure of beef muscle

In this study, we investigate the effects of high pressures (up to 600 MPa) applied at room temperature for 10 min on beef cooking loss and structure. The data on cooking loss, pH and protein solubility, as well as the electron microscopy, illustrate the changes in cooking loss and structure with high pressure processing (HPP). There is a significant reduction in cooking loss of beef with HPP. When the beef sample is imposed upon by 300 or 400 MPa, the cooking loss reduction is about 12%. Further, the pH of beef is dramatically increased as the pressure increases, and the pH increases by about 5% when imposed upon by 500 MPa. When a high pressure was applied at room temperature, the structure of the beef tissue apparently changed. Muscle fiber fragments gradually became slender and sarcomeres became lengthened. Our data indicated that high-pressure treatment on beef leads to stretching of the muscle fiber and an increase in the water-holding capacity.     

Effect of 300 and 500 MPa pressure treatments on starch–water adsorption/desorption isotherms and hysteresis

Pressure treatments of 300 and 500?MPa during 15?min were found to change starch–water sorption (adsorption and desorption) isotherms and the hysteresis effect, particularly the 500?MPa. This last treatment shifted the adsorption/desorption isotherms downward, compared with non-treated starch and starch treated at 300?MPa. The observed hysteresis effect decreased with the increase in pressure level in the whole a_w range, indicating that adsorption and desorption isotherms became closer. Guggenheim–Anderson–De Boer and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller model parameters Cb, Cg, K and Mm also showed changes caused by pressure, the latter being lower in the pressure-processed samples, thus indicating possible changes on microbial and (bio)chemical stabilities of pressure-processed food products containing starch.