直流辉光放电等离子体激发光源自动调节控制系统

直流辉光放电过程中需要控制的三个重要工作参数为放电电流、放电电压和放电室内氩气气压.该文介绍了一种应用于直流辉光放电等离子体激发光源的自动调节控制系统,该控制系统在放电电流恒定的情况下调节放电室内氩气气压,实现了对放电电压的信号采集和自动控制.文卷阐述了该控制系统的设计思路、电路原理及控制方案.该自动调节控制系统改善了以往用手动调节时精度低且操作复杂的情况,提高了放电电压的控制精度,缩短了放电电压的稳定时间.文中给出了自动控制方式下激发源放电电压的稳定性测试结果,控制精度由手动调节时的4%FS改善为小于1%FS,放电电压稳定时间由手动时的大于90s缩短到30 s以内.采用该控制系统对中低合金钢和锡肯铜标准样品进行了样品精密度实验.元素含量分析精密度比手动调节方式显著提高,各元素含量测试结果的相对标准偏差(RSD)均优于3.5%.中低合金钢标准样品中Ti,Co,Mn元素含量测试结果的RSD范围由手动时的3.0%～4.3%减小到1.7%～2.4%,S和Mo元素RSD范围由5.2%～5.9%减小到3.3%～3.5%.锡青铜标准样品中Sn,Zn,Al元素RSD范围由2.6%～4.4%减小到1.0%～2.4%,Si,Ni,Fe元素的RSD范围由6.6%～13.9%降低到2.6%～3.5%,并给出了实测数据.     

钼-锑-抗分光光度法测定水中黄磷的方法

对钼-锑-抗分光光度法测定水中黄磷进行了研究,结果表明,采用甲苯配制黄磷贮备液能使黄磷很好的溶解,再用环己烷稀释配制标准使用溶液,但甲苯在标准使用溶液中所占比例应≤10％.样品分析时比色管在沸水浴中振荡加热直到无色清亮时取出,加入显色剂定容后避免剧烈振荡,显色时间为60min.Fe3＋浓度较高时会干扰测定可通过加入抗坏血酸来消除,As3＋的浓度＜0.05mg/L时不会干扰测定.样品的预处理采用萃取比为25∶1,以350r/min的速度萃取4min,萃取一次即可.优化实验条件后方法的检出限为0.0004mg/L.     

光纤双波长光度滴定仪

容量分析和比色分析,在分析化学领域中占有重要地位.前者通常用于高含量或中含量组分,后者主要用于测定微量组分.与重量法相比较,它们简便、快速、灵敏且具有足够的准确度,因此被广泛地采用,尤其是在机械、冶金、地质、建工、医药、环境检测、食品卫生等部门,每天都离不开这两种分析方法. 传统的光度滴定仪和光电比色计,是将样品溶液注入装在仪器内的由光学玻璃制成的比色皿中进行测定的.测定时,必须对环境光进行严格的屏蔽,这就大大地影响更换样品的速率及取样体积.对于危险和灭菌样品的测量,传统仪器就难以胜任.光导纤维具有极佳的传输光…     

全自动水质分析仪快速定量检测地表水中硝酸盐氮和亚硝酸盐氮

利用新型的Thermo Scientific Gallery全自动水质分析仪,检测过程中自动完成加样本、读空白、加试剂、反应显色、比色检测和数据处理等步骤。检测方法来源于美国环保署标准水质检测方法。该仪器具有样品和试剂耗量少、灵敏度高、重复性好等优点,检测过程容易实现自动化、标准化和信息化,适用于水质和环境检测领域大量样品的快速检测。     

原子荧光光谱法测定砷、锑和汞的常见问题探讨

详细探讨了使用原子荧光光度计测定样品中砷、锑和汞时应注意的几个方面.首先,样品分析前的准备工作,诸如了解样品的来源、种类,确保分析检测环境良好,测定试剂空白以达到使用要求.其次,为避免汞的测定结果偏低,在分解样品后,加入重铬酸钾.再次,对汞元素检测时,选择氯化亚锡作还原剂且仪器要专用;对锑元素检测时,因锑易水解还原后应及时测定;当w(As)＞30μg·g-1、w(Sb)＞30μg·g-1、w(Hg)＞30μg·g-1选择ICP-AES仪测定;此外,提出了选择自带的标准物质监控仪器的稳定性以及测定样品的最佳时间.最后,讨论了被污染器皿处理时应把握的几点原则,确保了下次工作的顺利开展.     

变温霍尔效应简易测量方法

变温霍尔效应实验重点在于半导体载流子输运特性分析,但是磁场和样品电流手动换向影响了测量准确性.利用原有设备测控功能并增加继电器实施磁场换向,实现由计算机测控的变温霍尔效应简易测量方法.在手动测量理解实验技术原理的基础上,通过自动化测量使教学实验从定性观测提升到半定量测量分析层次.实验教学方案优化不仅拓展数据处理方法,还丰富了实验教学内容和物性分析结果.     

沸水浴溶样冷原子吸收测定人发和大米中微量汞含量

把制备好的人发和大米等样品放入５０ｍＬ比色管内，加入ＨＮＯ３和ＨＣＩ，在沸水浴中进行消化，用冷原子吸收测定其微量汞的含量，均获得满意的结果。消化并测定国家一级标准物质ＧＢＷ０９１０１人发和ＧＢＷ０８５０８大米中微量汞含量，测定结果与给出标准值吻合很好。测定１０份人发平行样品，相对标准偏差为３．２％，回收率为９６％。     

全保偏双飞秒光纤光频梳系统的频率联动特性

采用跟踪反馈控制法,实现了双飞秒光频梳系统的频率联动,研究了主动光频梳自动扫频和手动扫频情况下,双光梳间的频率联动特性.结果显示,对主动光频梳进行自动扫频或手动扫频时,从动光频梳的频率跟随变化,且双光梳频率间的相关系数最大可达0.99,说明双光梳的频率间保持了较好的联动特性.最后,将频率联动的全保偏双光梳系统用于测距实验中,测量距离为1.332m,时间间隔为0.2s,连续进行16次测量,测得数据的标准差为0.35μm,测量精度可达亚微米量级.     

计算机程序控制扫描单色器ICP-AES元素分析系统(续)

2.快速找准谱线峰位藉助于计算机程序控制找峰,单道仪器能以时序方式进行多元素的测定,因此,在分析速度方面,比过去手动找峰的单道仪器有了根本性的转变。然而,它仍比多道仪器慢得多,仅就分析样品所用的时间而言,如果分析30个样品,分析元素的数目为30个,单道仪器所需的分析时间约三倍于多道仪器。速度慢,不单是多花时间,而且还多耗氩气,试剂,试样和人力。因此,加快单道仪器的分析速度是要解决的中心问题。     

烟草中钾的连续流动分析方法研究

本文研究了用ALLIANCE自动分析仪测定烟草中钾,选择了最佳仪器分析条件和样品报样条件,并与传统的四苯硼钠重量法作了对比,在此基础上建立了一种连续测定草中钾的方法,为准确快速地测定烟草中的钾提供了保证。     

Time of flight spectra in thermal desorption of helium

Time of flight spectra are calculated within the cascade model of phonon-mediated desorption for helium desorbing from graphite, sapphire and Nichrome. One and three-dimensional theories are compared. Deviations from Knudsen's cosine law are traced to dynamical effects. The spectra are — as a function of time — narrower than a Maxwellian distribution and their maxima are generally shifted to shorter times indicating that the desorbed molecules are hotter than the solid temperature. Relevant experiments are discussed. Experimental geometries are analysed.     

热电材料研究进展

在介绍热电材料制冷工作原理,分析热电材料优值系数的基础上,介绍了300K以下热电材料的研究进展,以及热电材料制冷特点、现状和应用前景．     

Theory of infra-red and optical spectra of antiferromagnets

The contributions of magnons to the optical properties of antiferromagnets having the rutile structure are discussed. The properties considered are electric-dipole active two-magnon absorption in the infra-red, and magnon sidebands on sharp-line exciton transitions in the visible. The discussion is based on a thorough treatment of the properties of excitons and magnons in the antiferromagnetically ordered state. The site-group and space-group symmetries of the magnetic excitations are derived and the selection rules for electric and magnetic dipole transitions are determined. The occurrence of magnetic Davydov splittings of the excitons is investigated, and their symmetry properties throughout the Brillouin zone are derived. The functional dependences of exciton energy on wave vector are calculated. Applications of the theory are made to experimental results on excitons and magnons in MnF₂, FeF₂ and CoF₂.

The possible mechanisms for two-magnon and magnon-sideband absorption are discussed, and the influence of crystal symmetry on these mechanisms is described. The two-magnon state responsible for electric-dipole absorption is identified and selection rules for electric-dipole activity are presented. A spin Hamiltonian for the two-magnon process is set up and used to derive expressions for absorption coefficients for electric vector parallel and perpendicular to the crystal c-axis. Comparison with experiment for MnF₂ yields numerical values for the parameters of the basic coupling mechanism. The exciton-magnon states which give rise to magnon-sideband absorption are explicitly constructed and electric-dipole selection rules are derived for all possible types of sideband. Spin Hamiltonians for the various magnonsideband absorption processes are presented and used to derive expressions for sideband shapes. The results are applied to the experimental spectra for MnF₂ and FeF₂ and the sideband shapes in MnF₂ are calculated numerically. The sideband shapes observable in emission spectra are also briefly discussed.     

Corpuscular Diagnosis of the Plasma of Penning Ion Sources

The results of the studies of the energy distribution and atomic-molecular composition of the ions emitted from two Penning ion sources are presented. The transitions between different discharge modes, when the operating pressure and voltage on the anode are changed, are investigated. The energy spectra and mass-charge spectra are measured and the dependences of the fraction of atomic ions on the discharge parameters are determined.     

两个电磁学演示实验的再设计

利用简易装置对高中教材中的退磁和自感演示实验进行了再设计，介绍了演示方法，并对实验现象给出了解释。     

杆的离散系统的某些混合型振动反问题

研究杆的离散系统的混合型振动反问题,即由给定的部分频谱数据和部分模态数据构造一个杆的离散系统的刚度矩阵和质量矩阵.提出3个此类反问题,给出反问题的解法,讨论反问题的解的存在条件,给出相应的计算实例,并分析这类反问题的潜在价值.     

Computer simulation of the deformation and fracture of crystals

Methods for computer simulation of strength testing of crystals are proposed. The methods employed are similar to usual static methods, and they are used to investigate deformation and fracture of perfect fcc crystals having different orientations with respect to the tensile force. A strain-induced phase transition from the fcc to the hcp structure is detected, and the formation and displacement of crystal twins are observed. Plastoelastic deformation and fracture of crystals are investigated.     

Canonical solutions of variational problems and canonical equations of mechanics

The canonical (non-parametric) solutions of the variational problems for integral functionals are considered and the canonical solutions of variational problems of mechanics in Minkowski spaces are derived. By combining the variational principles of least action, flow, and hyperflow canonically invariant equations for the energy-momentum variable are obtained. From these equations the equations for the action and wave functions as a general solution of the combined variational problems of mechanics are derived. These equations are applicable for describing different types of particles and interactions and are summarized within the approach of general relativity.     

分光计调节方法的修正

分光计作为光学精密测量工具,测量前的调整至关重要。在对载物台及望远镜的调节中,分析了传统调节方法存在的遗漏与弊端,提出了应采用垂直方向的分步调节方法,确保载物台平面和望远镜光轴都与分光计中心轴处于垂直状态。     

半导体激光器脉冲调制理论分析

本文用龙格-库塔法求解高斯脉冲调制下半导体激光器速率方程,对结果进行了分析。推出了较高偏置直流和高斯脉冲调制下计算激光脉冲延迟时间、脉冲宽度和最大调制码率的公式。给出了调制畸变的实验结果。