电声技术近年进展

本文讨论近年电声技术的进展，综述电声器件概况，介绍高保真立体声中的环境声和数字声频，并总结迅速发展的声场电声控制技术，最后讨论了主观电声测量方面的动态．     

数字化声学测量技术 Ⅲ.非消声室环境中扬声器的测试

由于建造消声室费用太高，如何在非消声室环境测量扬声器的特性是众多中小电声器材生产厂家极为关心的问题。本文介绍一种可在非消声室环境中进行测量的数字化的扬声器测量系统，本文论述了它的基本原理及两个关键问题，即激盛信号的选择以及对单位脉冲响应加窗的问题。本文还讨论了窗口的宽度和形状对所测扬声器频率特性的影响，及对测量房间的要求。     

在群论框架下电子三重态与声子耦合的理论研究

本文基于绝热近似和群论导出了电声耦合系统的哈密顿量的一般形式,讨论了电声耦合系统中的电子算符和活跃的声子模式. 应用幺正平移变换和能量最小化方法,进一步计算了正四面体群下T*(e+t₂)杨-泰勒系统中的激发态能量,从对称性的角度分析了T₁电子态的能级分裂以及晶格体系的对称性破缺,得出了对称性的破缺方式和电声耦合系统密切相关的结论. 结果表明:通过群论与对称性分析完全可以定性地解释由于电声耦合所造成的简并电子 关键词： 电声耦合 杨-泰勒畸变 活跃的杨-泰勒声子模式 电声耦合哈密顿量     

《电声词典》

为适应电声科学技术的飞速发展形势,机械电子工业部电声专业情报网组织了有关电声专业的研究所、高等院校、设计院和工厂等有经验专家教授组成编委会,撰写了《电声词典》,聘马大猷教授任顾问,由沈(山豪)主编,国防工业出版社出版。     

用高频瓦特表测量夹心压电换能器在大功率状态下的电声效率

本文介绍实用状态下夹心换能器电声效率的测量实践。主要使用高频电功率计,通过测量同一振动速度下的空载时和有负载时电功率,及两种状态下的介电损耗功率,就可计算出电声效率。此方法具有速度快、设备简单等优点。     

ReB_2和WB_2电声耦合的第一性原理研究

采用基于密度泛函微扰理论的第一性原理方法研究了过渡金属化合物ReB2和WB2的声子和电声耦合作用.结果表明,ReB2和WB2都存在弱的电声耦合,电声耦合常数分别为0.23和0.44.电声耦合作用主要来源于B原子振动声子关联模式的贡献.估算得到ReB2的超导温度大约在0~1.5K,WB2的超导温度在0.8~10.7K(取μ*=0.15~0时).研究结果表明ReB2和WB2是一类弱的电声耦合超导体,WB2的超导温度大于ReB2的超导温度.     

YBa2Cu3O7—δ体系的电声耦合常数研究

通过数值计算,本文发现YBCO体系的超导电声耦合常数λ和输运电声耦合常数λ_(tr)有较大的差别,(λ-λ_(tr))/λ_(tr)可达1.15。这一差别是来自于弱的电荷屏蔽。     

大功率工作状态下压电换能器效率的实验研究

用电测法对夹心式压电换能器在大功率工作状态下的效率进行实验研究。研究了压电换能器电声效率与负载、输入电功率的关系和效率的频率特性。在声匹配的情况下,换能器的电声效率大于90％,换能器的电声效率存在着随输入电功率的增加而增高的现象。     

功率换能器电声效率测量的初步研究

本文初步研究了利用值流量热法,在牛角尖形量热计中,对功率换能器在实用功率状态下电声效率的测量.这种测量方法避免了已往在小信号情况下测量功率换能器电声效率的一些不足之处.其中对恒流量热法测量原理、量热计形式和吸收液的选择等都作了简要的讨论,并给出了部分换能器的测量结果.     

水声换能器电声特性的一种分析方法

本文给出一种有限元——亥姆霍茨积分方程结合法,计算有限长圆柱形水声换能器的电声特性。通过对一例换能器空气中及水中的电声特性的计算并与实测值比较,证明这种方法是很有效的。     

On the crossing points of the Lamb modes and the maxima and minima of displacements observed at the surface

This article elaborates on the crossing points of the frequency–wavenumber branches for the symmetric and anti-symmetric Lamb modes in a homogeneous plate. It is shown both theoretically as well as experimentally that at these crossing points either the normal or the longitudinal components of modal displacement attain an extreme value, i.e. a maximum or it vanishes. This behavior is assessed herein using a method due to Mindlin, who showed that the dispersion curves for a plate with mixed boundary conditions – which are associated with uncoupled shear and dilatational modes – provide bounds to the spectral lines of the free plate. Therefore, a subset of the crossing points of the symmetric and antisymmetric Lamb modes for a free plate coincide with the crossing points for a plate with mixed boundary conditions.     

The optical power distribution and scattering losses in symmetric channel waveguide X-junctions

It is shown theoretically and experimentally that there is sufficient light radiation at the crossing points of wave-guides, and sufficient coupling between input branches and output branches of integrated optic symmetric crossing channel wave-guides. For straight X-junctions the crosstalk could be changed in a wide range varying the crossing angle, while for widened X-junction with a fixed crossing angle the crosstalk could be changed by varying the length of the central straight waveguide section.     

Investigation on inter-modulation products (IMPs) for IM-DD SCM optical links

The implementation of the subcarrier multiplexing (SCM) as the signaling format has been extensively researched in various analog and digital lightwave based broadband applications because of its promising versatility, cost effectiveness, convenient and simple offerings. However performance degradation is a matter of serious concern in such multi-channel intensity modulation-direct detection (IM-DD) systems caused by inter-modulation distortion (IMD) mechanism. In this paper the impact of key operational and physical parameters of a laser source on an IMD dominated two-tone IM-DD SCM system has been investigated which can thereby be exploited favorably to develop a reasonably IMD immune optical link.     

Development and initial evaluation of 7-T q-ball imaging of the human brain

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) noninvasively depicts white matter connectivity in regions where the Gaussian model of diffusion is valid but yields inaccurate results in those where diffusion has a more complex distribution, such as fiber crossings. q-ball imaging (QBI) overcomes this limitation of DTI by more fully characterizing the angular dependence of intravoxel diffusion with larger numbers of diffusion-encoding directional measurements at higher diffusion-weighting factors (b values). However, the former technique results in longer acquisition times and the latter technique results in a lower signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this project, we developed specialized 7-T acquisition methods utilizing novel radiofrequency pulses, eight-channel parallel imaging EPI and high-order shimming with a phase-sensitive multichannel B0 field map reconstruction. These methods were applied in initial healthy adult volunteer studies, which demonstrated the feasibility of performing 7-T QBI. Preliminary comparisons of 3 T with 7 T within supratentorial crossing white matter tracts documented a 79.5% SNR increase for b=3000 s/mm2 (P=.0001) and a 38.6% SNR increase for b=6000 s/mm2 (P=.015). With spherical harmonic reconstruction of the q-ball orientation distribution function at b=3000 s/mm2, 7-T QBI allowed for accurate visualization of crossing fiber tracts with fewer diffusion-encoding acquisitions as compared with 3-T QBI. The improvement of 7-T QBI at b factors as high as 6000 s/mm2 resulted in better angular resolution as compared with 3-T QBI for depicting fibers crossing at shallow angles. Although the increased susceptibility effects at 7 T caused problematic distortions near brain-air interfaces at the skull base and posterior fossa, these initial 7-T QBI studies demonstrated excellent quality in much of the supratentorial brain, with significant improvements as compared with 3-T acquisitions in the same individuals.     

Trapped modes in finite quantum waveguides

The eigenstates of an electron in an infinite quantum waveguide (e.g., a bent strip or a twisted tube) are often trapped or localized in a bounded region that prohibits the electron transmission through the waveguide at the corresponding energies. We revisit this statement for resonators with long but finite branches that we call ??finite waveguides??. Although the Laplace operator in bounded domains has no continuous spectrum and all eigenfunctions have finite L ₂ norm, the trapping of an eigenfunction can be understood as its exponential decay inside the branches. We describe a general variational formalism for detecting trapped modes in such resonators. For finite waveguides with general cylindrical branches, we obtain a sufficient condition which determines the minimal length of branches for getting a trapped eigenmode. Varying the branch lengths may switch certain eigenmodes from non-trapped to trapped or, equivalently, the waveguide state from conducting to insulating. These concepts are illustrated for several typical waveguides (L-shape, bent strip, crossing of two strips, etc.). We conclude that the well-established theory of trapping in infinite waveguides may be incomplete and require further development for applications to finite-size microscopic quantum devices.     

Optical transmission through an interface between subwavelength slits

This paper studies optical transmission through an interface between two slits with different widths in a sheet composed of an ideal conductor. Such a structure is of potential use in fabricating optical diode and may be the simplest one compared to other designs. Our calculations show that there is a critical wavelength. When the light wavelength is below the critical wavelength, the transmissivity is unidirectional. The expression of the stable transmissivity as a function of the ratio of the widths of the two slits was obtained analytically. Particularly, at the critical wavelength, the transmissivities are zero. This phenomenon has great potential for application in the manufacture of wavelength blockers.     

Adaptive-passive vibration isolation between nonrigid machines and nonrigid foundations using a dual-beam periodic structure with shape memory alloy transverse connection

This paper examines the problem of broadband vibration control of nonrigid systems employing periodic structures with tunable parameters. It investigates this by using a semi-two-dimensional model that applies a dual-beam periodic structure with transverse branches as a parameter-tunable isolator. Conventional study of vibration control problems, including the problem of vibration control by periodic structures, usually reduces systems to equivalent single- or multi-mount models with only a unidirectional translation at a mounting point. This assumption of decoupling leads to the erroneous prediction of vibratory power transmission when designing an isolator for a nonrigid system. Such a periodic structure involves the coupling of vibrations between different mounting points and different directions of motion and is therefore a reasonable simulation of the real-life problem. However, its application as a periodic isolator has not been proposed previously. The configuration of shape memory alloy (SMA) branches and non-SMA dual beams is proposed in order that this structure can effectively exploit the advantages of SMA materials, namely their significantly varying Young?s moduli which can be tuned to adjust and widen the stop bands, and can prevent the associated limitation of hysteresis. Equations are derived governing the vibration transmitted through any number of periodic mounts between nonrigid machines and foundations. Based on the derived results, two methodologies are developed to determine the proper Young?s moduli of the SMA branches and minimize the transmitted power. The numerical results demonstrate that the adaptive SMA branches at the proper temperatures are able to attenuate broadband vibration by adjusting the locations and broadening the widths of stop bands. With the application of a semi-two-dimensional periodic structure to broadband vibration isolation, this paper provides an approach and supporting methodologies for broadband vibration control using periodic structures.     

A facile synthesis of branched silver nanowire structures and its applications in surface-enhanced Raman scattering

We report a facile method of preparing novel branched silvernanowire structures such as Y-shaped, K-shaped and other multi-branchednanowires. These branched nanostructures are synthesized by reducingsilver nitrate (AgNO₃) in polyethylene glycol(PEG) with polyvinglpyrrolidone (PVP) as capping agent. Statisticaldata indicate that for the “y” typed branched nanowire,the branches grow out from the side of the trunk nanowire in a preferentialorientation with an angle of 55? between the branch and the trunk.Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies indicate that the defectson silver nanowires could support the growth of branched nanowires.Conditions such as the molar ratio of PVP/AgNO₃, the reaction temperature, and the degree of polymerization of reducingagent and PVP play important roles in determining the yield of thesilver branches. Due to the rough surface, these branched nanostructurescan be used as efficient substrates for surface-enhanced Raman scatteringapplications.     

Model for Risk Calculation and Reliability Comparison of Level Crossings

There is not a single country in the world that is so rich that it can remove all level crossings or provide their denivelation in order to absolutely avoid the possibility of accidents at the intersections of railways and road traffic. In the Republic of Serbia alone, the largest number of accidents occur at passive crossings, which make up three-quarters of the total number of crossings. Therefore, it is necessary to constantly find solutions to the problem of priorities when choosing level crossings where it is necessary to raise the level of security, primarily by analyzing the risk and reliability at all level crossings. This paper presents a model that enables this. The calculation of the maximal risk of a level crossing is achieved under the conditions of generating the maximum entropy in the virtual operating mode. The basis of the model is a heterogeneous queuing system. Maximum entropy is based on the mandatory application of an exponential distribution. The system is Markovian and is solved by a standard analytical concept. The basic input parameters for the calculation of the maximal risk are the geometric characteristics of the level crossing and the intensities and structure of the flows of road and railway vehicles. The real risk is based on statistical records of accidents and flow intensities. The exact reliability of the level crossing is calculated from the ratio of real and maximal risk, which enables their further comparison in order to raise the level of safety, and that is the basic idea of this paper.     

大气压基体辅助激光解析离子源发展及其应用

介绍了国际上新出现的一种离子源——大气压基体辅助激光解析离子源(atmospheric pressure matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization,AP-MALDI)。该离子源是在真空MALDI的基础上研究发展起来的,广泛应用于生物大分子及其相关领域的研究。该离子源较真空MALDI电离更加柔和,产生的碎片离子更少,又由于其工作在大气压下,可作为外接离子源方便地与各类质谱分析器联用,大大扩展了基体辅助激光解析离子源的应用范围。文章详细介绍了AP-MALDI的基本原理、结构及技术进展。此外,还对该离子源在生物高聚物分析方面的最新应用进行了介绍。