Giant Magnetoresistance and Coercivity of electrodeposited multilayered FeCoNi/Cu and CrFeCoNi/Cu

The effect of Cr addition on electrodeposited multilayered nanowires CrFeCoNi/Cu was investigated from a magnetic property perspective: current perpendicular to the plane-Giant Magnetoresistance (CPP-GMR) and Coercivity (BH loops). The magnetic behavior of multilayered nanowires of CrFeNiCo/Cu was also affected by the alloy deposition potential, alloy pulsing time (layer thickness) and number of bilayers. Furthermore, the addition of Cr influenced both the nanowires GMR and Coercivity. Cr addition to the ferromagnetic FeCoNi layer induced a reduction in the room temperature GMR from 10.64% to 5.62%; however, the magnetic saturation field decreased from 0.45 to 0.27 T. The increase in the number of bilayers, from 1000 to 2500, resulted in a higher GMR value, 14.56% with 0.35 T magnetic saturation field. Addition of Cr to the ferromagnetic layer decreased the coercivity from 0.015 to 0.0054 T. Low saturation field CPP-GMR nanowires showing low coercivity at room temperature opens a new door for magnetic sensing devices. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study on electrodeposited CrFeCoNi/Cu multilayered nanowires.     

Magnetic nanowire arrays in anodic alumina membranes: Rutherford backscattering characterization

Systematic study of magnetic nanowire arrays grown in anodic alumina membranes (AAM) has been done by means of Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RBS). The AAM used as templates were morphologically characterized by using high resolution scanning electron microscopy (HRSEM), fast Fourier transform (FFT) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The highly ordered templates with a mean pore diameter size of 30 nanometers, a mean inter-pore spacing of 100 nm and lengths ranging from 4 to 180 microns were obtained through two-steps anodization process, and the Ni and Co nanowire arrays were grown by electrodeposition techniques. The main attention is addressed to Ni nanowire arrays. RBS results allowed us to determine the real depth profile of atomic composition of the obtained nanowire arrays. In addition, the RBS spectra fitting showed that the porosity increased from the top to the bottom of the samples. Two phenomenological models are proposed to understand the apparition of that secondary porosity and a linear relation between the total amount of electrodeposited Ni and the electrodeposition time was obtained. As an example, it is also reported the relation between RBS results and magnetic properties, such as coercive field and remanence/saturation magnetization ratio of the samples. Particularly, for Ni nanowires arrays obtained by using voltage pulses, it is demonstrated that the larger the nanowires, the higher the definition for easy axis parallel to the nanowire length is possible. PACS 82.80.Yc; 81.16-c; 75.75.+a     

Magnetic layer thickness dependence of magnetization reversal in electrodeposited CoNi/Cu multilayer nanowires

The magnetization reversal of electrodeposited CoNi/Cu multilayer nanowires patterned in an array using a hole template has been investigated. The reversal mode is found to depend on the CoNi layer thickness t(CoNi); with increasing t(CoNi) a transition occurs from coherent rotation to a combination of coherent and incoherent rotation at around t(CoNi)=51 nm. The reversal mode has been identified using the magnetic hysteresis loops measured at room temperature for CoNi/Cu nanowires placed at various angles between the directions of the nanowire axis and external fields using a vibrating sample magnetometer. The nanowire samples have a diameter of ∼250 nm and constant Cu layer thickness of 4.2 nm with various t(CoNi) ranging from 6.8 nm to 7.5 μm. With increasing t(CoNi), the magnetic easy axis moves from the direction perpendicular to nanowires to that parallel to the nanowires at around t(CoNi)=51 nm, indicating a change in the magnetization reversal mode. The reversal mode for the nanowires with thin disk-shaped CoNi layers (t(CoNi)=6.8, 12 and 17 nm) is of a coherent rotation type, while that for long rod-shaped CoNi layers (t(CoNi)=150 nm, 1.0, 2.5 and 7.5 μm) can be consistently explained by a combination of coherent rotation and a curling mode. The effects of dipole–dipole interactions between nanowires and between adjacent magnetic layers in each nanowire on the reversal process have been discussed.     

Magnetic anisotropy and domain patterns in electrodeposited cobalt nanowires

The magnetic anisotropy and domain structure of electrodeposited cylindrical Co nanowires with length of 10 or 20 μm and diameters ranging from 30 to 450 nm are studied by means of magnetization and magnetic torque measurements, as well as magnetic force microscopy. Experimental results reveal that crystal anisotropy either concurs with shape anisotropy in maintaining the Co magnetization aligned along the wire or favours an orientation of the magnetization perpendicular to the wire, hence competing with shape anisotropy, depending on whether the diameter of the wires is smaller or larger than a critical diameter of 50 nm. This change of crystal anisotropy, originating in changes in the crystallographic structure of Co, is naturally found to strongly modify the zero (or small) field magnetic domain structure in the nanowires. Except for nanowires with parallel-to-wire crystal anisotropy (very small diameters) where single-domain behaviour may occur, the formation of magnetic domains is required to explain the experimental observations. The geometrical restriction imposed on the magnetization by the small lateral size of the wires proves to play an important role in the domain structures formed. Received 14 September 2000     

Nickel nanofibers and nanowires: Elaboration by reduction in polyol medium assisted by external magnetic field

Nickel nanowires, with diameter 250 nm and a length of several microns, were prepared by the polyol process (chemical reduction) while an external magnetic field of 1.4 T has been applied during preparation. This combination has allowed the elaboration of Ni nanowires with a yield of over 90%. X-ray diffraction (XRD) showed that these nanowires crystallize with the face-centered-cubic structure. Magnetic static measurements showed the effect on the nanoparticles’ morphology of the external magnetic field applied during the synthesis. They also allowed studying the effect of the external magnetic field on the magnetic properties of nanowires as a function of their orientation. When nanowires are aligned parallel with magnetic field, the hysteresis loop obtained is very open with a coercivity field (Hc) value of 385 Oe and a high remanence to saturation ratio Mr/Ms of 0.85.     

57Fe Mössbauer Study of Magnetic Nanowires

Hyperfine Interactions - Nanowires of metal, alloy, compound, and ferrite have been electrodeposited in anodic aluminium oxide templates. The structure and magnetic properties of the nanowires are...     

Magnetostatic interactions in dense nanowire arrays

We demonstrate the importance of magnetostatic interactions in dense arrays of ferromagnetic nanowires. Beginning from a simple micromagnetic model, we have calculated the interaction field for saturated magnetization in the plane of the array (perpendicular to the axes of the wires) and normal to the plane, using a hybrid (numerical and analytical) strategy. The slope of interaction field versus wire length changes dramatically at the transition between a dipolar regime (at very small lengths) and a monopolar regime (for longer nanowires). We present the interaction fields and the applied fields at saturation for large nanowire arrays. These results are compared with experiment for electrodeposited arrays, and very good agreement is obtained. This shows that the high field behavior of such arrays is dominated by magnetostatic effects and that a nanowire array behaves like a double-sided distribution of magnetic monopoles.     

Structural and magnetic properties of electrodeposited Cobalt nanowire arrays

Ordered magnetic nanowires have tremendous potential in future magnetic storage and high frequency magnetic logic devices. Here, we present the fabrication of ordered arrays of Cobalt nanowires by electrodeposition through porous polycarbonate membranes. Vertically and horizontally aligned nanowires were produced in presence of an external bias field during post deposition etching of the polycarbonate membrane. Structural and compositional analyses have been carried out to establish the material and structural purity. The magneto-optical Kerr effect was employed to measure the magnetic hysteresis loops for the nanowires assembled in the substrate plane. A good magneto-optical signal to noise ratio is observed with clean ferromagnetic hysteresis loops. The loops measured with external magnetic field applied parallel and perpendicular to the axis of the nanowires show a clear difference in the shape and the coercive field, indicating the effect of shape anisotropy in these samples. Micromagnetic simulations were performed to understand the experimental results and to obtain insight to the magnetization reversal mechanism in magnetic nanowires.     

Fe-Cr-Co永磁合金的高温X射线衍射研究

本文用高温X射线粉末衍射法研究了成分为(重量百分比)62Fe-23Cr-15Co的可加工永磁合金热处理条件与晶体结构的关系。对高温淬火后只经过时效的样品,以及经过淬火、磁场热处理和时效的样品摄取了高温德拜·谢乐相,观察了高温相变的差异,测量了时效样品点阵常数随温度的变化。我们发现:只经过淬火和时效的样品在610℃左右出现一新的过渡相(X相)。 关键词：     

AuPd CATALYTIC NANOPARTICLE SIZE EFFECT ON THE FORMATION OF AMORPHOUS SILICON NANOWIRES

Amorphous silicon (a-Si) nanowires have been prepared on SiO₂/Si substrates by AuPd nanoparticles / silane reaction method. Field-emission scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy were used to characterize the samples. The typical a-Si nanowires we obtained are of a uniform diameter about 20 nm and length up to several micrometers. The growth mechanism of the nanowires seems to be the vapor-liquid-solid mechanism. The catalytic particle size effect on the formation of the nanowires and the cause of forming amorphous state Si nanowires are discussed.