利用普通视频CCD作为紫外激光和软X射线探测器的研究

 介绍了利用价格便宜的普通视频CCD来获取紫外激光和软X射线图像的方法和应用结果，以代替价格昂贵的紫外CCD、使用不方便的X光胶片或者昂贵的X光CCD，其关键点是：（1）去除CCD相机的自动增益校正；（2）将相机的校正系数γ值设置为1；（3）去除CCD相机前面的保护窗。作为一种简易的装置，可以用于紫外激光测量及激光与等离子体相互作用研究。结果表明，采用改造后的普通视频CCD测量紫外激光光斑，准确可靠，其灵敏度比科学级紫外CCD的低一个量级，它还可以测量软X射线的二维分布，作为X光针孔相机使用非常方便。     

X射线不同方向辐照80C196KC20单片机研究

 为明确X射线不同方向入射对器件的影响，利用中国测试技术研究院的直流SJ-A X光机产生的X射线，从与垂直80C196KC20单片机表面不同方向角度对单片机进行辐照试验。试验结果显示，随着辐照角度由0°增加到90°，单片机所受的影响逐渐减小，90°时最不明显，表明此种单片机外壳在对其X射线总剂量效应的影响最大，原因在于X射线在不同方向照射时，需要穿过不同厚度的封套材料，X射线在此过程受到的衰减不同。     

软X光平面镜反射率标定实验

报道了掠入射软X光平面镜反射率标定实验。实验利用北京同步辐射装置 (BSRF) 3W 1B束线及反射率计靶室 ,在束流 35mA～ 110mA、贮存环电子能量 2GeV专用光运行模式下 ,在 5 0eV～ 85 0eV能区分四个能段 ,进行了 5°掠入射Ni平面镜反射率标定实验。标定过程中用高灵敏度无死层的硅光二极管代替X射线二极管作探测器 ,输出信号提高 2～ 3个量级 ,可标定能区从 15 0eV～ 2 70eV拓展到 5 0eV～ 85 0eV ,给出了完整的 5°Ni平面镜反射率标定曲线。最后把实验数据与理论计算作了比对并进行了分析。     

微型X射线管出射谱特征研究及Be窗厚度确定

微型X射线管已广泛应用于现场元素分析、放射性医疗等领域,对于微型X射线管铍窗,普遍认为除保证管内真空外,应越薄越好。采用蒙特卡洛方法,模拟了从50～500 μm范围内共13个Be窗厚度的微型X射线管出射X射线谱。按照在应用中的作用,将出射X射线划分为不同能量段进行分析。通过分析谱线特征,发现Be窗厚度应依据其应用要求合理选择。因此,提出了K系特征X射线与轫致辐射强度的比值和低能射线与激发射线计数比值等参量作为评价Be窗厚度最优化的判断依据。除上述评判指标外,铍窗的厚度最优化选择还应考虑Be窗对不同能量X射线的屏蔽效果。依据模拟结果分析,原位(现场)X射线能量色散荧光分析应用中,Be窗厚度约250 μm的微型X射线管最为合适。与50 μm铍窗厚度出射射线相比,71.66%低能原级X射线被屏蔽,5~50 keV能量原级X射线仅有21.31%被屏蔽,低能射线强度占总X射线比值小于10%,且K系X射线占激发射线的比例仍保持较高的水平。因此,采用250 μm铍窗厚度的微型X射线管作为能量色散激发源,能保证探测器探测的有效信号比值较高,低能X射线对探测器的能量分辨率的影响最小,而且能量色散分析谱线的散射本底相对强度处于较低的水平,从而保证元素分析结果精准度。对于放射性治疗的应用中,则铍窗厚度越薄越好,此时,低能X射线具有较高的通量,能保证辐射剂量在治疗组织中剂量的集中。     

用于激光等离子体中X射线测量的单光子计数型CCD的标定

 介绍了单光子计数型CCD的工作原理。实验选择参数准确的X射线放射源前向辐照CCD的像元面，计数由此产生；通过积分获得X射线的强度分布，在CCD处于单光子计数状态下，扣除本底信号，得到该型CCD产生一个计数所需的光子能量，约6.453 eV。标定了该型CCD的探测效率。结果表明：在单光子计数型CCD的有效能区内，对于不同能量的入射光子，其探测效率不同，在5.3 keV处获得最高探测效率66％；随着能量的增大，探测效率降低。标定结果可为激光等离子体研究中定量测量X射线光谱提供实验参考。     

基于布拉格反射镜的X射线多色单能成像谱仪

报道了一种基于布拉格反射镜的多色单能成像谱仪研制工作,谱仪由针孔阵列、布拉格反射镜和CCD相机组成.大约有300个微孔的针孔阵列板置于布拉格镜前用于空间成像,通过布拉格反射镜的单色化,投射到CCD上的数百个小孔成像沿色散方向获得了能量分辨.经过图像处理,可以还原得到目标的多色单能二维成像.根据采用的布拉格分光元件和图像还原方法,谱仪的能量分辨达到了50—200（λ/Δλ）;针孔成像的空间分辨优于10 μm.同时还为该谱仪开发了专门的单能图像重建软件及图像数据后处理软件,可以在任意选择的窄能带内还原准单能图像.并重点介绍了该谱仪的优化设计、获得的技术指标以及专门研制的超短周期（2.5 nm）X射线W/B₄C多层镜. 关键词： X射线光学 诊断技术 布拉格反射镜 X射线多层镜     

高精度激光参数测量系统中衰减系统的研究与评价

 分析了楔形镜和中性玻璃衰减片组对光束的衰减原理，采用反射式楔形镜作为无像差定量衰减器，并同时使用中性玻璃衰减片组微调光束能量。实验测量了LD泵浦激光模式发生器基模和高阶模条件下激光束的M­²因子,结果表明：楔形镜反射式衰减器对光束质量无显著影响，将楔形镜第一次表面反射作为无像差定量衰减，入射角在0~55°范围内，单棱镜表面反射光束能量为入射光能量的4.3%，通过多块组合可以得到更大的衰减；可采用中性玻璃衰减片组对激光光束的衰减进行精细控制，使其满足CCD探测器动态范围要求。该结论可为高精度激光参数测量装置光衰减系统的研制提供理论依据。     

皮秒分幅相机在Z箍缩实验光谱测量中的应用

 在Angara-5-1装置进行的中俄联合Z箍缩实验中,通过在皮秒分幅相机针孔上粘贴不同种类和厚度的滤片,并利用皮秒分幅相机的光谱响应特性,对丝阵靶实验中产生的强脉冲软X光进行拍照,获得了各种负载不同能段的X光分幅像。通过对皮秒分幅相机和2.3 mm厚formvar膜滤片的光谱响应特性分析,以及对同一时刻粘贴2.3 mm厚formvar膜滤片和未粘贴2.3 mm厚formvar膜滤片两幅图像径向辐射强度波形的对比,确定出获取的X光辐射图像的能谱范围:不加formvar膜滤片的X光辐射图像光子能量大于70 eV,加formvar膜滤片的X光辐射图像光子能量大于150 eV,同时还确定出图像各部分的光子能量分布。     

单光子计数型CCD的蒙特卡罗模拟

建立了适用于研究PI-LCX:1300型单光子计数型CCD量子效率及多像素事件的蒙特卡罗模拟模型,采用蒙特卡罗程序Geant4对0.5~30.0 keV能量区间的X射线在CCD芯片中的输运进行了模拟研究。研究了X射线在CCD芯片中的能量沉积谱,给出了CCD探测X射线的效率曲线,其结果与厂家提供的效率曲线一致。研究了Si片厚度对探测效率的影响,结果表明在有效探测范围内,Si片越厚探测效率越高,而对较高能量的X射线,此趋势不明显。研究了能量沉积分布在多个像素中的问题,结果表明周围像素中的能量沉积主要由中心像素的特征X射线及瑞利散射X射线所贡献,在5~30 keV之间X射线能量越高,能量沉积效率越低,多像素污染效果越弱。     

斜辐照激光等离子体辐射X光子特性

 在神光Ⅱ高功率激光装置上,实验研究了激光斜辐照形成的激光等离子体辐射X射线光子的特性及真空喷射热等离子体流的方向。采用针孔X射线相机测量了钕玻璃激光（基频1.053 μm）辐照铝靶形成的激光铝等离子体辐射的X射线光子的空间分布,并针对正入射和入射激光斜辐照情况下测得的X射线光子量及特性进行了分析和比较。结果发现：入射激光斜辐照固体平面靶产生的向真空喷射热等离子体流的方向是垂直靶面（即法线方向）;正入射和斜入射激光叠加驱动靶时,一定程度上能改善激光辐照的均匀性,但等离子体源辐射的X射线光子数并未发现显著地增加;当激光斜辐照与靶相互作用时,激光能量被等离子体吸收下降。     

The impact of signal–noise ratio on degree of linear polarization measurement

The radiometric measurement is the basics of polarimetric measurement. This paper presents a simple approach for estimating the degree of linear polarization errors caused by the radiometric measurement uncertainty. According to the measurement principle of polarization CCD camera, we deduce the relation of the degree of linear polarization error to the signal–noise ratio and the polarization state (polarization angle or degree of linear polarization) of the incident light. It clearly shows that polarimetric accuracy of polarization CCD camera could deteriorate due to the low signal–noise ratio; The degree of linear polarization error has also been influenced by the polarization state of the incident light except the signal–noise ratio, and the large degree of linear polarization of the incident beams often contribute to the bigger measured degree of linear polarization errors for a fixed signal–noise ratio.     

Research on the interference fringe contrast in ground glass shape measurement

To measure the ground glass surface shape, the oblique incidence method applied using a Fizeau interferometer. Interferograms with sufficient contrast values are needed during the measurement. The formula to calculate the fringe contrast in ground glass shape measurement is derived to give an optimum incident angle for the ground glass with different surface roughness. Four specimens grinded by abrasives numbered #400, #700, #1500 and #2000 are measured, using aluminum coated mirror as the reflective flat in the experiment. The minimum incident angles of the four specimens are 83°, 82°, 76° and 75° respectively. The contrast values of the interferograms with the specimens at different incident angles are measured using phase shifting interferometry and the results match the theoretical ones. The oblique incidence method can be used to measure ground glasses grinded by #400 abrasive and finer ones. A sufficient contrast can be achieved with the incident angle slightly greater than the minimum angle.     

基于镀膜四面角锥棱镜技术的上层大气风场探测研究

阐述了“镀膜四面角锥棱镜（coating pyramid prism, CPP）”技术探测上层大气风场的原理,提出可以在四面角锥棱镜的4个面上分别按λ/4（λ波长）的步进光程差递增镀增透膜,同时获得一个干涉条纹中的4个强度值,实现上层大气风场的探测模式.对该模式下的相关参数进行了理论计算并得出结论：四面角锥棱镜的顶角必须大于24°、宽度为8mm的对称光束入射到CPP顶点能满足LF7玻璃上镀MgF₂增透膜以实现大气风场探测的要 求.按9°×9°干涉仪视场和CCD4.5°×4.5°视场设计了干涉仪前后的光路,用CCD照相机并调 节定标光源Kr灯557.0nm到所需光束宽度进行了模拟实验,分别得到顶角为60°和９０°的 两面镀膜棱镜在CCD上的两个干涉光斑,这两个光斑再复制即可获得CPP的4个干涉光斑,从 而证实了CPP技术探测上层大气风场的可行性.该模式发展了被动探测上层大气风场的光学遥 感探测技术. 关键词： 四面角锥棱镜 镀膜 上层大气风场 探测     

Use of a wide angle CCD line camera for BRDF measurements

In order to determine the Bi-directional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF) of natural surfaces a CCD line camera is used. This allows measurements under natural conditions with a high azimuth and zenith angular resolution in a short time. The CCD line spans a field of view of 80° as the zenith angle range. For covering the azimuth range, the camera is mounted on a rotating device and an extendible boom provides an aerial platform. This set up allows the measurement of the [almost] complete reflectance distribution of the surface below the camera for the 30-s rotation period of the camera. The camera used for this set up is the wide angle airborne camera (WAAC), which was developed at the DLR for airborne stereo imaging purposes. This paper presents the radiometric calibration of the system and shows the initial results of our approach in measuring the BRDF with high angular resolution for a short period.     

Spectral band invariant wavelet-modified MACH filter

Filters synthesized with images of a specific spectral band in general fail to recognize targets in a different spectral band. In this paper, we therefore demonstrate the use of the wavelet-modified maximum average correlation height (WaveMACH) filter for automatic target recognition applications in both the visible and infrared (IR) spectral bands. As any input target appears different when imaged through two different sensors, i.e., a CCD or an IR camera, a WaveMACH filter synthesized using a CCD image shows no correlation with the image of the same target from an IR camera and vice-versa. Hence, separate filters are required to match the input targets from the two sensors. To avoid the synthesis and storage of separate filters, the images from CCD and IR camera are fused using Daubechies wavelet and then the rotation-invariant WaveMACH filter generated with the fused image. In all, 18 WaveMACH filters (each of 20° range) are required for in-plane rotation invariance in both the spectral bands for the full range of 0–360°. Computer simulation and experimental results implemented in hybrid digital–optical correlator architecture are shown for the proposed idea. The same filters have also been used to identify multiple targets in a scene. Performance measures like peak-to-sidelobe ratio (PSR), peak correlation energy (PCE) and correlation peak intensity (CPI) have been calculated as metrics of goodness.     

The impact of the orientation angles uncertainty of instrument polarizers on polarization measurement accuracy

Improving the polarimetric measurement accuracy of the polarization CCD camera is a fundamental task in the remote sensing of the earth. This paper presents a simple approach for estimating the degree of polarization errors caused by the orientation angles uncertainty of the instrument polarizers. We show that the measured degree of polarization error for a certain orientation angle of the instrument polarizers in the same spectral band depends on the polarization state (polarization angle or degree of polarization) of the incident light. In order to evaluate the polarimetric measurement performance of the instrument, the average degree of polarization error is defined based on the assumption that the incident light beams have equal polarization angle probability. The simulated test showed that the average degree of polarization errors of the 3 polarized spectral bands in the airborne polarization CCD camera is nearly equal because of the same orientation angles uncertainty of the instrument polarizers, though the instrument polarizers in the 3 polarized spectral bands are equipped a little differently; the instrument often encounters a large average degree of polarization errors for the large degree of polarization of the incident beams.     

激光诱导荧光毛细管电泳DNA检测系统信噪比分析

建立了用于DNA分析的激光诱导荧光检测毛细管电泳系统,分析了垂直入射激发光在毛细管中的行进和高分子溶液电泳筛分介质的瑞利散射及毛细管壁折反射引起的激发光背景噪音.利用光线追迹法计算了折反射引起的背景噪音随激发光和收集方向角度不同时的分布曲线以及荧光在各个方向的分布曲线.两种噪音比较表明,散射噪音比激发光背景噪音低4个数量级,可以忽略.模拟表明,光轴方向荧光最强,90°方向最弱,变化在6.5％内.激发和收集方向成105°时,背景噪音最小,可以获得最大的信噪比,最后对模拟结果进行了实验验证.     

FDTD Studies of Metallic Cylinder Arrays： Plasmon Waveguide and Y-Splitter

The plasmon waveguide based on double chain of gold cylinders is studied using the finite-difference time-domain method （FDTD）. The wavelength of the incident Gaussian beam ranges from 650 to 1200nm, and the corresponding attenuation factors are calculated. We also present a Y-splitter with 90° splitting angle, each branch in the form of double chains. The transmission efficiencies for different wavelengths are evaluated.     

Ce∶KNSBN晶体中光扇效应的响应时间特性研究

以单束光入射Ce∶KNSBN晶体,系统研究了不同入射光波长下,Ce∶KNSBN晶体中光扇效应的响应时间随入射光强度及光入射角的变化情况.结果显示,相同的入射光强度及光入射角下,入射光波长较短时,光扇效应到达稳态的时间较短.相同的入射光强度下,随光入射角的增大,响应时间先减小后增大,但不同波长入射光下,最小值对应的光入射角不同,入射光波长为532 nm时,响应时间最小值对应的θ为15°;入射光波长为632.8 nm时,对应的θ为15.5°.同时研究发现,入射光强度逐渐增大的过程中,响应时间在逐渐减小.