固体的光散射讲座第二讲 分子振动及其喇曼光谱

分子的振动能量是量子化的,这些不连续的能量可用对应的一组振动量子数表示.当光和分子相互作用时,分子从一个振动量子态跃迁到另一个量子态所产生的光谱(喇曼谱和红外谱),我们称它为分子振动光谱.喇曼谱与红外谱,都是用来研究分子振动、分子碰撞所导致的能级跃迁、分子与光子以及其他粒子之间的相互作用等物理过程,从而提供对分子或固体的某些信息并推断分子或固体的空间构型及其对称性.喇曼光谱术已成为分析分子振动和晶格振动的重要实验手段.振动喇曼谱的理论是分子光谱学的一个重要方面. 激光出现以后,大大推动了喇曼光谱实验和理论研究…     

固体的光散射讲座 第四讲 非线性喇曼散射

非线性喇曼散射是指由于分子的偶极矩或激活介质的宏观极化矢量与光电场强度呈非线性关系,所引起的喇曼散射过程.在自发散射过程的理论描述中,振动着的分子体系的偶极矩可以写成其中q为分子振动的简正坐标,u为分子体系的固有偶极矩,α(q)称为分子体系的极化率,β(q)等则可称为超极化率.显然,上式中第二项所引起的喇曼散射是线性的,第三项以后各项所引起的喇曼散射则属于非线性的,其中由β(q)所引起的喇曼散射则称为超喇曼散射[1,2] 当人射光较弱时,自发的线性及非线性喇曼散射效应都非常弱,而且它们是非相干的散射.当人射的泵浦光较强时,再…     

相干喇曼散射光谱中干涉效应及偏振特性的研究

本文测量了苯及一些苯衍生物在不同偏振配置下的相干喇曼谱(CARS和CSRS),分析了喇曼共振与双光子吸收共振的干涉作用对光谱线型的影响以及喇曼模的偏振特性与分子振动对称性的关系.     

新实验技术在材料研究中的应用讲座 第十讲 激光喇曼光谱及其应用

一、前 言 1928年 C.V.Raman和 K.S.Krishnan[1]公开发表了苯和甲苯的喇曼光谱.50多年来,喇曼光谱已成为研究分子振动的重要手段.特别在1961年Herzberg和Stoicheff提出使用激光作光源以后,Porto和Wood[2]在Columbs会议上报道了使用的效果,比用汞灯作为激发光源显示出巨大的优越性,使喇曼光谱进入了“文艺复兴”的新阶段.在此基础上,又发现了新的喇曼效应,应生了非线性喇曼光谱学[3],包括受激喇曼效应、倒喇曼效应、超喇曼效应、相干反斯托克斯喇曼散射以及电子喇曼效应等,在物理、化学、生物学和材料学等领域开展了广泛的探素研究,不仅…     

群论在H2分子受激喇曼散射中的应用

本文利用U(4)群代数描述双原子分子振转谱的对称性质,利用群论计算了H_2分子受激喇曼散射跃迁矩阵元,绘出了受喇曼散射的截面与增益系数,较好地与实验结果符合.     

卤化物对水扬酸分子表面增强喇曼信号的影响

研究了几种卤化物对水扬酸分子表面增强喇曼信号的影响,给出了表面增强喇曼谱(SERS)强度随卤离子浓度的变化及对时间的变化过程.并且对影响表面增强喇曼信号的机理进行了一定的分析.     

二维喇曼成像

Renishaw转换器系统的喇曼显微镜能提供二维喇曼成像和分析的最快方法。过去,由于喇曼扫描光效率很低,严重阻碍了喇曼的发展。不管怎样,该公司的方法是采用喇曼显微术,使仪器具有更大的光通量和探测效率。在很短的时间内用确定的喇曼光谱可鉴定微探针模型中样品的分子种类。在显微镜模型中,形成一个显示样品内部分子种类位置的图像。     

表面增强红外付立叶变换喇曼散射

在Ag胶中对吡啶分子进行了红外表面增强付立叶变换喇曼散射研究,发现增强因子为3.4×10~4,添加少量KCL时为4.5×10~5。还对吖啶橙和罗丹明B荧光分子进行了红外付里叶变换喇曼散射测量并与可见光下的表面增强喇曼光谱进行了比较。在此基础上讨论了红外付里叶变换喇曼的优缺点和应用前景。     

光纤背向激光自发喇曼散射的温度效应研究

从理论和实验上研究了光纤背向激光自发喇曼散射的温度效应.光纤背向激光自发反斯托克斯喇曼散射、斯托克斯喇曼散射光的相对强度正比于光纤分子上、下能级粒子数的布居,依赖于温度.由于实际系统中,作为分光用的干涉滤光片不可能完全隔离背向瑞利散射光,因此,实际系统温度曲线比理论曲线低,本文给出了理论修正公式,提出了附加修正项,它与隔离度和波长有关.     

喇曼光谱的最新进展

1987年 12月 7日至11日,印度坎普尔(Kanpur)举行了国际先进喇曼光谱讨论会(Workshop on Advanced Raman Spectros-copy),该会议同时纪念喇曼诞生100周年和喇曼效应发现60周年.20几个国家的100多位代表就喇曼光谱的最近进展进行了广泛深入的讨论.几个方面的研究工作引起了与会者的巨大兴趣,被认为是该领域的最新进展.1.实时监测分子固体振动的周期及衰减 美国麻省理工学院的K.A.Nelson报道了一种新的喇曼光谱技术——冲击受激散射技术(impulsive stimutated scattering,简记为ISS).该项技术首先是用飞秒(Femto Second)的脉冲激光选择性…     

拉曼效应和参量放大共同作用下增益谱特性

根据激光脉冲在双折射光纤中传输时, 拉曼效应和参量放大共同作用下所所遵循的耦合模方程, 基于平行拉曼增益的洛伦兹模型, 给出了输入抽运波偏振方向沿相互正交的双折射轴时, 拉曼效应和参量放大共同作用所导致的增益. 讨论并分析了在不同色散区相关参量对增益谱特性的影响. 结果表明, 拉曼效应改变了非线性和色散的相互平衡, 使得参量放大斯托克斯波与反斯托克斯波增益谱彼此不对称; 当输入功率一定时, 其增益谱结构确定, 非线性系数和色散系数两者之间相对变化时, 增益谱的强度和展宽有所改变.     

Spontaneous Raman scattering spectra of ADP and DADP crystals in different polarization schemes

Spontaneous Raman-scattering spectra of light in ADP and DADP crystals were obtained in four polarization schemes, the widths of some Raman lines were measured. The presence of a strong and sharp Raman line corresponding to the totally symmetric vibration of the phosphate group and a strong diffuse Raman satellite corresponding to the totally symmetric vibration of the ammonium group in the spontaneous scattering spectra of both (ADP and DADP) crystals was observed. According to the theory, such lines are preferable for the stimulated Raman scattering.     

转动喇曼散射截面的群论计算

本文利用群链U(4)U(3)O(3)描述双原子分子N_2和O_2振转谱的对称性质,并利用群论方法计算了N_2和O_2分子转动喇曼散射的跃迁矩阵元,给出了它们的转动喇曼散射的截面。结果与实验较好地符合。     

密度泛函理论研究过渡金属对吡啶的拉曼光谱强度的影响

本文采用杂化密度泛函理论计算了过渡金属M -Py分子的基态振动频率和拉曼光谱强度。计算结果表明过渡金属对Py分子的振动频率影响较小 ,但对Py分子的A1 振动模式的拉曼谱强度影响较大。对于A1 对称性的非C -H伸缩振动模 ,吡啶分子环呼吸振动和高频的C -C对称伸缩振动有较大的拉曼散射因子 ,我们还将此结果与典型的SERS活性金属 (铜族金属 )进行了比较     

宝石级钠沸石的振动光谱表征

国际珠宝交易市场上最近出现了一批价值不菲的无色透明的宝石级钠沸石刻面成品,为提供快速区分其与仿制品材料的依据,文章通过红外光谱和拉曼光谱对三颗钠沸石样品的振动光谱进行了研究。结果表明, 其红外光谱主要表现为：4 000～1 200 cm-1的吸收峰是结构中水导致的吸收;1 200～600 cm-1 的强吸收与TO₄四面体的内部T—O(T为Si或Al)的反对称和对称伸缩振动有关。拉曼光谱散射峰主要分布在300～600和700～1 200 cm-1两个区间。300～360 cm-1处较弱强度的拉曼散射峰是由于结构中水分子所导致。482 cm-1处中等强度的峰归属于硅氧四面体内部由于变形导致的拉曼位移。726 cm-1处的拉曼散射峰归属于Al—O的伸缩振动;974,1 038,1 084 cm-1的三处拉曼散射峰都是Si—O的伸缩振动导致的拉曼位移。     

The Raman effect in crystals

A review is given of progress in the theoretical and experimental study of the Raman effect in crystals during the past ten years. Attention is given to the theory of those properties of long-wavelength lattice vibrations in both cubic and uniaxial crystals which can be studied by Raman scattering. In particular the phenomena observed in the Raman scattering from crystals which lack a centre of inversion are related to the theory. The angular variations of the scattering by any type of lattice vibration in a crystal having any symmetry can be easily calculated using a complete tabulation of the Raman tensor. Recent measurements of first-order lattice vibration spectra are listed. A discussion of Brillouin scattering is included. The relation of second-order Raman spectra to critical points in the lattice vibration density of states is discussed, and measurements of the second-order spectra of diamond and the alkali halides are reviewed. The theory and experimental results for Raman scattering by electronic levels of ions in crystals are examined, and proposals for Raman scattering by spin waves, electronic excitations across the superconductive gap and by plasmons are collected together. Finally, the prospects for applying lasers as sources for Raman spectroscopy are discussed, and progress in the new technique of stimulated Raman scattering is reviewed.     

KDP晶体拉曼散射角度特性

利用群理论详细分析了磷酸二氢钾(KDP)晶体的拉曼振动模式,得出了其拉曼振动模的归类。并采用拉曼光谱仪测量了Z切退火KDP晶体X(ZZ)珡X,Z(XY)珚Z和Y(XY)X三种散射配置和未退火KDP晶体Z(XY)珚Z配置下的拉曼光谱。根据拉曼选择定则得出X(ZZ)珡X,Z(XY)珚Z和Y(XY)X散射配置下的拉曼峰分别对应A1,B2(LO),B2(TO)对称类振动模,但在Z(XY)珚Z配置下的拉曼光谱中除了B2模,还观察到了A1模,而在Y(XY)X配置下的拉曼光谱中只有B2模,且退火和未退火晶体Z(XY)珚Z配置下的拉曼光谱无明显差别,此结果表明KDP晶体的对称性降低,在背向散射时A1模也具有角度特性,但与晶体的内应力无关,这是由KDP晶体内部结构决定的。     

The Raman effect in crystals

A review is given of progress in the theoretical and experimental study of the Raman effect in crystals during the past ten years. Attention is given to the theory of those properties of long-wavelength lattice vibrations in both cubic and uniaxial crystals which can be studied by Raman scattering. In particular the phenomena observed in the Raman scattering from crystals which lack a centre of inversion are related to the theory. The angular variations of the scattering by any type of lattice vibration in a crystal having any symmetry can be easily calculated using a complete tabulation of the Raman tensor. Recent measurements of first-order lattice vibration spectra are listed. A discussion of Brillouin scattering is included. The relation of second-order Raman spectra to critical points in the lattice vibration density of states is discussed, and measurements of the second-order spectra of diamond and the alkali halides are reviewed.

The theory and experimental results for Raman scattering by electronic levels of ions in crystals are examined, and proposals for Raman scattering by spin waves, electronic excitations across the superconductive gap and by plasmons are collected together.

Finally, the prospects for applying lasers as sources for Raman spectroscopy are discussed, and progress in the new technique of stimulated Raman scattering is reviewed.     

Theoretical investigation on the pumping effect of stimulated Brillouin scattering on stimulated Raman scattering in water

The pumping effect of stimulated Brillouin scattering on stimulated Raman scattering is investigated theoretically through the coupled wave equations of stimulated Brillouin scattering and stimulated Raman scattering. The numerical simulations are in agreement with the experimental results. They indicate that the backward stimulated Raman scattering is excited and amplified collectively by both pump laser and stimulated Brillouin scattering.