Dynamics of the Manakov Solitons in Biased Guest-Host Photorefractive Polymer

In the biased guest-host photorefractive polymer, the Manakov equations can be used to describe the optical soliton propagation and interaction. Hereby for such equations, via the Hirota method and symbolic computation, analytic soliton solutions in the bright-dark and dark-dark forms are obtained. Based on the choice of photorefractive polymer parameter and incident-optical-beam parameter, the bright-dark and dark-dark solitons as well as their interaction can occur in the polymer when the total intensity is much lower than the background illumination, and our analysis indicates that the incident light with different polarization directions influence little on the soliton propagation. γ, representing the soliton intensity far away from the soliton center, determines the appearance of bright or dark soliton under the background illumination. Through the graphic and asymptotic analysis on the two-soliton solutions along with the different γ, we find that there exist the elastic and inelastic interactions between the bright-dark solitons, while the interactions between the dark-dark solitons are always elastic.     

Soliton-induced waveguides in an organic photorefractive glass

We demonstrate optical waveguiding of a probe beam at 980 nm by a soliton beam at 780 nm in an organic photorefractive monolithic glass. Both planar and circular waveguides induced by one- and two-dimensional spatial solitons formed as a result of orientationally enhanced photorefractive nonlinearity are produced in the organic glass. Possibilities for increasing the speed of waveguide formation are discussed.     

Talbot solitons

We propose a new type of scalar wave-mixing optical solitons, Talbot solitons. The soliton consists of sinusoidal and uniform components that are mutually coherent and jointly trapped in one direction. The intensity structure of the soliton oscillates in the propagation direction as a result of the linear Talbot effect and periodic nonlinear energy exchange between the components. Talbot solitons induce a 1D waveguide and a 2D photonic lattice within the waveguide that may be used for quasi-phase matching of frequency conversion and as a tunable waveguide filter.     

Interaction of spatial photorefractive solitons in a planar waveguide

We report the observation of collisions between one-dimensional bright photorefractive screening solitons in a planar strontium–barium niobate waveguide. Depending on the intersection angle of the two solitons and their relative phase, we observe soliton fusion, repelling, energy exchange, and the creation of a third soliton upon interaction. Received: 4 November 1998 / Revised version: 3 December 1998 / Published online: 24 February 1999     

Photorefractive solitons embedded in gratings in centrosymmetric crystals

We investigate (1+1D) spatial optical solitons embedded in a fixed-volume grating in centrosymmetric photorefractive crystals. We numerically identify a two-parameter soliton family and deduce both its existence surface and soliton profiles. For shallow gratings, the soliton Fourier spectrum exhibits three lobes located at the reciprocal lattice points -K, 0, and K. Soliton trapping is a consequence of both the self-induced nonlinear waveguide and the grating reflectivity, which prevents the breakaway of the lateral components. To provide a preliminary evaluation of soliton stability, we also investigate the propagation of slightly perturbed soliton profiles.     

Observation of dipole-mode vector solitons

We report on the first experimental observation of a novel type of optical vector soliton, a dipole-mode soliton, recently predicted theoretically. We show that these vector solitons can be generated in a photorefractive medium employing two different processes: a phase imprinting, and a symmetry-breaking instability of a vortex-mode vector soliton. The experimental results display remarkable agreement with the theory, and confirm the robust nature of these radially asymmetric two-component solitary waves.     

Collision between scalar and vector spatial solitons in Kerr media

Experimental observation and numerical results concerning collisions between scalar and vector spatial solitons in a Kerr planar waveguide are presented. It is shown that this configuration allows for the full control of spatial and polarization dynamics of the interacting vector solitons. On the one hand, the ability to achieve polarization control of a single-hump vector soliton is demonstrated. On the other hand, the effect of collision on the spatial symmetry-breaking dynamics of multimode vector solitons is investigated.     

Interactions of dark solitons in photovoltaic photorefractive crystals with diffusion nonlinearity

We investigate the interaction of spatial dark optical soliton pair in open-circuit photovoltaic photorefractive crystals by considering the effect of background light and diffusion nonlinearity. We show that the spatial dark solitons repel each other and travel along different trajectories for the coherent interactions that one undergoes reflection and the other one deflects significantly when they are closely overlapped, and the dark solitons attract and deflect simultaneously along a parabolic trajectory for the case of incoherent interactions. The deflection distance depends on the intensities and the initial separation between the dark solitons.     

光诱导光子晶格结构中新型的离散空间光孤子

离散孤子标志着从线性到非线性，从连续到非连续，从相干到非相干，人们对孤子认识的一个飞越．文章简要回顾了近期在二维光致光子晶格结构中有关空间离散光孤子的研究，包括基模离散孤子、类矢量离散孤子、离散偶极孤子、离散涡旋孤子和离散孤子串等．在非线性光折变晶体里用部分相干光诱导的波导阵列中，对每一种离散孤子，都清楚地观测到光从二维的离散衍射状态到自囚禁形成离散孤子的转变过程，获得的结果将对其他离散非线性系统中类似现象的研究有所启发．     

Spatial soliton pixels from partially incoherent light

We report what is to our knowledge the first observation of pixellike spatial solitons from partially spatially incoherent light. We created an array of as many as 32x32 soliton pixels by launching a spatially modulated incoherent light beam into a noninstantaneous self-focusing photorefraction medium. These solitons were stable and robust, forming a steady-state two-dimensional waveguide array in which optical coupling and control of local waveguide channels could be realized.     

双光子光折变晶体串联回路中独立全息屏蔽空间孤子对

为了得到双光子独立全息屏蔽空间孤子对的结果,基于光折变晶体中的两波耦合和双光子光折变效应,证明在由两块双光子光折变晶体和一个电压源通过导线连接组成的串联回路中存在全息亮(暗)屏蔽孤子。每块晶体中能支持一个全息屏蔽孤子,这两个孤子称为双光子独立全息屏蔽孤子对,有明-明、暗-暗和明-暗三种类型。数值计算结果表明,在光束的空间展宽远小于晶体宽度的极限条件下,孤子对中的两孤子通过光电流和相互耦合能影响到这些孤子的空间包络和动态演化特性。     

Unidirectional flow of discrete solitons in optical waveguide arrays with nonlinearity management

We propose a mechanism for realising a unidirectional flow of discrete solitons in optical waveguide arrays. Modulating the nonlinear interaction strength in each waveguide according to a double reflectionless potential well with slight difference in the depths of its two wells, we achieve a unidirectional flow of the soliton propagation. We verify clearly, through the transport coefficients as in terms of the speed of the incident soliton, that an incident soliton velocity window of finite width exists where unidirectional flow can be realised. We discuss the physics underlying this behaviour on the basis of energy exchange between the soliton's kinetic and interaction energies.     

Waveguides induced by grey screening solitons

We investigate the properties of waveguides induced by one-dimensional grey screening solitons in biased photorefractive crystals. The results show that waveguides induced by grey screening solitons are always of single mode for all intensity ratios, i.e. the ratios between the peak intensity of the soliton and the dark irradiance. Our analysis indicates that the energy confined near the centre of the grey soliton and the propagation constant of the guided mode of the waveguide induced by the grey screening soliton increase monotonically with intensity ratio increasing. On the other hand, when the soliton greyness increases, the energy confined near the centre of the grey soliton and the propagation constant of the guided mode of the waveguide induced by the grey screening soliton decrease monotonically. Relevant examples are provided where photorefractive crystal is of the strontium barium niobate type.     

Resonant light scattering by optical solitons

We consider the process of light scattering by optical solitons in a planar waveguide with homogeneous and inhomogeneous refractive index cores. We observe resonant reflection (Fano resonances) as well as resonant transmission of light by optical solitons. All resonant effects can be controlled in experiment by changing the soliton intensity.     

Optical solitons supported by finite waveguide lattices with diffusive nonlocal nonlinearity

We investigate the properties of fundamental, multi-peak, and multi-peaked twisted solitons in three types of finite waveguide lattices imprinted in photorefractive media with asymmetrical diffusion nonlinearity. Two opposite soliton self-bending signals are considered for different families of solitons. Power thresholdless fundamental and multi-peaked solitons are stable in the low power region. The existence domain of two-peaked twisted solitons can be changed by the soliton self-bending signals. When solitons tend to self-bend toward the waveguide lattice, stable two-peaked twisted solitons can be found in a larger region in the middle of their existence region. Three-peaked twisted solitons are stable in the lower (upper) cutoff region for a shallow (deep) lattice depth. Our results provide an effective guidance for revealing the soliton characteristics supported by a finite waveguide lattice with diffusive nonlocal nonlinearity.     

Vector valley Hall edge solitons in the photonic lattice with type-II Dirac cones

Topological edge solitons represent a significant research topic in the nonlinear topological photonics. They maintain their profiles during propagation, due to the joint action of lattice potential and nonlinearity, and at the same time are immune to defects or disorders, thanks to the topological protection. In the past few years topological edge solitons were reported in systems composed of helical waveguide arrays, in which the time-reversal symmetry is effectively broken. Very recently, topological valley Hall edge solitons have been demonstrated in straight waveguide arrays with the time-reversal symmetry preserved. However, these were scalar solitary structures. Here, for the first time, we report vector valley Hall edge solitons in straight waveguide arrays arranged according to the photonic lattice with innate type-II Dirac cones, which is different from the traditional photonic lattices with type-I Dirac cones such as honeycomb lattice. This comes about because the valley Hall edge state can possess both negative and positive dispersions, which allows the mixing of two different edge states into a vector soliton. Our results not only provide a novel avenue for manipulating topological edge states in the nonlinear regime, but also enlighten relevant research based on the lattices with type-II Dirac cones.     

Optical soliton in a one-dimensional array of a metal nanoparticle-microcavity complex

Quantum coherence can be enhanced by placing metal nanoparticles (MNPs) in optical microcavities. Combining localized-surface plasmon resonances (LSPRs), nonlinear interaction between the LSPR and microcavity arrays of a MNP-microcavity complex offer a unique playground to observe novel optical phenomena and develop novel concepts for quantum manipulation. Here we theoretically demonstrate that optical solitons are achievable with a one-dimensional array which consists of a chain of periodically spaced identical MNP-microcavity complex systems. These differ from the solitons which stem from the MNPs with nonlinear Kerr-like response; the optical soliton here originates from LSPR-microcavity interaction. Using experimentally achievable parameters, we identify the conditions under which the nonlinearity induced by LSPR-microcavity interaction allows us to compensate for the dispersion caused by photon hopping of adjacent microcavities. More interestingly, the dynamics of solitons can be modulated by varying the radius of the MNP. The presented results illustrate the potential to utilize the MNP-microcavity complex for light manipulation, as well as to guide the design of photon switch and on-chip photon architecture.     

Bright screening solitons in a photorefractive waveguide

Characteristics of propagation of bright screening solitons are studied in a photorefractive waveguide. The investigation is performed under paraxial wave approximation and Wentzel–Kramers–Brillouin–Jefferys approximation. A Gaussian ansatz for the soliton shape is used instead of the numerical solutions. The planar waveguide structure intensifies the self-focussing while decreasing the minimum or threshold power required for self trapping. The waveguide structure embedded in the crystal can self trap a soliton of power lower than the threshold power. As the waveguide parameter increases, minimum required power to self trap the beam decreases. The existence of bistable states is also predicted. Four regimes of power are identified in which the solitons behaviour is studied. Propagation of screening solitons in a photorefractive waveguide is studied in the absence of the photovoltaic and pyroelectric effect for the first time.     

非对称光折变全息空间光孤子的存在曲线

证明了在加外电场的光折变晶体中存在非对称全息空间光孤子对，其特征是孤子对中的两个 孤子具有相同的宽度、不同的振幅.给出了这种孤子对的存在曲线，其中存在三个具有不同 特征的区域：对于给定的外加电场来说，当孤子对中两个孤子的入射峰值强度之和与背景光 强度之比足够大或者足够小时，孤子宽度强烈依赖于这个比值，而在此中间的一段区域，孤 子宽度几乎不随这个比值而变化.非对称情况下这个中间区域的范围比对称情况的窄. 关键词： 空间光孤子 光折变非线性光学 全息光栅     

Solitary Wave Evolution of Optical Planar Vortices in Self-Defocusing Photorefractive Media

Solitary wave evolution of optical planar vortices in isotropie self-defoeusing photorefractive media is investigated in detail. We demonstrate that the formation of a planar vortex soliton intensively depends on the diameter and maximum intensity of the input vortex Seam. The exact solutions of planar vortex solitons are obtained due to the Petviashvili iteration method. It is found that, with the increasing soliton maximum intensity, the soliton core will be gradually diminished to a minimum value.