加压水介质耐μs级高电压击穿实验研究

 采用水介质同轴电极实验装置，开展了μs级充电加压水介质击穿实验研究，并对实验结果进行了分析和讨论，结果表明：在水介质正电极击穿类型的实验中，常压下水介质击穿场强与Martin公式吻合。加压水介质击穿场强随静压的增加而增加，其场强增幅与Mirza定性理论场强增幅的相对差别在5%以内。根据实验结果推导出了更为准确的水介质击穿场强随静压变化的关系式。对水介质加压，将压缩电极表面气泡，减少气泡数目，从而可以提高水介质耐高电压击穿能力。     

μs级负充电时不同体积分数去离子水与乙二醇混合液电性能的实验研究

 以去离子水与乙二醇的混合液（体积分数分别为36.5%,48.7%,59.0%及71.2%，以下简称混合液）作为同轴传输线的绝缘介质，进行了μs级高电压负充电条件下的正电极击穿实验，研究了混合液的击穿电压、击穿时间、相对介电常数及电阻率与体积分数的关系。实验结果表明：在充电电压为20kV时，71.2%的混合液比36.5%的混合液的平均击穿电压提高25.1%，平均击穿时间延长10.49%，而相对介电常数减小868%。同时，随着充电时间的缩短，混合液的击穿电压提高。     

压力水介质脉冲击穿实验研究

 为了提高水介质脉冲形成线的储能密度和减小大型加速器的脉冲功率系统几何尺寸，实验研究了水在静压力作用下的耐压强度。简要介绍了液体绝缘介质的击穿机理，在设计的水介质耐压实验装置上研究了去离子水介质在压力作用下的脉冲击穿特性。结果表明，当压强由0.1MPa增加到0.7MPa时，水的击穿场强由25.3MV/m增加到46.7MV/m。     

液体介质快脉冲电压下击穿特性研究

 设计了液体介质快脉冲击穿试验装置和电压电流测量系统，研究了重复频率、电极形状及电极间距与介质击穿场强、击穿电压和击穿时延等击穿特性参数的关系，比较了变压器油、十二烷基苯、蓖麻油三种典型液体绝缘介质在直流及快脉冲电压作用下的绝缘性能。结果表明：短脉冲持续时间下液体绝缘材料有异常高的击穿场强；重复脉冲串作用下的击穿场强比单个脉冲下明显减小，重复频率2 kHz时击穿场强减小了约30％；电极头半径大小对击穿也有影响，半径R＝5 mm时，击穿电压最高；击穿时延随击穿场强减小而变长，在其他条件相同的情况下，测得击穿时延随机波动；蓖麻油的快脉冲电压绝缘性能最好，变压器油次之。     

液体介质快脉冲电压下击穿特性研究

设计了液体介质快脉冲击穿试验装置和电压电流测量系统，研究了重复频率、电极形状及电极间距与介质击穿场强、击穿电压和击穿时延等击穿特性参数的关系，比较了变压器油、十二烷基苯、蓖麻油三种典型液体绝缘介质在直流及快脉冲电压作用下的绝缘性能。结果表明:短脉冲持续时间下液体绝缘材料有异常高的击穿场强；重复脉冲串作用下的击穿场强比单个脉冲下明显减小，重复频率2 kHz时击穿场强减小了约30％；电极头半径大小对击穿也有影响，半径R＝5 mm时，击穿电压最高；击穿时延随击穿场强减小而变长，在其他条件相同的情况下，测得击穿时延随机波动；蓖麻油的快脉冲电压绝缘性能最好，变压器油次之。     

高压氢气亚纳秒开关击穿特性

 在超宽谱脉冲产生辐射系统或脉冲功率源中,常用高压气体开关来产生快脉冲沿的高功率电磁脉冲。为了研究高压氢气亚纳秒开关的击穿特性,通过实验研究了氢气开关在高气压和短间隙距离条件下的击穿特性。开关输入脉冲的峰值幅度约220 kV,脉宽3～4 ns。氢气气压4～13 MPa,间隙距离0.4～1.2 mm。结果表明：开关击穿电压随气压升高而增加,且开关气压达到11 MPa后击穿电压随气压增加的趋势变缓;开关击穿电压随间距增加而增加,平均击穿场强随间距增加而减小,氢气开关平均击穿场强分布在3～7 MV/cm之间;开关导通时间随气压增加略有减小,随间隙距离增加有小幅增加。     

金属离子辅助高静压钝化树莓多酚氧化酶研究

 树莓多酚氧化酶具有较强的耐压性,在600 MPa压力下处理45 min,其残余酶活仍高达40%以上。为了进一步钝化树莓内源多酚氧化酶的活性,研究了金属离子辅助高静压对树莓多酚氧化酶钝化的影响。在树莓多酚氧化酶粗酶液中添加对酶活性有抑制、激活、无改变的金属离子,研究其辅助400、600 MPa压力处理钝化树莓多酚氧化酶的效果。发现添加金属离子后,多酚氧化酶的活性随压力增大、时间延长而降低;Fe²⁺、Mn²⁺以及Cu²⁺均有不同程度的协同高静压钝化作用,而Ca²⁺在钝化树莓多酚氧化酶时与高静压出现拮抗现象,对树莓多酚氧化酶活性无影响的Zn²⁺未出现协同/拮抗作用。     

电极表面光滑程度对水介质高电压击穿的影响

 采用水介质同轴实验装置，改变电极表面的光滑程度，在μs级充电时进行水介质击穿实验，并对实验结果进行了分析和解释。结果表明：抛光电极表面可有效提高水介质耐高电压击穿能力；表面粗糙度为0.4～0.8 μm的抛光电极表面的击穿场强比表面粗糙度为1.6～3.2 μm的粗糙抛光电极表面，更符合Martin公式。电极表面光滑程度的改善，使阴极场致发射电流减弱进而击穿延迟时间变长，气泡也更难以附着在光滑的电极表面，从而可以提高水介质耐高电压击穿能力。     

30MeV/u40Ar+112,124Sn反应中的同位素产额比与核温度

系统研究了30MeV/u ⁴⁰Ar+^112,124Sn反应中的轻粒子同位素产额比随角度和初始激发能的变化关系.对于两个反应体系,均观察到³He/⁴He和⁶Li/⁷Li的产额比随角度的增加而增加,⁶He/⁴He和⁸Li/⁷Li随角度的增加而减小.统计发射的运动学效应不能完全符合实验结果.各种单同位素产额比与靶核的N/Z比有关,表现出同位旋效应,而由双同位素比提取的核温度几乎没有靶核相关性.     

金属表面镀高分子膜对真空击穿阈值的影响

探索提高金属表面真空击穿阈值的方法，对脉冲功率技术的发展和应用具有重要意义。在金属表面电子发射理论分析的基础上，采用有限元法计算阴极杆表面电场随二极管电压的变化规律，设计了实验系统，并开展了实验研究。实验对比了在脉宽约30 ns、阴极杆与阳极筒间隙12 mm时，钛合金TC4阴极杆在不同种类高分子膜（膜厚30～60 μm）下真空击穿阈值的变化情况。在表面粗糙度R_z（轮廓最大高度）为0.8 μm的TC4阴极杆表面分别镀环氧树脂膜和丙烯酸膜，实验结果表明，镀丙烯酸膜阴极杆的击穿阈值约505 kV/cm，相对于不镀膜阴极杆，击穿场强提高了约20.6%；在表面粗糙度R_z为0.2 μm的TC4阴极杆表面分别镀聚酰亚胺膜和聚醚醚酮膜，实验结果表明，镀聚酰亚胺膜阴极杆的击穿阈值为584 kV/cm，相对于不镀膜阴极杆，击穿场强提高了约28.1%。因此，在金属表面镀丙烯酸膜、聚酰亚胺膜可以有效提高金属表面的真空击穿阈值。     

Effect of pressure on the performance of plasma synthetic jet actuator

The effects of the ambient air pressure level on the performance of plasma synthetic jet actuator have been investigated through electrical and optical diagnostics.Pressures from 1 atm down to 0.1 atm were tested with a 10 Hz excitation.The discharge measurement demonstrates that there is a voltage range to make the actuator work reliably.Higher pressure level needs a higher breakdown voltage,and a higher discharge current and energy deposition are produced.But when the actuator works with the maximum breakdown voltage,the fraction of the initial capacitor energy delivered to the arc is almost invariable.This preliminary study also confirms the effectiveness of the plasma synthetic jet at low pressure.Indeed,the maximum velocities of the precursor shock and the plasma jet induced by the actuator with maximum breakdown voltage are independent of the ambient pressure level;reach about 530 and 460 m/s respectively.The mass flux of the plasma jet increases with ambient pressure increasing,but the strength of the precursor shock presents a local maximum at 0.6 atm.     

加压去离子水短脉冲击穿特性的初步研究

 液体的介质气泡击穿理论作为研究基础，开展了两种短脉冲下高压强水介质开关的击穿实验，获得了水介质击穿场强及耐压时间与水中压强关系的数据，通过分析比较得出：在脉宽300 ns和1 μs两种脉冲电压作用下，当水中压强逐渐提高时水介质击穿电压和耐压时间均呈上升趋势，压强越高趋势越明显，而且作用脉冲越宽水中压强对于水介质击穿特性的影响越显著。     

Theoretical analysis of removal of oxides of sulphur and nitrogenin pulsed operation of electrostatic precipitators

An investigation has been made of the various plasma chemistry reactions that occur in the corona discharge of an electrostatic precipitator operating in a typical flue gas. Calculations have been made of the rate coefficients for electron dissociation of the principal gaseous components, namely, nitrogen, oxygen and water vapor as functions of electric field. In addition, calculations have been made of the rates of ionisation and attachment and also the rates of excitation of the principal excited states. The calculations indicate that sulphur dioxide is removed principally by reactions with OH radicals to produce sulphuric acid, while nitrogen oxides are removed principally by reduction via the N radical to molecular nitrogen. However, for these reactions to occur, values of E/N of 70 Td or more are necessary, which is higher than the E/N of 30 Td at which electrical breakdown normally occurs; E is electric field strength and N is the gas number density. Approximate calculations indicate that, for an E/N of 100 Td, voltage pulses of width less than 1 μs need to be applied to avoid breakdown. It is also shown that small quantities of nitrous oxide are produced and that the presence of water vapor has a significant effect on the plasma chemistry and increases the breakdown voltage     

高压氦气平行极板击穿电压实验研究

为获得高温气冷堆核电站电气设备绝缘设计所需基础数据, 本文设计了一套测量高压氦气绝缘性能的装置. 利用该装置进行了15-20 ℃, 0.1-7 MPa氦气, 间距0.25, 0.35, 0.5 mm平行极板击穿实验. 实验表明: 氦气的绝缘性能远低于空气; 气压越高, 氦气的击穿电压越大, 3.0 MPa氦气的击穿电压与常压空气基本一致; 根据低气压实验数据和巴申定律推导的公式, 在高气压下计算值偏大, 且偏差随着气压和间距乘积的增大不断增大; 提出了可计算0.1-7 MPa氦气击穿电压的简易公式, 同时修正了高气压氦气的巴申公式, 并进行了理论分析.     

Effect of electrical discharge in water on concentration of nitrate solution

In this work, the effect of electrical discharge on nitrate concentration is considered in aqueous solution. The atmospheric pressure plasma was produced by a high-voltage power supply at 27 k Hz using pin-to-pin configuration. Air, argon,and argon/methane mixture were used to study the working gas effect. UV-VIS spectroscopy and ion chromatography were used to analyze the effect of the electrical discharge on nitrate concentration in deionized water. Optical emission spectroscopy(OES) was applied to diagnose active species inside and on the surface of the deionized water solution. The results of the present work showed that the atmospheric pressure electric discharge with air increases nitrate concentration while it remains constant using argon and argon/methane electrical discharges. It was also revealed that in the presence of air, the electrical discharge reduces p H, acidifying the solution and increasing solution conductivity due to production of extra nitrate ions. On the other hand, argon electrical discharge increases p H and conductivity due to production of OHion in water.     

高压处理后大豆分离蛋白溶解性和流变特性的变化及其机理

 对高压处理后大豆分离蛋白溶解性和流变特性的变化及其机理进行了研究。经400 MPa、15 min高压处理使低浓度大豆分离蛋白溶液中蛋白质溶解性的提高最为显著。高压处理使大豆分离蛋白溶液的表观粘度增加,其贮藏模量G'和损耗模量G'也随着处理压力的提高而增大。扫描电镜观察和凝胶电泳的结果都显示,在低于400 MPa高压处理后大豆分离蛋白分子发生一定程度的解聚和伸展,蛋白质颗粒减小,溶液中蛋白质的体积分数增加。而红外光谱分析表明,高压处理后蛋白质电荷分布加强。高压处理后大豆分离蛋白分子结构上的改变是导致其有关理化性质变化的原因。     

Modeling of pulsed spark discharge in water and its application to well cleaning

This paper presents a simulation model for the generation of strong pressure wave by means of pulsed spark discharge in water and its application to well cleaning. In the simulation model, one-dimensional time-dependent magnetohydrodynamic equations are coupled to a capacitive discharge circuit equation. A cylindrical conducting spark channel formed by electrical breakdown of water gap between a pair of electrodes is treated as a load of which resistance and inductance are allowed to change with time. For describing the spark channel properties accurately, precise calculations on thermodynamic properties and electrical conductivity are included in the simulation model. The simulation results show an excellent agreement with the experimentally measured shock pressure as well as the current and voltage waveforms. The simulation reveals that Joule heating of the spark channel during the very early phase of electrical discharge plays a key role in the formation of shock wave in water. The voltage on a capacitor at breakdown, the circuit inductance, and the resistance of the spark channel are found to be the most important parameters for the shock wave formation. With this technique, a pilot test for the cleaning of a clogged well has been performed in a water well which was constructed as a test-bed for riverbank filtration near the Anseong-cheon (river) in Korea. Well treatments have been carried out with an electrical energy of 510 J stored on a pulsed power system, at which the maximum shock pressure is measured to be around 7 MPa at the position of the well screen, i.e. 0.1 m away from the spark gap. A slug test shows 2.9 times improvement in the hydraulic conductivity of the well, which, combined with a visual inspection inside the well using an underwater camera, clearly demonstrates that the strong pressure wave generated by underwater spark discharge can effectively remove almost all incrustations formed in the well screen and thus improve well performance. Operating parameters for controlling the strength of shock pressure are discussed using the simulation model for extensive applications of the present technique to various types of water wells.     

微秒脉冲下碳酸丙烯酯的击穿特性

采用紧凑Tesla变压器型脉冲功率驱动源及球电极击穿试件,通过改变初级充电电压,开展了微秒级充电条件下碳酸丙烯酯及其与碳酸乙烯酯的混合液的击穿实验研究。由结果和分析可知:碳酸丙烯酯理论工作温度可低至-55℃,这意味着它可以成为一种低温下的良好液体电介质;碳酸丙烯酯耐压性能与去离子水相当,且实测电阻率达到了10 MΩ·cm以上;向碳酸丙烯酯中添加碳酸乙烯酯后,介电常数可提高至80以上,耐压强度也有所提升;将碳酸丙烯酯、碳酸乙烯酯/碳酸丙烯酯混合液用于脉冲形成线作为储能介质无需附加去离子处理系统,有利于装置的紧凑化和小型化。