热端温度对高频微型同轴脉冲管制冷机性能的影响及其在空间技术中的应用研究

本文用数值方法对热端温度对微型高频同轴脉冲管制冷机性能的影响进行了分析,并将其与实验结果进行了比较,随着热端温度的升高,制冷机的最低制冷温度单调升高,制冷量单调减少,试验结果与数值计算结果定性相符。在此基础上,探讨了高频微型同轴脉冲管制冷机和辐射制冷器相结合在空间飞行器中的应用,提出了两种应用模式,用数值方法对之进行了分析。     

长颈管在微型脉冲管制冷机中的应用分析

长径管作为调相器应用于微型脉冲管制冷机系统时存在阻抗不匹配现象,即调相效果好时,往往脉冲管热端阻抗大小,从而使脉冲管中的压力波幅值小,蓄冷器中损失增大,制冷性能降低;用不同管径和长度的长径管作为调相器时,最低制冷温度产生在阻抗匹配区域或热端阻抗最大的区域;对于本实验中的微型脉冲管制冷机,以长颈管作为调相器时最低制冷温度为107.3 K,低于以单纯的小孔阀作为调相器时所获得的最低制冷温度,但还达不到双向进气的水平。     

新型热耦合高频脉冲管制冷机性能研究

本文介绍了一种热耦合型的脉冲管制冷机,由两个独立的制冷机系统构成.通过改变一级的输入功率可以维持二级热端在一个较低温度研究脉冲管制冷机在低温下的工作性能以及不同参数的影响.二级制冷机在热端温度120 K左右时,输入10 w功率能够使最低温度降到41 K,30 w时能够达到31.8 K并在60 K时有超过0.5 W的制冷量.     

惯性管在300 Hz脉冲管制冷机中的应用

300 Hz脉冲管制冷机与常用60 Hz以下的脉冲管制冷机有着不同的特性.本文采用惯性管作为调相器,对不同管径和长度的惯性管进行理论分析和实验研究,研究表明,惯性管的几何尺寸对300 Hz脉冲管制冷机的性能有很大的影响,惯性管处于最佳调相位置时,脉冲管热端和冷端的压力波与质量流之间的相位差分别在60°和30°左右.惯性管长度的变化对压缩机出口和脉冲管热端的压差也产生很大的影响.     

冷头结构对高频热驱动脉中管制冷机性能影响研究

本文介绍了最低制冷温度达60.5 K的高频300 Hz热驱动单级脉冲管制冷机.为进一步提高耦合系统热效率,在数值计算的指导下,系统研究了高频脉冲管制冷机冷头结构对耦合系统性能的影响特性.采用4.0 MPa氦气为工质,在发动机端加入600 W加热量获得了60.5 K的无负荷最低制冷温度,这是目前国际上报道的高频热驱动单级...     

蓄冷器和脉冲管尺寸对制冷机性能的影响

多年来为提高微型脉冲管制冷机的效率,在调相机构方面做了大量的工作,但在脉冲管制冷机各部件的最优几何尺寸方面所做的工作较少,本文用实验方法研究了蓄冷器和脉冲管的几何尺寸对一高频微型脉冲管制冷机性能的影响,由不同尺寸的脉冲管和蓄冷器组成了25个微型脉冲管制冷机,每个制冷机在不同的充气压力下进行了试验,实验结果表明,对于扫气体积为 1.66cm3的压缩机而言,最佳的蓄冷器和脉冲管无量纲尺寸（蓄冷器的空体积、脉冲管的体积与压缩机扫气体积之比）分别在1.1～1.2附近和0.7～1.0之间。     

单级高频脉冲管制冷机耦合特性研究

线性压缩机、回热器、脉冲管以及惯性管的耦合特性对高频脉冲管制冷机的整机性能有很大的影响.本文对高频脉冲管制冷机的各部件及整机的耦合特性进行了理论分析和实验研究.研究表明,当脉冲管制冷机运行频率越接近压缩机的谐振频率时,脉冲管制冷机的效率会越高,压缩机效率受冷头温度影响就较小;而改变惯性管的尺寸是改善脉冲管制冷机耦合特性的最有效的手段.     

铅蓄冷材料的二级脉冲管制冷机研究

采用多级方案是高频脉冲管制冷机获得低于20 K以下制冷温度的主要方法,以不锈钢金属丝网为蓄冷材料的二级高频脉冲管制冷机,实验已经达到了20 K以下温度.理论上讲,由于热容大,以铅为主的蓄冷材料比不锈钢更适合40～10 K温区工作,这在低频回热制冷机中得到了证明.本文介绍了我们采用不同铅球和铅网为低温蓄冷材料的研究结果.实验表明,小铅球对于高频脉冲管制冷机是不很合适的,导致制冷温度的明显升高.镀铅的不锈钢丝网和已有不锈钢丝网的性能相似,可进一步深入研究.该研究对于20 K以至更低温度的高频回热制冷机研究有一定的借鉴意义.     

热耦合型二级高频脉冲管制冷机实验研究

降低制冷温度至4 K温区是高频脉冲管制冷机的最新发展要求。本文介绍了一套热耦合型二级高频脉冲管制冷机的性能特性,它可以达到低于15 K以下的最低温度,是目前报道的高频二级脉冲管制冷机能获得的最低温度．通过对制冷机一级预冷、二级输入功率、二级冷量、室温条件等影响的分析,从实验角度揭示了该二级制冷系统的复杂影响,为进一步的深入分析和改进提供了基础。     

0.2 W@20.6K单级高频脉冲管制冷机研究

本文介绍一台单级高频脉冲管制冷机的实验结果,研究了充气压力、运行频率、热端温度及冷头朝向等参数对制冷机性能的影响。该制冷机采用多路旁通方案、同轴结构,联合采用双向进气和惯性管气库进行调相。长颈管穿过压缩机内部后密封在气库里,气库、压缩机与脉冲管耦合成一体,结构紧凑。在充气压力1.7 MPa,输入电功260 W时,能够在20.6 K获得0.2 W,在24.1 K获得0.5 W的制冷量;在268 W输入电功,38 Hz运行频率条件F,无负荷最低温度18.6K是单级高频脉冲管制冷机在国际上首次获得的最低温度。     

Characterization of a ferrofluid-based thermomagnetic pump for microfluidic applications

We experimentally characterize the performance of a miniature thermomagnetic pump, where suitably imposed temperature and magnetic field gradients are used to drive ferrofluid in a 2 mm diameter glass capillary tube, without application of any external pressure gradient. Such a pump can operate in a hermetically sealed micro electromechanical system configuration without any moving part, and is thus capable of handling microfluidic samples with little risk of contamination. In the experiment, the ferrofluid in the capillary is exposed to a magnetic field using a solenoid; a small resistive heater wrapped on the tube wall is used to create temperature gradient in such a way that the Kelvin body force in the medium produces a net unbalanced axial component. This causes a thermomagnetic pumping action, transporting the ferrofluid in the capillary tube from the colder end to the warmer end. Performance of the thermomagnetic pump is investigated experimentally to characterize the pump pressure head and discharge under different working conditions, namely, the magnetic field strength, heating power, and ferrofluid properties. A comparison with two other field actuation pumps at comparable length scales is also presented. The pump produces higher output at lower power supplies and magnetic field compared to the other two pumps.     

基于球面反射温阑的红外探测器变f数设计

制冷型红外探测器f数由冷阑尺寸和位置决定,在冷阑附近加温阑可以改变探测器f数,但是会引入大量杂散辐射.为解决这一问题,提出一种基于球面反射温阑的红外探测器变f数设计方法.建立了温阑红外辐射模型,分析普通平面温阑引入的杂散辐射及其对探测器性能的影响.在此基础上提出球面反射温阑的设计方法,通过改变表面形状和发射特性,降低温阑引入的杂散辐射,以保证探测器变f数后的性能.为验证本文方法,设计球面反射温阑和普通平面温阑改变某制冷型探测器f数,在高低温试验箱内进行辐射定标实验测量两种温阑引入的杂散辐射,比较二者对探测器的影响.分析和实验结果表明,球面反射温阑引入的杂散辐射远小于普通平面温阑,引入的噪声等效温差也较小,能够更好地保证红外系统的成像性能.     

Highly sensitive miniature photonic crystal fiber refractive index sensor based on mode field excitation

A highly sensitive miniature photonic crystal fiber refractive index sensor based on field mode excitation is presented. The sensor is fabricated by melting one end of a photonic crystal fiber into a rounded tip and splicing and collapsing the other end with a single-mode fiber. The rounded tip is able to induce cladding mode excitation, which resulted in an additional phase delay. Linear response of 262.28 nm/refractive index unit in the refractive index range of 1.337 to 1.395 is obtained for the physical length of a 953 μm sensor. The sensor is also shown to be insensitive to environmental temperature.     

温度回路-小孔脉管制冷中的新现象

一台可工作在双向进气模式和小孔模式下的单级脉管制冷机,当双向进气方式采用并联双阀双向进气时,最低制冷温度为19.3K,50K以下的制冷量变化约为2W/K;当双向进气阀门关闭时,制冷机就工作在小孔模式下,最近的研究工作发现,当制冷机工作在小孔模式下时出现了一个新的现象-脉管冷端温度存在温度回路,该特点与脉管冷端的热负荷及小孔开度的调节方法有关,该现象的发现对于理解双向进气模式下温度不稳定问题提供了一个新的思路。     

A high pressure-high temperature cell for electrical resistivity studies

A high pressure-high temperature cell which permitsin-situ pressure and temperature calibration is described. The cell is in an opposed anvil configuaration, and houses two samples with four probes each along with a miniature furnace and a thermocouple. The pressure and temperature capability of the cell are 100 kbar and 1000°C respectively. This cell was developed to study the electrical resistivity of metals and alloys at high pressure and high temperature. Bismuth was used to calibrate the cell. We report in this paper the design details and the performance of this cell. Ni has been chosen as a test problem and the observed behaviour is indicated to show the quality of data.     

基于平板波导的小型红外光栅光谱仪光学设计

为实现红外光谱仪器的小型化,通过分析现有小型光谱仪,提出了一种基于平板波导的小型红外光栅光谱仪的设计方法。平板波导光谱仪的小型化原理与一般的微小型光谱仪不同。在平板波导光谱仪中,光束被限制在一层薄薄的平板波导介质中传播,看起来像是整个光学系统被压扁了。在垂直于平板波导的方向上光学元件的尺寸可以做到很小,从而显著减小光学系统的尺寸。该系统的设计可分为Czerny-Turner结构设计、波导结构设计。先根据像差理论设计Czerny-Turner结构,目标是保证光谱分辨率及校正像差;然后根据几何光学理论设计波导结构,包括平板波导和两个柱面透镜,目标是压缩光束并校正像散;最后将它们输入Zemax软件中进行综合优化,以获得最优的光学系统。据此方法设计了一个平板波导红外光栅光谱仪,工作波段为8~12 μm,数值孔径为0.22,采用线阵探测器。通过Zemax软件对结果进行分析和评价,表明仪器光学系统的尺寸为130 mm×125 mm×20 mm,工作波段内光谱分辨率达到80 nm,满足设计指标要求。证明了该优化设计方法是可行的,所得系统尺寸小、性能高。     

用于ITER的NbTi超导股线临界电流测试方法

介绍了一种用于ITER的NbTi超导股线在不同温度下临界电流测试的方法和装置。该装置包括一孔径为70mm、最高磁场高达16T的背景磁体以及变温杜瓦等系统。对NbTi超导线变温测试设计了二元电流引线。用该系统得到了其NbTi超导股线在不同磁场不同温度下的临界电流,用“Luca”定标律拟合了测试结果,并对测试结果进行了分析。     

Kinetic effects of NO addition on n-dodecane cool and warm diffusion flames

The kinetic effects of NO addition on the flame dynamics and burning limits of n-dodecane cool and warm diffusion flames are investigated experimentally and computationally using a counterflow system. The results show that NO plays different roles in cool and warm flames due to their different reaction pathway sensitivities to the flame temperature and interactions with NO. We observe that NO addition decreases the cool flame extinction limit, delays the extinction transition from warm flame to cool flame, and promotes the ignition transition from warm flame to hot flame. In addition, jet-stirred reactor (JSR) experiments of n-dodecane oxidation with and without NO addition are also performed to develop and validate a n-dodecane/NO_x kinetic model. Reaction pathway and sensitivity analyses reveal that, for cool flames, NO addition inhibits the low-temperature oxidation of n-dodecane and reduces the flame temperature due to the consumption of RO₂ via NO+RO₂?NO₂+RO, which competes with the isomerization reaction that continues the peroxy radical branching sequence. The model prediction captures well the experimental trend of the inhibiting effect of NO on the cool flame extinction limit. For warm flames, two different kinds of warm flame transitions, the warm flame extinction transition to cool flame and the warm flame reignition transition to hot flame, were observed. The results suggest that warm extinction transition to cool flame is suppressed by NO addition while the warm flame reignition transition to hot flame is promoted. The kinetic model developed captures well the experimentally observed warm flame transitions to cool flame but fails to predict the warm flame reignition to hot flame at similar experimental conditions.     

Spherical warm shield design for infrared imaging systems

The F-number matching is the primary means to suppress stray radiation for infrared imaging systems. However, it is difficult to achieve exact F-number matching, owing to the restriction from detectors, or multiple F-number design. Hence, an additional shield is required to block the certain thermal radiation. Typical shield is called flat warm shield, which is flat and operates at room temperature. For flat warm shield, it cannot suppress stray radiation while achieving F-number matching. To overcome the restriction, a spherical reflective warm shield is required. First of all, the detailed theory of spherical warm shield design is developed on basis of the principle that stray radiation cannot directly reach the infrared focal plane array. According to the theory developed above, a polished spherical warm shield, whose radius is 18 mm, is designed to match an F/2 infrared detector with an F/4 infrared imaging system. Then, the performance and alignment errors of the designed spherical warm shield are analyzed by simulation. Finally, a contrast experiment between the designed spherical warm shield and two differently processed flat warm shields is performed in a chamber with controllable inside temperatures. The experimental results indicate that the designed spherical warm shield cannot only achieve F-number matching but suppress stray radiation sufficiently. Besides, it is demonstrated that the theory of spherical warm shield design developed in this paper is valid and can be employed by arbitrary infrared imaging systems.