宇宙线超高能多核心族事例

本文报道了甘巴拉山乳胶室在核乳胶片上记录的宇宙线超高能多核心族事例KOE19(ΣE_γ≈1530TeV). 分析了事例的族现象特征, 并同其它大族事例进行比较. 把事例中的几个主要核心的特性同加速器和C喷注的实验结果以及TeV能区唯象QCD理论计算结果作了比较, 讨论了TeV能区超高能粒子强相互作用的一些特征.     

超高能宇宙γ射线所提出的疑问

在五十年代以前的二十多年里,几乎所有的新粒子都是首先从宇宙线中发现的.只是随着具有GeV能量和更高能量的加速器的相继建成,高能物理学家才逐渐把注意力转向加速器实验. 近几年建立起来的一系列新的超高能宇宙线粒子探测器已观测到从一些“点源”发射来的能量高于1015eV的高能宇宙线粒子.而在此之前人们还从未探测到能量高于1012eV的从点源发出的宇宙线粒子. 观测到从点源发出的超高能宇宙线粒子无疑会有助于解开七十多年来未能解决的宇宙线起源之谜.更重要的是,对这一系列观测进行分析得出的结果还向物理学家提出了一系列疑问. 高能原…     

用神经网络分辨原初宇宙线成分

尝试在高山乳胶室实验中用神经网络的方法区分超高能区原初宇宙线当中的质子和原子核,对模拟数据的分析结果表明,当族事例观测能量大于500TeV时,对质子和原子核的分辨率均能稳定在80%附近;而当族事例观测能量在100TeV和500TeV之间时,对质子和原子核的分辨率均大于70%.     

近地雷暴电场与羊八井地面宇宙线关联的模拟研究

雷暴期间地面宇宙线强度变化的研究对理解大气电场加速宇宙线次级带电粒子的物理机理具有重要意义. 分析西藏羊八井ARGO实验中2012年大气电场的数据后发现, 近地雷暴电场的强度可达1000 V/cm甚至更高. 用Monte Carlo方法模拟研究了近地雷暴电场与羊八井地面宇宙线强度的关联. 当雷暴电场强度(取1500 V/cm)大于逃逸电场时, 宇宙线次级粒子中正、负电子的数目呈指数增长, 在大气深度约520 g/cm²处达到极大值, 与Gurevich等提出的相对论电子逃逸雪崩机理和Dwyer理论相符. 当雷暴电场强度小于逃逸电场时, 在所有负电场范围和大于600 V/cm的正电场范围, 总电子数目随电场强度的增大而增加; 当正电场小于400 V/cm时, 总电子数目均出现一定幅度的下降; 在电场为400–600 V/cm范围内, 总电子数目的变化与原初粒子的能量有关, 原初能量小于80 GeV时, 其次级粒子中总电子数目增加, 原初能量在80–120 GeV 范围内时, 总电子数目变化不明显, 原初能量大于120 GeV时, 总电子数目出现下降, 下降幅度约4%. 模拟结果可对羊八井ARGO实验的观测结果给予合理的解释.     

200A GeV到100A TeV能区内的高能不等核碰撞机制和流体力学模型计算

本文提出了高能不等核碰撞的一种碰撞机制结合流体力学模型讨论了高能不等核碰撞的时空演化,并用来成功地解释了几个典型的300A GeV到100A TeV宇宙线事例,以及200A GeV的¹⁶O束流打核乳胶的有关最新实验结果.     

超新星遗迹与LHAASO

 宇宙线的起源作为科学难题已经长达一个世纪。近年随着GeV、TeV伽马射线天文望远镜的发展，探测到了一批高能和甚高能伽马射线超新星遗迹（Supernovae Remnant，SNR），表明超新星遗迹的电磁辐射，不仅从低频射电波段跨越到X射线波段，而且延伸至伽马射线波段，是宇宙中重要的伽马射线源。频率跨度如此之大的电磁辐射，科学家们用以研究各种天文物理过程，如恒星晚期演化与核合成，激波动力学，相对论性粒子高能辐射，高能粒子加速、传播等等。特别是，超新星遗迹被普遍推测为银河系内主要的宇宙线加速源。为了确证对超新星遗迹或其他高能天体这样的推测，深入探索宇宙线的有关机理，必须建造下一代更灵敏的伽马射线望远镜，在更高的能段投入观测。超新星遗迹也因此成为LHAASO项目的重要探测目标。     

宇宙线超高能相互作用的QCD部分子模型产生器

在pQCD的部分子模型和独立碎裂方案的部分子强子化模型基础上,建立了用于超高能宇宙线与空气核相互作用的产生器.通过拟合PP散射和e⁺e^－对撞实验数据来决定产生器中的参数.再现了从s=546GeV到1800GeVpp散射中喷注的产生和从s=14GeV到91GeV e⁺e^－对撞等实验的基本特征,并外推到≤22TeV的超高能区.     

用地面阵列寻找TeV能区γ点源的方法探讨

文中探讨搜寻TeV能区γ点源的方法.讨论利用student变量t判断来自源区及背景区宇宙线事例的统计差别,并由Bayes定理与MonteCarlo模拟相结合计算源区各能段的信号数,推算蟹状星云在TeV能区的γ射线微分能谱     

银河系宇宙线的超新星遗迹起源学说

 20世纪初，随着人们对空气电离度测量精度的不断提高，大气电离现象被普遍观测到并被归因于放射性元素衰变产生的高能辐射。1911~1913年奥地利物理学家维克托·赫斯（Victor Franz Hess）通过一系列高空气球实验发现了来自外太空的可以导致空气电离的辐射--宇宙线^①，他也因此获得了来自于河外高能天体源。能量低于109eV （1GeV）的宇宙线由于受太阳风的影响，很难到达地球附近。由太阳活动产生的高能粒子的能量通常也低于1 GeV⑦，因此在地球附近观测到的能量低于1 GeV的高能粒子主要产生于太阳系。虽然银河系中很多高能天体都可以产生宇宙线，但是超新星遗迹被普遍认为是最主要的银河系宇宙线源。这就是所谓的银河系宇宙线的超新星遗迹起源学说。1936年的诺贝尔物理学奖（图1（a））。20世纪30年代，人们通过对来自地球东西方向宇宙线流量不对称性的分析，逐渐认识到它们主要是由带正电的高能粒子组成，受地球磁场影响，来自西方的宇宙线流量更高。后来的一系列研究表明，99%的宇宙线是原子核，其中约10%为α粒子即氦核，更重的原子核占1%左右。考虑到宇宙线的高流量，1934年巴德（W.Baade）和兹维基（F.Zwicky）指出，它们可能来自于超新星爆发^②。由于宇宙线粒子带电，在星际介质中传播时将受到星际磁场的影响，因此地球附近观测到的宇宙线空间分布几乎是各向同性的，这也导致我们无法通过对宇宙线的成像观测来确定宇宙线源。但是宇宙线可以和背景等离子体相互作用产生从射电到伽马射线的电磁辐射，随着射电天文、X射线天文、伽马射线天文的发展，人们不仅发现了超新星爆发产生宇宙线的观测证据，还发现了其他一些可以产生宇宙线的高能天体^③~⑥。     

TeV能区物理的进展

综述近年各种TeV能量对撞机的计划和建造情况,TeV能区物理的理论研究进展和TeV能区物理的发展前景.     

A future project at tibet: the large high altitude air shower observatory (LHAASO)

Gamma ray source detection above 30 TeV is an encouraging approach for finding galactic cosmic ray sources. All sky survey for gamma ray sources using wide field of view detector is essential for population accumulation for various types of sources above 100 GeV. In order to target those goals, a large air shower particle detector array of 1 km~2 (the LHAASO project) at 4300 m a.s.l, is proposed. By adding two MagicII-type telescopes in the array as proposed, LHAASO will be enhanced in source morphologic investigation power. The proposed array will be utilized also for energy spectrum measurement for individual cosmic ray species above 30 TeV. By re-configuring the wide field of view telescopes into fluorescence light detector array, the aperture of the detector array can be enlarged to cover an energy region above 100 PeV where the second knee is located. Cosmic ray spectrum and composition will be measured in order to transfer an energy scale to ultra high energy cosmic ray experiments.     

The TeV-scale cosmic ray proton and helium spectra: Contributions from the local sources

Recent measurements of cosmic ray proton and helium spectra show a hardening above a few hundreds of GeV. This excess is hard to understand in the framework of the conventional models of galactic cosmic ray production and propagation. Here, we propose to explain this anomaly by the presence of local sources. Cosmic ray propagation is described as a diffusion process taking place inside a two-zone magnetic halo. We calculate the proton and helium fluxes at the Earth between 50 GeV and 100 TeV. Improving over a similar analysis, we consistently derive these fluxes by taking into account both local and remote sources for which a unique injection rate is assumed. We find cosmic ray propagation parameters for which the proton and helium spectra remarkably agree with the PAMELA and CREAM measurements over four decades in energy.     

An Extensive Survey of the Characteristics of Pseudorapidity Distributions in Hadron-Nucleus Collisions at High and Ultra High Energies

This paper presents an extensive study of the nature of the pseudorapidity distribution in hadron-nucleus collision in emulsion from accelerator energy to super high cosmic ray energies (24 GeV/c to 4 TeV). The energy and the target dependence of the distributions and their possible significance are also discussed.     

高能宇宙射线数值模拟中能谱指数的标定

在利用TeV能区宇宙射线数值模拟数据研究朝前区强子相互作用时, 需要足够多的低空簇射事例样本。提出了可以通过降低FIXCHI（宇宙射线第一次相互作用高度）来提高高能宇宙射线数值模拟效率,但对相应的能谱指数进行标定是必要的。以1 TeV处直达概率为标准, 得到各能区的能谱强度, 并采用将能谱强度与能量进行线性拟合, 以标定能谱指数的方法, 使宇宙射线数值模拟的效率及准确率都大大提高。 In the study of hadronic interaction in the forward region by the simulation of cosmic ray, it is necessary to simulate large numbers of cosmic ray events with low first interaction height. We confirmed that by reducing the FIXCHI the efficiency of cosmic ray simulation can be improved. But the calibration for energy slope is needed. We got the energy slope based on the probability of direct arrived events with energy of 1 TeV, and fitted the intensity of spectrum with energy to make certain the energy slope of high energy cosmic ray. By this way, the efficiency and precision of cosmic ray simulation is greatly improved.     

寻找超高能宇宙线源——西藏广延空气簇射实验

总结了１９９０年６月到１９９３年１０月期间西藏空气簇射阵列的观测结果。寻找了来自于蟹状星云、Ｘ射线双星、脉冲星、活动星系核和其它活动天体的能量为１０ＴｅＶγ射线连续发射，没有发现连续稳定发射的迹象，但给出了每个源的流强上限。在阵列所观测的天区寻找了１０ＴｅＶ的γ暴，结果没有发现能量１０ＴｅＶ的γ暴，最后也给出了发现此种γ暴的上限。应用该阵列，明显地观测到了能量为１０ＴｅＶ的宇宙线流强的太阳和月亮阴影。观测了朝向和远离太阳的行星际空间磁场对宇宙线阴影的影响，这是行星际磁场对阴影位移影响的第一次直接观测。研究并发现在实验期间，太阳阴影的位置每年都在变化。同时观测在此期间，朝向和远离方向的宇宙线阴影的不同变化。另外，应用该实验的数据，给出了所谓的“膝”区的原初宇宙线能谱。     

Cosmic Ray Flux Variation due to Solar Flares during January 16—20, 2005 with YBJ-ARGO Experiment

The YBJ-ARGO experiment is located in Tibet at 4300m a.s.l.. The data of this experiment under scalar mode can be used to study the solar modulation of cosmic ray flux at E>10GeV. The data during January 15—17, 2005 are analyzed, and a cosmic ray flux Forbush decrease after several X class solar flares has been observed. All detailed structures of the flux curves are similar to the results from neutron monitors. The maximum amplitudes of FD are about －6%, －6%, －4% and －3% with multiplicity greater than 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively, i.e. the maximum amplitude of FD decreases as the energy of cosmic ray increases. These are the results about a FD measured at the same site (Yangbajing) with different cosmic ray energies for the first time.     

Trigger System of the NUCLEON Space Experiment

The NUCLEON satellite experiment is designed to investigate directly the energy spectra of galactic cosmic ray (CR) nuclei and its charge composition before the “knee”: in the energy interval from 100 GeV to 100 TeV and the charge range Z = 1–30 respectively. The “knee” energy range of 10¹¹–10¹⁶ eV is a crucial region for the understanding of the cosmic-ray acceleration and propagation in the interstellar medium. The NUCLEON detector has been data taken since December, 2014. The NUCLEON trigger system and CR event selection are described, including the beam tests at the SPS CERN, flight tests in orbit and the Monte-Carlo simulation.

     

Hybrid method for detecting cascades produced by ultrahigh-energy cosmic particles using a circumlunar satellite

A hybrid method for detecting cosmic rays and neutrino cascades using the radio method and the conventional method for detecting cascade particles was proposed. Cascades produced in the lunar soil near the surface by ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays and neutrinos in the energy range of 1 GeV–100 TeV, coming from above at different angles, were calculated. The calculated energy and angular distributions were extrapolated to the energy region of 10²⁰ eV. Using these results, the detection threshold was estimated as 10²⁰ eV which is approximately identical to the threshold for the radio detector previously considered by the authors.     

On the contribution of a hard galactic plane component to the excesses of secondary particles

The standard model of cosmic ray propagation has been very successful in explaining all kinds of galactic cosmic ray spectra. However, high precision measurement have recently revealed an appreciable discrepancy between data and model expectations, from spectrum observations of gamma-rays, e+/e- and probably the B=C ratio starting from ~10 GeV energy . In this work, we propose that a hard galactic plane component, supplied by the fresh cosmic ray sources and detained by local magnetic elds, can contribute additional secondary particles interacting with local materials. By properly choosing the intensity and spectral index of the harder component up to multi-T eV energy , a two-component gamma-ray spectrum is obtained and agrees very well with the observation. Simultaneously , the expected neutrino numbers from the galactic plane could contribute ~60% of IceCube observed neutrino number below a few hundreds of TeV under our model. In addition to these studies, we nd that the same pp-collision process responsible for the excess gamma ray emission could account for a signi cant amount of the positron excess, but a more detailed mechanism is needed for a full agreement. It is expected that the excesses in the p=p and B=C ratio will show up when energy is above ~10 GeV. We look forward this model being tested in the near future by new observations from AMS02, IceCube, AS-gamma, HA WC and future  experiments such as LHASSO, HiSCORE and CTA.