像增强器噪声频谱特性测试技术研究

对一台进口的像增强器信噪比（SNR）测试仪进行履行，重新研制和设计了测试仪的信号处理模块、计算机系统和测试软件，采用硬件滤波、软件数字滤波和快速傅里叶变换（FFT）相结合的方法实现了像增强器噪声的频谱特性测试。利用所研制的测试仪对多种型号的进口和国产像增强器的噪声频谱进行了测试分析，并给出了分析测试结果。     

微光像增强器信噪比与MCP电压关系

为了揭示微通道板电压的变化对微光像增强器信噪比的影响,进一步优化像增强器的性能,分别测试出超二代和三代微光像增强器的信噪比随微通道板的电压变化曲线,前者在微通道板电压为600 V～800 V时,信噪比单调增加到25.9,在800 V～900 V时,信噪比在25上下震荡并呈下降趋势,在900 V～1 000 V时,迅速下降到21.8;而后者当MCP电压在800 V～1 000 V时,单调增加到27.87,在800 V～1 180 V时,则在26.61～28.66之间震荡.通过对微通道板噪声因子的理论分析,指出进一步降低微通道板噪声因子,改善微光像增强器信噪比的方法.     

夜视像增强器(蓝光延伸与近红外延伸光阴极)的近期进展

２０世纪９０年代以来，夜视像增强器的研究主要朝着两个方向发展：一是研究对于探测、识别与确认沙漠地带或沙地景物有贡献的蓝光延伸（＜５５０ｎｍ）ＧａＡｓ负电子亲和势（ＮＥＡ）光阴极，光谱响应向短波长延伸，使光阴极灵敏度、光增益与鉴别率等性能大大优于标准三代管，从而形成“加强三代管”或所谓“四代管”，其探测性能较标准三代管高一倍；二是研究与夜天空辐射较为匹配、对１．０６μｍ激光有较高响应的光阴极，包括研究ＩｎＧａＡｓ、ＮＥＡ光阴极（１．０～１．３μｍ和１．５～２．０μｍ）和多碱光阴极（１．０～１．１μｍ）这三类近红外（ＮＩＲ）像管，可用于主被动夜视。本文综述了这几个方面的进展及其在夜视中的实际应用。     

微光像增强器积分灵敏度单次测量误差分析

为了提高批量微光像增强器性能参数的测试速度，通常采信单次测试数据作为测量结果。在该情况下，参数单次测量结果的误差将直接决定性能评价结果的准确性。以微光像增强器积分灵敏度的参数测试为例开展单次测量误差评定，通过对微光像增强器积分灵敏度的测试方法、测量装置、数据计算等误差情况进行综合分析，计算得到的积分灵敏度单次测量最大误差为6.7%；在该基础上，提出了采用更高加工精度光阑、对入射光测量位置进行修正以及阶段性辅助参量重复性测量校对的积分灵敏度单次测量误差控制方案。研究结果对微光像增强器批量化快速测试具有重要的指导意义和参考价值。     

微光图象光子计数器象管光子增益测试研究

本文介绍了微光图象光子计数器象管的主要构成及其与常规二代微光象增强器的区别.在论述单通道光子计数技术原理的基础上,提出了微光图象光子计数器象管的主要参数-光子增益的测试原理和方法,建立了测试系统.对微光图象光子计数器象管的光子增益进行了实测,并将测试结果与常规二代微光象增强器的亮度增益进行了比较,给出了光子增益的估算公式.     

微光像增强器的进展及分代方法

介绍了微光像增强器的主要性能指标及其对系统成像的影响。分析了像增强器按技术分代和按性能水平分代的方法。针对欧洲的超二代以及美国的三代/超三代像增强器的主要技术指标,说明了按性能分代的合理性。结果表明,这种分代方法在军用和民用领域的应用中对如何正确地选择像增强器具有实际意义。     

紫外像增强器光谱响应特性测量方法研究

为了能及时测量自制紫外像增强器的光谱响应特性，设计了一套简便的测量紫外像增强器光谱响应的系统。该系统由专用光源室、光栅光谱仪、直流稳压电源、皮安电流计4部分构成。用光栅光谱仪配套软件直接读出光源每个波长对应的辐射功率；用皮安电流计直接测量出各个波长的光照射光阴极时光阴极产生的光电流，然后求出这2个比值并用Microsoft Excel 2003进行处理，得到光电流与波长变化的曲线，即相对光谱响应曲线。从曲线可以看出，该紫外像增强器的光谱响应范围为200nm～340nm，峰值响应在270nm附近，表明该紫外像增强器具有日盲特性。测试结果表明：系统不确定度＜10%。     

人体目标光谱特性对微光像增强器视距的影响

为研究不同人体目标的反射光谱特性对微光像增强器视距的影响,以夜天空辐射光谱特性和常见衣服的光谱反射系数为基础,建立了人体目标的反射光谱分布方程,分析了人体目标穿着不同材质和颜色衣服时的反射光谱特性,并从微光像增强器视距实际探测方程出发,讨论了微光像增强器对不同人体目标的探测能力。发现不同人体目标的反射光谱特性对微光像增强器视距的影响主要体现在平均反射率和目标背景初始对比度C₀方面,棉质衣服的反射系数和光谱反射强度比涤纶衣服高,微光像增强器对穿着棉质衣服的人体目标的探测能力更强。微光像增强器对穿着同样颜色棉质衣服的人体目标的视距比穿着涤纶衣服远,对穿着浅色衣服的人体目标的视距比穿着深色衣服远,在满月情况下像增强器对衣服的材质更敏感。     

前近贴脉冲电压对三代微光像增强器halo效应的影响

为了探讨三代微光像增强器的合适工作电压,研究了前近贴脉冲电压对微光像增强器halo效应的影响.将脉冲电压信号加在光电阴极上,分别改变脉冲信号的高低电平电压幅值和占空比,利用高分辨率CCD采集了微光像增强器的halo图像,对比分析了halo图像中心线上各像素点对应的灰度值分布和光子计数.研究结果表明,随着高电平电压幅值和占空比的提高,灰度值为255的像素点数目变多,halo图像中背景和信号的边界越来越清晰.当前近贴电压增加到200 V以上和占空比大于60％左右时,其对三代微光像增强器halo图像中心线上各像素点的灰度值分布影响不大.当低电平电压增加到2V以上时,光电子在低电平阶段无法克服阻滞场到达微通道板.此研究有利于探讨微光像增强器的最佳工作电压和光电子从阴极面出射时的能量分布,为提高三代微光像增强器的性能提供了实验支撑.     

三代像增强器用微通道板的改进与发展

简要说明了三代像增强器的特点，分析了微通道板的离子反馈形成机理，给出有效抑制离子反馈对光阴极造成伤害的2种方法，即一种是减少和清除微通道板的吸附气体，另一种是阻止反馈离子反馈到光阴极上。介绍了国外最新的三代像增强器，以及使用优化改进的高性能微通道板显著减薄甚至彻底去除微通道板离子反馈膜的方法，该方法能维持砷化镓光阴极足够长的工作寿命，还介绍了最新发展的体导电微通道板和硅微通道板。指出高可靠性无膜选通砷化镓像增强器技术的实现，不仅需要微通道板在抑制离子反馈方面取得突破，还需要砷化镓光阴极在耐受离子反馈能力上进一步提高，同时还要结合和拓展选通电源的应用。     

低噪声、高增益微通道板的研制

降低微通道板噪声和增加其电子增益是改善微光像增强器信噪比、视场清晰度和亮度增益最好的技术途经之一。采用具有高而且稳定的二次电子发射系数的皮料玻璃和与皮料玻璃的热物理性能相匹配且化学腐蚀速率比皮料大4个数量级的芯料玻璃以及与两者在一切工艺过程相匹配的实体边玻璃，通过优化实体边实芯工艺制作出的高性能微通道板，其暗电流密度小于5×10-13A/cm2，固定图案噪声和闪烁噪声明显降低；在真空系统中，经40μAh电子清刷后，电子增益（800V）大于500。制管实验表明：这种微通道板达到了预期效果。     

影响X射线像增强器分辨率的因素分析

对采用双近贴聚焦成像结构的MCP(Micro Channel Plate)-X射线像增强器的工作原理与结构进行了分析,对影响其空间分辨率的主要因素进行了研究.影响X射线成像系统分辨率的因素主要有X射线源焦斑的大小和X射线像增强器自身的分辨率,而影响X射线像增强器分辨率的因素主要有MCP输出面到荧光屏之间的距离、MCP输出面与荧光屏之间的电压差以及MCP自身的分辨率.通过对两种具有不同参量的X射线像增强器分辨率的理论计算及分辨率测试实验,将理论计算结果与测试实验结果对比,验证了分辨率计算公式及影响分辨率因素分析的正确性.     

The electronic structures of the core and valence ion states of metal oxides

SCF-Xα SW MO calculations on metal core ion hole states and X-ray emission (XES) and X-ray photoelectron (XPS) transition states of the non- transition metal oxidic clusters MgO₆^10?, AlO₄^5? and SiO₄^4? show relative valence orbital energies to be virtually unaffected by the creation of valence orbital or metal core orbital holes. Accordingly, valence orbital energies derived from XPS and XES are directly comparable and may be correlated to generate empirical MO diagrams. In addition, charge relaxation about the metal core hole is small and valence orbital compositions are little changed in the core hole state. On the other hand, for the transition metal oxidic clusters FeO₆^10?, CrO₆^9? and TiO₆^8? relative valence orbital energies are sharply changed by a metal core orbital or crystal field orbital hole, the energy lowering of an orbital increasing with its degree of metal character. Consequently O 2p nonbonding → M 3d-O 2p antibonding (crystal field) energies are reduced, while M 3d bonding → O 2p nonbonding and M 3d-O 2p antibonding → M 4s,p-O 2p antibonding (conduction band) energies increase. Charge relaxation about the core hole is virtually complete in the transition metal oxides and substantial changes are observed in the composition of those valence orbitals with appreciable M 3d character. This change in composition is greater for e _g than for t_2g orbitals and increases as the separation of the e_g crystal field (CF) orbitals and the O 2p nonbonding orbital set decreases. Based on the hole state MO diagrams the higher energy XPS satellite in TiO₂ (at about 13 eV) is assigned to a valence → conduction band transition. The UV PES satellites at 8.2 eV in Cr₂O₃ and 9.3 eV in FeO are tentatively assigned to similar transitions to conduction band orbitals, although the closeness in energy of the crystal field and O 2p nonbonding orbitals in the valence orbital hole state prevents a definite assignment on energy criteria alone. However the calculations do clearly show that charge transfer transitions of the e_g bonding → e_g crystal field orbital type would generally occur at lower energy than is consistent with observed satellite structure.A core electron hole has little effect upon relative orbital energies and is only slightly neutralized by valence electron redistribution for MgO and SiO₂. For the transition metal oxides a core hole lowers the relative energies of M3d containing orbitals by large amounts, reducing O → M charge transfer and increasing M 3d crystal field → conduction band energies. Large and sometimes overcomplete neutralization of the core hole is observed, increasing from CrO₆^9? to FeO₆^10? to TiO₆^8?. as the O → M charge transfer energy declines.High energy XPS satellites in TiO₂ may be assigned to O 2p nonbonding → conduction band transitions while lower energy UV PES satellites in FeO and Cr₂O₃ arise from crystal field or O 2p nonbonding → conduction band excitations. Our “shake-up” assignment for FeO₆^10?, CrO₆^9? and TiO₆^8? are less than definitive because no procedure has yet been developed to calculate “shake-up” intensities resulting from transitions of the type described. However the results do allow a critical evaluation of earlier qualitative predictions of core and valence hole effects. First, we find that the comparison of hole or valence state ionic systems with equilibrium distance systems of higher nuclear and/or cation charge (e.g. the comparison of the FeO₆^10? Fe 2p core hole state to Co₃O₄) is dangerous. For example, larger MO distances in the ion states substantially reduce crystal field splittings. Second, core and CF orbital holes sharply reduce O → M charge transfer energies, giving 2e_g → 3e_g energy separations which are generally too small to match observed satellite energies. Third, highest occupied CF-conduction band energies are only about 4–5 eV in the ground states, but increase to about 7–11 eV in the core and valence hole states of the transition metal oxides studied. The energetic arguments presented thus support the idea of CF and/or O 2p nonbonding → conduction band excitations as assignments for “shake-up” satellites, at least in oxides of metals near the beginning of the transition series.     

The Visible Intensified Cameras for Plasma Imaging in the TJ‐II Stellarator

Visible cameras are widely used in fusion experiments for diagnosis and for machine safety issues. They are generally used to monitor the plasma emission, but are also sensible to surface Blackbody radiation and Bremsstrahlung. Fast or high speed cameras capable of operating in the 10⁵ frames per second speed range are today commercially available and offer the opportunity to plasma fusion researchers of two‐dimensional (2D) imaging of fast phenomena such as turbulence, ELMs, disruptions, dust, etc. The tracking of these fast phenomena requires short exposure times down to the μ s range and the light intensity can be often near the signal to noise ratio limit especially in low plasma emission regions such as the far SOL Additionally, when using interference filters to monitor, e.g. impurity line emission, the photon flux is strongly reduced and the emission cannot be imaged at high speed. Therefore, the use of image intensifiers that amplify the light intensity onto the camera sensor can be of great help. The present work describes the use of intensifiers in the visible fast cameras of TJ‐II stellarator. We have achieved spectroscopic plasma imaging of filtered impurity atomic line emission at short exposure times down to the 10 μ s range depending on atomic line and concentration. Additionally, plasma movies at velocities of 2x10⁵ frames per second near the camera operation limit can be recorded with exposure times well below 1 μ s with sufficient signal to noise ratio. Although an increasing degradation of the image quality appears when raising the light amplification, an effective gain of up to two orders of magnitude of the light intensity is feasible for many applications (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

超二代及三代像增强器不同响应波段的参数测量及比较

对A光源分别进行550 nm、625 nm以及675 nm的短波截止,对比测量了超二代和三代像增强器的光谱响应、阴极灵敏度、增益、分辨力以及信噪比。在10^-1lx照度条件下,当对A光源进行675 nm的短波截止之后,三代像增强器的分辨力未出现下降,而超二代像增强器的分辨力却下降到初始值的94%;但在10^-4lx照度条件下,当对A光源进行675 nm的短波截止之后,三代像增强器的分辨力下降到初始值的90%,而超二代像增强器的分辨力下降到初始值的85%。但信噪比越高的像增强器,分辨力降低的比例越低。对于超二代和三代像增强器而言,如果在A光源条件下的性能参数相同,但在不同的短波截止条件下使用时,其性能并不相同,三代像增强器的性能更好。尽管超二代像增强器在不同短波截止波长条件下性能参数下降的比例较三代像增强器下降的比例高,但差距并不大,因此使用过程中的性能差距也不大。     

一种改进的直视型微光夜视系统视距模型

针对经典视距模型对于三代与超二代像增强器的直视型微光夜视系统评价方面缺乏差异性,模拟仿真结果在10^-4 lx超低照度下不甚理想这一问题,对现有的经典视距模型进行了三个方面的优化:在系统的传递函数模型加入了人眼的传递函数;基于光阴极与景物的光谱匹配修正了景物在光阴极产生的平均光电子数和光电子对比度公式;在噪声来源中加入了背景噪声项.进而推导出改进的视距模型,并通过头盔系统的实际外场实验结果进行了验证.结果表明,改进的视距模型能有效分辨出超二代和三代夜视系统的识别距离的差异,计算结果更接近实际测量结果.     

Refinement of the method for determining of the angular size of the halo from the plane wave passed through a statistically inhomogeneous screen

A two-position sensing scheme was used to determine the dependence of the angular size of the halo around a sensing beam on the hole size in an opaque screen. It was shown that the angular size of the halo is inversely proportional to the transverse hole size. This allowed us to refine the general scenario of microstructure measurements for the screen with random transmittance modulation. It was shown that the estimate of the error in the angular size of the plane wave halo is controlled by the sum of the errors of the angular sizes of the undistorted beam and the beam passed through the statistically inhomogeneous screen.     

离子推力器束流引出状态对栅极刻蚀的影响

为了研究30 cm离子推力器束流引出状态对栅极刻蚀的影响,建立了束流引出模型,并采用PIC-MCC方法对CEX离子造成的栅极腐蚀速率进行了计算,最后将计算结果与1500 h寿命试验结果进行比对分析。结果显示:束流正常聚焦时,在3 kW和5 kW两种工作模式下,加速栅和减速栅的质量刻蚀速率分别为(1.11～1.72)×10?15 kg/s及(1.22～1.26)×10?17 kg/s。在5 kW工况下,当屏栅上游等离子体密度达到4.03×1017 m?3时,束流出现欠聚焦现象,此时加速栅和减速栅的最大离子刻蚀速率分别为4.33×10?15 kg/s和4.02×10?15 kg/s;在3 kW工况下,当屏栅上游等离子体密度达到0.22×1017 m?3时,束流出现过聚焦现象,此时加速栅和减速栅的最大离子刻蚀速率分别为3.24×10?15 kg/s和5.01×10?15 kg/s。寿命试验结果表明,加速栅孔质量刻蚀速率的计算值与试验值比对误差较小,而由于束流离子对减速栅孔的直接轰击,导致减速栅孔刻蚀速率的计算值和试验值差异极大。经研究认为,对屏栅小孔采用变孔径设计,是降低当束流处于欠聚焦或过聚焦状态下,CEX离子造成加速栅孔和减速栅孔刻蚀速率,并提升推力器工作寿命的有效措施。     

On-axis diffuse directional screen based on a transmission Gabor hologram

Holographic single-component diffuse screens based on on-axis transmission holograms are studied theoretically and experimentally. The configurations of extra holographically reconstructed images of the diffuse screen (conjugate image, halo, and zeroth-order spot) are analyzed. A so-called centered hologram is suggested in which the conjugate image of the diffuse screen spatially coincides with the main image, thereby eliminating distortions inserted by the conjugate image. Also, hologram recording using a Mach-Zender interferometer is suggested and implemented. Such an approach makes it possible to eliminate the shadow of an object on the hologram. It is noted that, in recording a planar diffuse screen, the presence of the halo does not distort the image of an object projected through the screen: only the light intensity is partially lost. Analysis of the images projected shows that the luminance of the zeroth-order spot, while relatively low, should be diminished in one way or another.     

EBCCD的增益及信噪比研究

以背照明减薄CCD为基础的微光成像系统 ,可以得到视频信号速率的输出。这种减薄的电子轰击CCD探测系统 (EBCCD)在微光下的性能大大超过了像增强器耦合的CCD探测系统 (ICCD)。EBCCD能在微光条件下产生高对比度、高分辨力的视频信号。可以预料 ,它将在工业应用、军事应用及科学研究工作中取代通常使用的ICCD。详细讨论了影响EBCCD的增益及信噪比的各种因素。结果表明 ,若适当提高阴极和CCD之间的电压 ,减小CCD基片的厚度 ,可以进一步减小EBCCD的噪声 ,从而使信噪比得到更大的提高