中能重离子碎裂反应的同位旋效应及其消失

用修正的统计擦去模型计算了中能重离子碎裂反应产生的同位素分布的同位旋效应,发现随着(Z_proj–Z)/Z_proj的增大,碎裂反应的同位旋效应将逐渐减小直到消失.同时,研究表明碎裂反应的同位旋效应的消失主要是由擦去阶段的几何效应和随后的蒸发效应导致的.     

弹核碎裂反应的同位旋标度率及核的对称能系数研究

用统计擦碎模型对中能区弹核碎裂反应中的同位旋标度率现象进行了系统研究. 发现在弹核碎裂反应中存在同位旋标度率现象, 但同位旋标度率参数随每核子的激发能的增加迅速下降. 而影响同位旋标度率参数变化的最主要的因素是由于激发能不同及蒸发效应. 采用费米气体模型的激发能与核温度的关系, 从同位旋标度率参数提取出核的对称能系数, 值的大小及其与激发能的变化趋势跟实验数据基本一致.     

中能重离子碰撞中的碰撞参数研究

在入射能量E为40和100MeV/u时,对¹¹²Sn+¹¹²Sn和¹²⁴Sn+¹²⁴Sn两个反应系统在不同碰撞参数下进行了同位旋相关的量子分子动力学模型计算,系统研究了阻塞率、线性动量转移、荷电粒子多重性、轻荷电粒子多重性、中子多重性以及束缚核总电荷Z_bound随碰撞参数的变化规律,结果表明,中子多重性对碰撞参数的依赖在两个能量下都存在着明显的同位旋效应,Z_bound在E为40MeV/u时存在着同位旋效应.同时讨论了在较低和较高能量时如何更合理地确定反应事件的碰撞参数.     

核电荷半径的同位旋相关性及其微观诠释

原子核电荷半径R_c所有的实验数据都表明, R_c系统偏离A^1/3律, 即随A增大R_c/A^1/3系统地递减, 而R_c/Z^1/3则比较接近于一个常量. 原子核巨单极共振能量E_x ∝ R^－1的大量实验数据也支持这一结论. 根本原因在于A^1/3律与同位旋无关, 而Z^1/3律已部分反映了同位旋的影响. 基于壳模型, 给出了Z^1/3律的微观诠释. 壳模型中质子和中子谐振子势强度参数ω_p和ω_n的差异, 可以用Z^1/3律说明. 基于与Wigner的原子核同位旋多重态质量公式(IMME)相似的理论考虑, 提出了核电荷半径改进的Z^1/3律.     

中能重离子碰撞中的气–液相变和同位旋分馏

利用核物质理论研究气–液相变结果表明,气–液相变中临界温度T_c随系统质量的增加而增加,但随碰撞系统同位旋的增加而减小.利用改进的同位旋相关的量子分子动力学模型,研究了中能重离子碰撞过程中同位旋分馏强度随碰撞系统的同位旋和系统质量的变化,结果表明,同位旋分馏强度与气–液相变临界温度T_c有对应的关系,特别是气–液相变和同位旋分馏都发生在正常核密度以下低密度的spinodal不稳定区.这表明气–液相变和同位旋分馏具有相类似的动力学行为和内在联系,也预示着可以通过对同位旋分馏强度的研究和测量来揭示中能重离子碰撞过程中气–液相变的动力学特征     

中能重离子碰撞中同位旋分馏的同位旋效应

基于改进的同位旋相关量子分子动力学模型,研究了中能重离子碰撞中同位旋分馏强度(N/Z)_气(N/Z)_液随着碰撞系统中子–质子比和碰撞参数的变化所呈现出的同位旋效应,得到了一些有兴趣的结果.如在碰撞系统质量、入射能量和碰撞参数固定的条件下,(N/Z)_气(N/Z)_液随碰撞系统中子–质子比的增加而增加.对于丰中子系统而言,(N/Z)_气(N/Z)_液灵敏地依赖于对称势而较弱地依赖于核子–核子碰撞截面;而缺中子系统,(N/Z)_气(N/Z)_液对于对称势和介质中核子–核子碰撞截面都不灵敏.对于造成这种现象的物理机制进行了分析和讨论.一般核反应中,碰撞参数是各种物理观测量的灵敏函数,但计算结果表明同位旋分馏强度对于碰撞参数并不灵敏,故对于丰中子系统而言,同位旋分馏强度是提取对称势知识的灵敏物理观测量.     

同位素分布的标度参量对于两体碰撞的同位旋相关性和动量相关作用的依赖

利用同位旋相关的量子分子动力学模型, 对中能重离子反应产物中的同位素分布进行了研究, 重点分析了平均场中的动量相关作用和两体碰撞的同位旋相关性对于产物中同位素标度现象的影响. 结果表明: 这两个因素均明显减小了同位素标度参量α的值, 从而减弱了同位旋标度参量α对两个反应系统同位旋差的依赖性.     

中能重离子碰撞中的各向异性流标度

用同位旋相关的量子分子动力学(IQMD)模型, 研究了25MeV/A的⁸⁶Kr+¹²⁴Sn碰撞系统在较大碰撞参数下的轻碎片的各向异性流(v₂和v₄), 发现横向动量依赖的椭圆流(v₂)存在对轻碎片核子数的标度律(number-of-nucleon scaling)现象, 以及不同轻碎片的v₄/v₂²比值都近似等于一个常数0.5. 这种标度律现象可以用核子层次碎片形成的组合(coalescence)模型来解释.     

正交基下的一些无多重性SUN SON同位标量因子的解析表达式

本文导出了一些SU_N SO_N SO_N－1按 SU_N SU_N－1 SO_N－1态展开系数.利用该系数及已知的SO_N SO_N－1同位标量因子,我们求得了SU_N SO_N关于耦合[w₁w₂0…0]×[w₃0…0]→[w₁w₂0…0]的无多重性同位标量因子的解析表达式.     

朗之万方程模拟核裂变碎片的同位旋标度

使用结合朗之万方程和统计分支的组合模型模拟¹¹²Sn+¹¹²Sn和¹¹⁶Sn+¹¹⁶Sn两个同位旋相关的反应系统, 通过高斯分布采样的方式得到了核裂变的碎片分布, 将两系统碎片的同位素和同中子异位素的分布相比, 发现存在同位旋标度律现象. 同时提取了同位旋标度系数, 发现同位旋标度系数是和碎片分布宽度相关的, 并且同能量、单位质量的粘滞系数也有很强的依赖关系.     

Isoscaling behavior studied by HIPSE model

The isoscaling behavior in the reaction system of 58,64Ni + 9Be has been studied by using the heavy-ion phase-space exploration(HIPSE) model. The extracted isoscaling parameters α and β for both heavy and light fragments for HIPSE model calculations are in good agreement with recent experimental data. The investigation shows that the parameters in the HIPSE model have some effect on the isoscaling parameter. The isoscaling parameters for hot and cold fragments have been extracted.     

Isotopic Ratio,Isotonic Ratio,Isobaric Ratio and Shannon Information Uncertainty

The isoscaling and the isobaric yield ratio difference (IBD) probes, both of which are constructed by yield ratio of fragment, provide cancelation of parameters. The information entropy theory is introduced to explain the physical meaning of the isoscaling and IBD probes. The similarity between the isoscaling and IBD results is found, i.e., the information uncertainty determined by the IBD method equals to β-α determined by the isoscaling (α (β) is the parameter fitted from the isotopic (isotonic) yield ratio).     

Isoscaling of projectile-like fragments

In this paper, the isotopic and isotonic distributions of projectile fragmentation products have been simulated by a modified statistical abrasion--ablation model and the isoscaling behaviour of projectile-like fragments has been discussed. The isoscaling parameters α and β have been extracted respectively, for hot fragments before evaporation and cold fragments after evaporation. It looks that the evaporation has stronger effect on α than β. For cold fragments, a monotonic increase of α and β with the increase of Z and N is observed. The relation between isoscaling parameter and the change of isospin content is discussed.     

Projectile fragmentation of <Superscript>40,48</Superscript>Ca and isotopic scaling in a transport approach

We investigate theoretically projectile fragmentation in reactions of ^40,48Ca on ⁹Be and ¹⁸¹Ta targets using a Boltzmann-type transport approach, which is supplemented by a statistical decay code to describe the de-excitation of the hot primary fragments. We determine the thermodynamical properties of the primary fragments and calculate the isotope distributions of the cold final fragments. These describe the data reasonably well. For the pairs of projectiles with different isotopic content we analyze the isotopic scaling (or isoscaling) of the final fragment distributions, which has been used to extract the symmetry energy of the primary source. The calculation exhibits isoscaling behavior for the total yields as do the experiments. We also perform an impact-parameter-dependent isoscaling analysis in view of the fact that the primary systems at different impact parameters have very different properties. Then the isoscaling behavior is less stringent, which we can attribute to specific structure effects of the ^40,48Ca pair. The symmetry energy determined in this way depends on these structure effects.     

Effect of secondary decay on isoscaling: Results from the canonical thermodynamical model

The projectile fragmentation reactions using ⁵⁸Ni and ⁶⁴Ni beams at 140 MeV/n on targets ⁹Be and ¹⁸¹Ta are studied using the canonical thermodynamical model coupled with an evaporation code. The isoscaling property of the fragments produced is studied using both the primary and the secondary fragments and it is observed that the secondary fragments also respect isoscaling though the isoscaling parameters α and β changes. The temperature needed to reproduce experimental data with the secondary fragments is less than that needed with the primary ones. The canonical model coupled with the evaporation code successfully explains the experimental data for isoscaling for the projectile fragmentation reactions.     

Isospin and symmetry energy study in nuclear EOS

This paper summarizes the isoscaling and isospin related studies in asymmetry nuclear reactions by different dynamic and statistical models. Isospin dependent quantum molecular dynamics model (IQMD) and lattice gas model (LGM) are used to study the isoscaling properties and isoscaling parameters dependence on incident energies, impact parameters, temperature and other parameters. In the LGM model, the signal of phase transition has been found in free neutron (proton) chemical potential difference Δµ_n or Δµ_p as a function of temperature, or in free neutron and proton chemical potential difference Δµ_n−Δµ_p. Density dependence of symmetry energy coefficient C _sym(ρ/ρ ₀) is also studied in the frame of LGM, with the potential parameters which can reproduce the nuclear ground state property, soft density dependence of symmetry energy is deduced from the simulation results. Giant dipole resonance (GDR) induced by isospin asymmetry in entrance channel is also studied via IQMD model, and the dynamic dipole resonance shows isospin sensitivity on the isospin asymmetry of entrance channel and symmetry energy of the nuclear equation of state (EOS). GDR can also be regarded as a possible isospin sensitive signature.

     

Dependence of Isoscaling Parameters on Nucleon-Nucleon Cross Section and Momentum-Dependent Interaction

Inltuences of the isospin dependence of the in-medium nucleon-nucleon cross section and the momentum-dependent interaction （MDI） on the isotope scaling are investigated by using the isospin-dependent quantum molecular dynamics model （IQMD）. The results show that both the isospin dependence of the in-medium nucleon-nucleon cross section and the momentum-dependent interaction affect the isoscaling parameters appreciably and indepen- dently. The inltuence caused by the isospin dependence of two-body collision is relatively larger than that from the MDI in the mean tield. Aiming at exploring the implication of isoscaling behaviour, which the statistical equilibrium in the reaction is reached, the statistical properties in the mass distribution and the kinetic energy distribution of the fragments simulated by IQMD are presented.     

Geometrical aspects of isoscaling

The property of isoscaling in nuclear fragmentation is studied using a simple bond percolation model with “isospin” added as an extra degree of freedom. It is shown, first, that with the assumption of fair sampling and with homogeneous probabilities it is possible to solve the problem analytically. Second, numerical percolations of hundreds of thousands of grids of different sizes and with different N to Z ratios confirm this prediction with remarkable agreement. It is thus concluded that isoscaling emerges even in the simple case of a classical non-interacting system such as two-species percolation under the assumption of fair sampling; if put in the nomenclature of the minimum information theory, isoscaling in percolation appears to require nothing more than the existence of equiprobable configurations in maximum entropy states.     

中能Ca+Ca反应中的对称能效应

采用把重离子碰撞的动力学和统计衰变过程相结合的一个两步模型,再现了INDRA Collaborations 对入射能为35 AMeV40Ca+40Ca 和48Ca+48Ca 反应的实验结果。进而得到了反应碎块同位素分布的Isoscaling 参数α(Z) 和β(N),约化对称能系数ζ(Z) 及与平均场中的对称能强度系数Cs 之间的关系。结果表明,Isoscaling 参数强烈依赖于系统的丰中子程度。随着质子数的增大,ζ(Z) 在动力学阶段呈现平缓趋势但在衰变之后呈现上升趋势,且该结果不依赖于所选取的反应系统。对称能效应在统计衰变过程之后的末级碎块分布中有明显表现。A two-step model for combining the dynamical and statistical decay processes in heavy-ion collisions is used to reproduce the experimental results of the INDRA Collaborations on 40Ca+40Ca and 48Ca+48Ca reactions at 35 AMeV. We obtain the isoscaling parameters α(Z) and β(N) of isotopic distributions of the fragments, the reduced symmetry energy coefficient ζ(Z) and its dependence on the symmetry energy strength coefficient Cs in the mean field. Our results suggest that Isoscaling parameters strongly depend on the degree of neutron-rich. With the increasing atomic number, ζ(Z) represents a smoothly flat tendency during the dynamical process but shows the increasing tendency after decay, and such results are independent on the selected reaction systems. The effect of symmetry energy shows evidently in the isotopic distributions of fragments after statistical decay process.