Multi-channel light modulation based on the attenuation total reflection

Multi-channel light modulation, which is based on the attenuated total reflection (ATR) configuration, is proposed in this paper. The device consists of a prism and a polymer optical waveguide. Guided modes which give rise to the resonance dips in the ATR spectrum are employed to act as the modulation channels. Double channel's modulation with the same modulation signal has been demonstrated in the proposed device.     

MIM结构的SPP模式理论与仿真计算研究

为了进一步明确MIM （Metal-insulator-metal）波导结构的SPP （Surface plasmon polariton）模式特性,建立了MIM结构的SPP模式关系、激发系数和反射系数的理论模型。仿真数值计算结果表明：较大的介质厚度的TM基态模式衰减超过了振荡模式衰减,与传统的介质波导明显不同;TE模式表现为失真的介质光波导模式特性,其传播距离要远大于TM₀;MIM结构中腔的Q值随着长度增加而增大,表明了SPP反射受限;腔的品质因数改变与端面关系密切;MIM波导可以在具有更大Q值下确保光波更好地耦合成需要的SPP模式。     

基于单通道反射型电光调制器实现不同路光同时调制的方法

提出了一种利用单通道反射型聚合物电光调制器同时调制不同路光的方法。衰减全反射结构的电光调制器,其每一个衰减全反射(ATR)峰的位置分别对应于一个导波共振模式。实验系统中利用衰减全反射导膜峰作为调制通道,使其每一路光路的入射角分别对应于不同导波共振模式的工作角,就可以实现利用单通道的电光调制器同时调制不同路光。提出了三种实现两路光同时调制的模式,并给出了三种模式的调制结果。结果表明,作为调制通道的导模阶数越低,调制效率越高。在832 nm光波波长下,采用最低阶导模进行调制时可以获得42.9%的调制效率。     

利用超高阶导模测量PMN-PT透明陶瓷二次电光系数

以亚毫米尺度的铌镁酸铅-钛酸铅(PMN-PT)透明陶瓷片为导波层制备了对称金属包覆波导,并利用自由空间耦合技术激发了波导中的超高阶导模.根据衰减全反射(ATR)峰的移动,得到了在波导两侧所施加电压与光强反射率的关系,从而计算了PMN-PT透明陶瓷片的二次电光系数.     

Fabrication and characteristics of thermal crosslinking polyurethane integrated double-channel electro-optic modulator

The fabrication and characteristics of a new type of polymeric electro-optic modulator with double channels in attenuated total reflection (ATR) configuration, made of a thermally crosslinkable polyurethane, has been demonstrated in this paper. The fabrication procedure of proposed double-channel ATR modulator is extremely simple, it can be implemented by replacing a single electrode with two discrete electrodes in a single channel ATR modulator. Independent operation of both channels is demonstrated at a modulation speed of 500 MHz. The total measured insertion loss of the modulator is below 1.5 dB. There are no measurable cross talks due to the large horizontal separation of two channels and the small vertical separation of the electrode pair. A long-term thermal stability of the fabrication modulator at an elevated temperature, 100 °C, is obtained due to crosslinking polyurethane as the waveguide layer of the devices.     

Surface plasma waves in silver and gold

The dispersion curves for surface plasma waves (SPW) in Ag have been determined from calculated reflectivity minima as exhibited by attenuated total reflection (ATR spectra) for the prism-air-metal (PAM) configuration and from the direct calculation of the dispersion relation for the same configuration. The dispersion curves for Au have been determined by measuring the ATR spectra for the prism-dielectric-metal (PDM) configuration, by calculating the ATR spectra from published optical constants and from the direct calculation of the despersion relation for the PDM configuration. We have found two general types of solutions from the direct calculation of the dispersion relation for both configurations. The two solutions are the surface or Brewster modes and the virtual modes. The characteristics of both modes are discussed. The effect of electronic damping upon the dispersion curves for Ag which exhibits low electronic damping and Au which exhibits moderate electronic damping is demonstrated. Finally the perturbing effect of the dielectric (referred herein as dielectric shift) upon the displacement of the dispersion curves to higher wave number for the PAM configuration for Ag and for the PDM configuration for Au is shown.     

电压调控多种金属膜波导特性研究

采用自由空间耦合的方法,激发双面金属包覆波导中的超高阶导模,通过在双面金属包覆介质波导的两个金属膜上加不同的电压,改变导波层铌酸锂的厚度和折射率,得到不同参数下的衰减全反射谱,从而验证超高阶导模的偏振不灵敏性及对导波层厚度和折射率十分灵敏的特殊性质,实验结果与理论相吻合。比较相同条件下反射率的变化,得到铝包覆波导的灵敏度要高于金包覆波导。所得结果对集成光电子器件的研制有一定的参考价值。     

Ge0.05Si0.95/Si异质结单模共面布拉格反射波导光栅的设计与分析

GeSi/Si异质结布拉格反射光栅是硅基光电集成领域一种重要的集成光学器件,分析GeSi/Si异质结的传光特性和布拉格条件,通过求解布拉格光栅方程,得出耦合系数和耦合效率。利用上述原理设计出入射角为66°,波导层的厚度为2μm,光栅长度为4252μm,槽深为0.05μm,光栅周期为0.456μm,滤波带宽为0.214nm,耦合效率为84.1%的1.3μm Ge_0.05Si_0.95/Si异质结单模共面布拉格反射光栅,并用数值模拟了入射光波电场和反射光波电场的分布。     

Surface plasma waves in the noble metals

The dispersoon curves for surface plasma waves (SPW) in Ag have been determined from calculated reflectivity minima as exhibited by attenuated total reflection (ATR spectra) for the prism-metal-air (PMA) configuration and from the direct calculation of the dispersion relation for the same configuration. Comparison is made with published results. The dispersion curves for Au and Cu have been determined for the same configuration from calculated ATR spectra and verified experimentally. Comparison is made with the direct calculation of the dispersion relation. The direct calculation yields two types of modes; namely the surface or Brewster mode and the virtual mode. Both modes are discussed. The marked effect of small electronic damping as exhibited by Ag and moderate electronic damping as exhibited by Au and Cu upon the PMA dispersion curves from ATR spectra is examined. Finally the direct calculation of the dielectric shift (perturbing effect of the prism-metal surface upon the active metal-air surface dispersion curve) is presented for the three metals as a function of film thickness and photon energy.     

Plasmonically induced reflection in metal-insulator-metal waveguides with two silver baffles coupled square ring resonator

A plasmonic waveguide coupled system that is composed of a square ring cavity and a metal–insulator–metal(MIM)waveguide with two silver baffles is proposed. The transmission and reflection properties of the proposed plasmonic system are investigated numerically using the finite element method. The normalized H_z field distributions are calculated to analyze the transmission mode in the plasmonic system. The extreme destructive interference between light mode and dark mode causes plasmonically induced reflection(PIR) window in the transmission spectrum. The PIR window is fitted using the coupled mode theory. The analytical result agrees with the simulation result approximately. In addition, the PIR window can be controlled by adjusting structural parameters and filling different dielectric into the MIM waveguide and the square ring cavity. The results provide a new approach to designing plasmonic devices.     

Pure Reflection and Refraction of a Surface Polariton by a Matched Waveguide Structure

We study the fundamental problem of reflection and refraction of a surface polariton as it strikes the interface between two waveguide structures. By making the two waveguide structures match to each other, coupling of surface polaritons to radiating modes is cancelled, and the reflected and transmitted waves consist of only surface modes. The reflection and transmission coefficients are calculated, and negative refraction of surface polaritons is demonstrated. Finite-difference time-domain numerical simulations are also performed to verify the analytical results. As one of the applications of the matched waveguide structure, a square corner reflector for phase-retardation-free reflection of surface polaritons is proposed.     

Coupled mode analysis of light modulation in dielectric waveguides

A detailed analysis of electrooptic light modulation in optical waveguides is presented. Several important problems of a waveguide modulator, such as the difference of waveguide axes from crystalline electrooptic ones, the distribution of transverse and longitudinal field components of light modes, and the traveling-wave property of the modulating field, are discussed. The analysis is based on the coupled mode theory, regarding the modulation as the coupling among sidebands of unperturbed waveguide modes. The coupled mode equation is derived for the modulation in optical waveguides. It can be solved if the normal modes of the waveguide are given. Actually the equation is solved for the modulation in dielectric slab waveguides and the mechanism of modulation is discussed. The results of the analysis are applied to designing two types of waveguide modulators. In an example (10.6 μm modulator with a GaAs slab waveguide) a new efficient crystal orientation is found. The calculated phase retardation with this orientation is 0.13 rad/(V·cm) with a 1 μm thick slab. Another example of a 0.633 μm modulator using a LiTaO₃ crystal as a substrate is also described.     

快速优化折叠波导器件中矩形过渡结构的理论方法（英）

本文推导了基于模式耦合理论的方程组,用于加快和简化折叠波导器件中矩形过渡结构的设计过程。作为功率耦合结构的一个重要组成部分,两种常用的结构将被考虑用来匹配折叠波导慢波结构的矩形波导TE10模式和标准输出矩形波导中的TE10模式。通过比较发现,在同样的反射水平下,锥形过渡结构比阶梯过渡结构长得多,但同时前者却自然具有更快的带宽和对结构误差不敏感的特性。作为算例,设计了220 GHz折叠波导返波管中可能用到的阶梯过渡结构和锥形过渡结构,并进行了误差分析。设计过程中用到的理论方法最终用数值模拟的方法进行了验证,取得了很好的一致性。基于该高精度理论方法的设计耗时不过几分钟。     

Resonant cavity based antireflection structures for surface plasmon waveguides

The concept of antireflection coating in the theory of multilayer films is introduced to the two-dimensional metal–insulator–metal (MIM) structures to realize total transmission of optical energy at the waveguide discontinuities. The antireflection structure consists of a resonant cavity which is constructed by changing the insulator width of the waveguide. A numerical method is used to achieve the optimal design directly. A T-splitter with zero reflection is proposed, utilizing a cavity structure in the input waveguide. A transformer with enhanced transmission between different waveguides is presented for further validating the efficiency and generality of these cavity based antireflection structures. The simulation results show that such a structure can realize a perfect antireflection function.     

Characteristics of coupled plasmon modes in asymmetric layered system

We used an asymmetric layered system functioning as a plasmon waveguide coupler to couple surface plasmon modes with gap plasmon modes. The planar system was analyzed by the transfer matrix method to design the optical dimensions of the system. We simulated the effective mode indexes and H-field distribution of the coupled modes, for different gap widths and refractive indexes. For the calculated modes the propagation lengths were calculated. Furthermore, a sample structure was fabricated and odd gap plasmon modes were excited with a coupling prism in an attenuated-total-reflection (ATR) configuration. The mode index measurement showed good agreement with the simulation data.     

All-optical set-reset flip-flop based on frequency bistability in semiconductor microring lasers

The electric field of the modes of semiconductor microring lasers (SMRLs) in the presence of bus waveguide reflections are linear combinations of the clock wise (CW) and the counter clock wise (CCW) electric fields. The mode structures can be controlled by the waveguide reflection coefficients. The power ratio and phase difference of the CW and CCW fields of one mode is proportional to the ratio of the reflection coefficients of the left and right waveguides. It is shown that the degenerate CW and CCW modes in the presence of bus waveguide reflections are split into two modes with different frequencies. Employing these new modes, SMRL can be used as an element to design flip-flops used in photonic integrated circuits. For a symmetric structure, the inter-frequencies of CW and CCW waves relating to each mode can be considered as the output of the optical flip-flop. Output of asymmetric mode is zero while the symmetric mode has a nonzero output.     

Visualization of Isofrequency Contours of Strongly Localized Waveguide Modes in Planar Dielectric Structures

An experimental method has been proposed to study the dispersion properties of optical surface and waveguide modes in planar structures. An experimental setup involves a microscope with a high numerical aperture objective and a hemispherical solid immersion lens made of zinc selenide in contact with the sample surface. The reflection from the sample is detected in the back focal plane of the system. Such a configuration makes it possible to study strongly localized states with an effective refractive index up to 2.25 in the visible and near infrared spectral ranges. For a thin silicon layer deposited on a glass substrate, the possibility of visualization of isofrequency contrours with polarization resolution and the reconstruction of dispersion of waveguide modes depending on the direction of their propagation has been demonstrated.     

光波导技术同步测量棱镜及波导薄膜参数

依据全反射理论和棱镜耦合原理,实现了对棱镜折射率及波导薄膜材料折射率和厚度的同步测量。使用高准直半导体激光器激光入射到棱镜内部与波导膜的分界面上,逐步旋转棱镜或改变棱镜的入射角,得到棱镜耦合M线,曲线前面几组的波谷为波导模激发,在M线左侧收尾处有一个不完整波峰,其反射光强随入射角迅速衰减,为全反射时的临界点,由此可实现棱镜及波导薄膜参数的同步测量;用此法测量了棱镜耦合一体化平面波导棱镜的折射率和聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)聚合物波导薄膜的折射率和厚度。测量棱镜折射率精度为±1.9×10-4,波导薄膜折射率和厚度的精度分别为±6.2×10-4 μm和±1.6×10-2 μm。     

热交联型聚氨酯集成双通道电光调制器的制备及其性质的研究

研究了交联型聚氨酯材料集成衰减全反射型双通道聚合物波导电光调制器的制备和性能。这种电光调制器的制备技术非常简单,只要用两个分立的下电极代替单通道调制器中的下电极即可。通过测量器件的调制特性,在832 nm波长下,获得了最大电光系数为24.2 Pm/V,调制带宽约为500 MHz、插入损耗低于1.5 dB。由于器件上下电极的垂直距离为微米级、而通道之间的水平距离为毫米量级的设计,使各通道之间的场不会引起相互交迭,因而未测到各通道间的串扰。另外,热交联型聚合物材料的采用提高了整个器件的热稳定性,在100℃经过800 h后,电光系数仍然保持初值的88%。     

Propagation of surface plasmon polaritons in anisotropic MIM and IMI structures

Electromagnetic wave propagation through waveguide structures consisting of anisotropic dielectric layers, assisted by surface plasmon-polaritons (SPPs) is theoretically studied. Dispersion relations corresponding to both short range and long range coupled SPP modes in metal/insulator/metal (MIM) and insulator/metal/insulator (IMI) structures, taking into consideration the anisotropy of the insulator, are derived and numerically solved. The dispersion has a prominent dependence on the anisotropy of the dielectric environment. The dependence of propagation on the misalignments of the optic axes of the insulator has also been investigated.