基于有效衰减系数直接测量的人体光谱特征分析

在活体成分无创测量中,人体组织的漫射光谱之间存在千差万别,即使同一组织的光谱也时刻发生着变化,这是影响活体组织成分测量精度的重要原因。通过漫射光谱实时监测组织的光学特性非常重要。由于漫射光的吸光度光谱沿光源-探测器距离不再呈现线性变化,不同距离下的测量结果不易相互借鉴,因此不宜采用单一距离的漫反射光测量方式。采用双光源-探测器距离的测量方式,通过差分测量获得了组织有效衰减系数,其与测量距离无关,是反映组织吸收、散射的综合光学参数。实验系统采用中心光纤入射,距中心0.6和2.0 mm的两个环状分布的光纤束接收漫反射光,并据此推测出被测组织的有效衰减系数。通过实时监测组织的有效衰减系数,可以监测组织的状态与成分变化信息。采用Intralipid脂肪乳作为组织仿体,考察了其中的葡萄糖浓度、血红蛋白浓度、颗粒密度、温度四个因素变化时在1 000~1 300 nm波段的有效衰减系数光谱,比较了它们的光谱特征。结果表明,有效衰减系数的光谱形状主要由介质的吸收变化决定。其中血红蛋白的有效衰减系数光谱显示出其在1 000~1 200 nm波段吸收显著,1 200~1 300 nm吸收减弱,这与血红蛋白的吸收特征一致;温度的光谱显示出与温度对水吸收光谱影响的光谱形状一致; 葡萄糖与颗粒密度引起的有效衰减系数光谱相似,原因在1 000~1 300 nm波段葡萄糖吸收较弱,其主要影响介质散射特性。最后测量了不同人体的手指、手掌、手背、手臂外侧、手臂内侧的有效衰减系数光谱,比较了部位差异和个体差异。从人体光谱差异上很明显地看到了血红蛋白、散射特性不同引起的光谱差异。综上,提出的有效衰减系数光谱测量方法特别适用于活体组织的成分测量,为实时监测组织的散射、吸收变化提供了一条新途径。     

小分子荧光探针的光谱

运用紫外-可见光谱、荧光光谱法研究了以二烯酮为荧光团的1,5-双(4-羟基)-1,4-戊二烯-3-酮探针的光学性质.一系列pH滴定实验表明探针的紫外吸收和荧光光谱随溶液的pH值的改变而变化.同时,探针紫外吸收光谱发生明显的红移,荧光光谱强度也随之变化,在碱性条件下,相对荧光强度浮动较大.解离常数pK<,α>为9.25,...     

Pump-probe optical response of an asymmetric double quantum dot molecule

We study the interaction of an asymmetric double semiconductor quantum dot molecule with a weak probe field and a strong pump field. We show that the optical properties of the system are controlled by a gate voltage and the pump field. For example, we find that the application of the pump field leads to controlled probe absorption, optical transparency, and gain for weak tunneling rates, while for stronger tunneling rates optical gain disappears and absorption spectra with double peaks are formed.     

Velocity selective optical pumping and repumping effects with counter and copropagating laser radiations for D<Subscript>2</Subscript> lines of rubidium

The effects of a strong control or pump laser, counter propagating or copropagating with the probe beam, on the probe absorption spectra of ⁸⁵Rb and ⁸⁷Rb-D₂ transitions have been investigated inside a room temperature Rb vapour cell. In both cases a set of strong velocity selective resonance dips are observed at different velocities. Their movements across the Doppler broadened probe absorption profile have been studied for different lock frequencies of the control laser. These spectra are modified by optical pumping effects due to the presence of another hyperfine component of the ground state. A repumping laser, from the dark hyperfine component of the ground level transfers almost 75% of the atoms from the dark state to the pump probe cycle hence reducing the optical pumping effect. A numerical simulation is done to explain the observed spectra. The effect of a control laser on the Lamb dip spectrum of the probe laser has also been investigated. The control beam is used to improve the strength of a weak hyperfine dip on the Doppler broadened probe spectrum. The strength of the hyperfine dip increases by a factor of 3.2 in presence of the control laser. The observed dips show that pump-probe spectroscopy can be used as velocity selectors of atoms.     

Detection properties of an optical fiber probe for laser speckle velocimetry

Temporal power spectra of the speckle signal detected by a simple optical fiber probe are analyzed as a function of the laser spot size at a moving scatter plate, the velocity of the plate, the core diameter of the detecting fiber and the numerical aperture of it. The fiber probe is shown to be useful for velocity measurements of the moving scatter plate.     

超小自聚焦光纤探头的研究进展

梯度折射率（Gradient-index,GRIN）光纤探头是一种全光纤型超小光学镜头,在心血管等狭小空间组织内窥影像检测中具有广阔的应用前景。但其发展一直缺少系统的理论体系。本文讨论探头设计、制作和性能测试等方面的关键问题。基于GRIN光纤探头聚焦性能的特征参数,对解析设计方法与数值仿真设计方法进行比较分析。针对超小GRIN光纤探头的制作难题,研究一种光纤熔接和切割的高精度一体化集成装置,描述GRIN光纤探头的制作方法。此外,分析了超小GRIN光纤探头聚焦性能检测的方法及装置。本文为超小GRIN光纤探头的设计、制作及性能测试提供了一个方法体系。     

Transverse mode coupling in an optical resonator

Small-angle scattering due to mirror surface roughness is shown to couple the optical modes and deform the transmission spectra in a frequency-degenerate optical cavity. A simple model based on a random scattering matrix clearly visualizes the mixing and avoided crossings between multiple transverse modes. These effects are visible only in the frequency-domain spectra; cavity ringdown experiments are unaffected by changes in the spatial coherence, as they probe just the intracavity photon lifetime.     

Simultaneous correction of the influence of skin color and fat on tissue spectroscopy by use of a two-distance fiber-optic probe and orthogonalization technique

We have demonstrated simultaneous correction for the optical interference of skin and fat in tissue spectra by using a two-distance fiber-optic probe. We obtained the correction by orthogonalizing the spectra collected at a long source-detector distance (SD) to the spectra collected at a short SD and mapped to the long SD space. The method was validated in tissuelike three-layer phantoms as well as preliminarily in human tissue. After the correction, a partial-least-squares model of the phantoms showed enhanced prediction performance.     

Spectroscopy of proteins at low temperature. Part I: Experiments with molecular ensembles

We discuss aspects of the physics of proteins at low temperature as they are reflected in highly resolved optical spectra of molecular probes. Typical probe molecules are heme-like dyes, aromatic amino acids, but also extended molecular aggregates in light harvesting complexes. We put emphasis on the interactions of the probe with its protein environment, on the range of these interactions, on their specific behavior in external fields, as well as on the characteristic parameters of the protein which can be determined with optical techniques at low temperatures but are not easily accessible otherwise. However, the focus of the review is on spectral diffusion physics of proteins, i.e. on their motion in conformational phase space, and on how this motion is reflected in the optical spectra. These structure changing-processes reflect the non-ergodic nature of low temperature proteins. They are most clearly detected at low temperature where the resolution of the experiment is close to the ultimate limit as given by the natural linewidth and where the dynamics become slow enough to be conveniently measured. In part I we discuss aspects of ensemble experiments, in part II we focus on experiments with single protein complexes. We offer lines of reasoning which may serve as guidelines for an understanding of the phenomena.     

水溶性苝系衍生物荧光探针识别金属离子的光物理机制计算研究

随着人们对荧光化合物电子光谱和光物理行为的深入研究,在利用荧光分子作为探针,检测各种不同体系的状态及其变化等方面都有了巨大的进展。其中,N,N′-二天冬氨酸铵盐-3,4,9,10-四羧酸二酰亚胺(PTCDA)是一种水体环境中选择性好灵敏度高的典型荧光分子探针。本文用密度泛函理论对PTCDA的光物理机制进行研究。计算了PTCDA分子在理想状态下的最优构型,电荷布居和激发光谱。根据计算结果,拟合此苝系衍生物激发态与Cu2+结合前后的吸收光谱,与Cu2+结合前后,吸收光谱峰形相似,加铜后整体吸收峰位发生了红移,有猝灭变色现象。通过与实验值的对比,计算所得分子构型合理有效,激发光谱谱峰位置切合实际。分析得出：PTCDA分子对二价铜离子有较好荧光探测活性,其光信号响应机制属于分子内电荷转移(ICT)机制。当分子接收二价铜离子时,吸收光谱谱峰位置红移,分子内电荷转移方向和强度均发生变化,既有猝灭信号,也有光的颜色变化信号,是一种具有猝灭与变色双信号的荧光探针材料,具有很大的开发潜力。所做工作只是用量子化学计算方法在分子荧光探针领域进行光物理响应机制分析的初步探索,可以为该领域提供系统而有价值的理论参考。     

Near-field optical microscope with a multiheight scanning imaging mode

A near-field scanning optical microscope has been developed to yield optical images with various gap distances between the probe and the sample surface. The microscope uses an apertureless metallic probe, the position of which is controlled by regulation of the tunneling-electron current from the probe to the sample and by computer-generated bias voltage. Experimental results of near-field optical imaging with the developed microscope at different gap distances are shown. Thirteen images at gap distances of 0 to 500nm demonstrate that the near-field image depends strongly on the gap distance. The imaging characteristics of a near-field imaging system are shown with the spatial-frequency spectra of images. Future investigation of the developed microscope is also discussed.     

Raman spectroscopy measurement of levofloxacin lactate in blood using an optical fiber nano‐probe

Liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry were time‐consuming and expensive as the main methods for the drug analysis at present, and the samples must be pretreated. The Raman spectroscopy measurement methods were fast and simple, so the Raman spectroscopy methods for the drug analysis were explored in this paper. An optical fiber nano‐probe coated with gold nanoparticles was fabricated and used with surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) to measure levofloxacin lactate. The resulting SERS spectra of levofloxacin lactate in mouse blood that was detected by the optical fiber nano‐probe clearly showed the characteristic wave numbers of levofloxacin lactate, indicating that optical fiber nano‐probes can be used with spectral techniques to analyze drugs in vitro or potentially even in vivo. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Raman probe using a single hollow waveguide

A simple Raman probe was realized using a single flexible hollow waveguide (HW). A HW coated with a silver film, which had reasonable transmission and little optical background noise, was used as a bidirectional transmission fiber for both the excitation and collection of Raman scattered light. The HW itself generated no Raman scattering or fluorescence noise during transmission. A complex filtering system at the end of the waveguide was thus unnecessary. In addition, the measured Raman spectra showed better signal-to-noise ratios than a conventional Raman fiber probe. The HW's suitability as a Raman fiber probe was also demonstrated.     

Intense laser effects on the optical properties of asymmetric GaAs double quantum dots under applied electric field

We investigated the combined effects of a non-resonant intense laser field and a static electric field on the electronic structure and the nonlinear optical properties (absorption, optical rectification) of a GaAs asymmetric double quantum dot under a strong probe field excitation. The calculations were performed within the compact density-matrix formalism under steady state conditions using the effective mass approximation. Our results show that: (i) the electronic structure and optical properties are sensitive to the dressed potential; (ii) under applied electric fields, an increase of the laser intensity induces a redshift of the optical absorption and rectification spectra; (iii) the augment of the electric field strength leads to a blueshift of the spectra; (iv) for high electric fields the optical spectra show a shoulder-like feature, related with the occurrence of an anti-crossing between the two first excited levels.     

Computerized setup for double-monochromator photoreflectance spectroscopy

An experimental setup for studying semiconductor structures by photoreflectance spectroscopy is designed. The double-monochromator-based optical scheme of the setup makes it possible to depress uncontrolled heating of the sample and diminishes a bending of the energy bands due to charge carrier photogeneration. Accordingly, the photoreflectance spectra are detected with a minimal influence of the modulating and probe radiations on the sample. With this setup, the room-temperature photoreflectance spectra from GaAs/GaAsP superlattices are taken and the interband transition energies, as well as a potential step in the conduction band of these superlattices, are measured.     

拉曼光纤技术快速无损鉴别甲硝唑片

采用光纤探头直接放在甲硝唑片上进行检测,采集谱图,对拉曼光谱峰进行指认,并改变测定条件(药品隔铝塑包装、刮除包膜)进行测定。建立了光纤传感技术结合拉曼光谱快速无损鉴别甲硝唑片的方法,所测药物图谱峰形良好、峰强明显、指纹性强、测定快速准确,可瞬间获得片剂的特征图谱。样品无需进行前处理,可无损鉴别。药片检测时,是否隔铝塑包装和刮除包膜不影响谱图识别。本法快速、准确、专属性强、灵敏度高,可用于对甲硝唑片进行有效的鉴别。     

Dynamics of confined excitons and biexcitons of CuCl quantum dots

We investigated the dynamics of confined excitons and biexcitons in CuCl quantum dots in an NaCl matrix by using subpicosecond pump and probe absorption spectra, and time-resolved luminescence spectra. Then temporal changes of the absorption, optical gain, and luminescence are interpreted in relation to the exciton dynamics. The optical nonlinearity is discussed in terms of the exciton-exciton interaction in the quantum dot.     

Cooperative effects in optical double resonance

A theory of optical double resonance which takes into account the cooperative interactions among atoms is formulated. The analytical result for the double resonance spectra in the conventional situation when the probe field is weak, is given. The changes in the nature of the spectra as one sweeps from cooperative to single atom branch are discussed. The cooperative interaction is shown to reduce considerably the asymmetry of the Autler-Towne's doublet.     

Investigation of gold-coated bare fiber probe for in situ intra-vitreous coherence domain optical imaging and sensing

We have investigated the usage of gold-plated bare fiber probes for in situ imaging of retinal layers and surrounding ocular tissues using time-domain common-path optical coherence tomography. The fabricated intra-vitreous gold-plated micro-fiber probe can be fully integrated with surgical tools working in close proximity to the tissue to provide subsurface images having a self-contained reference plane independent to the Fresnel reflection between the distal end of the probe and the following medium for achieving reference in typical common-path optical coherence tomography. We have fully characterized the probe in an aqueous medium equivalent to the vitreous humor in the eye and were able to differentiate various functional retinal tissue layers whose thickness is larger than the system’s resolution.     

血液可见吸收光谱与血氧参数神经网络估算法

总血红蛋白浓度和血氧饱和度是两个基本的血氧参数。文章提出了利用内置双光纤微创探头在位测量大鼠脑组织血氧参数的新方法。首先,利用悬乳液(Intralipid)和全血配置不同总血红蛋白浓度的混合溶液,模拟生物组织模型,用光纤光谱仪测试系统测量组织模型在加氧和去氧时的实时吸收光谱,同时用血氧分析仪(OXI meter)对血氧参数定标,建立测试光谱和定标数据样本集。然后,利用人工神经网络建立血液吸收光谱与血氧参数的神经网络模型,训练后的网络模型能根据吸收光谱输出生物组织的血氧参数值,总血红蛋白浓度和血氧饱和度的平均输出误差分别为±4μmol·L-1和±5%。最后,利用神经网络模型对大鼠脑组织血氧参数进行了在位测试实验,测得脑灰质的血氧饱和度为0.60~0.70,脑白质血氧饱和度为0.45~0.55;总血红蛋白浓度在脑皮层(深度1mm)附近最高,平均110μmol·L-1,其余深度脑组织的总血红蛋白浓度为70~90μmol·L-1。这种方法对脑外科微创手术中实时在位测试脑组织血氧参数具有重要的参考意义。