生物膜光生物反应器启动及产氢特性

对光合细菌生物膜制氢反应器的挂膜启动特性以及成膜稳定后的反应器产氢性能进行了实验研究,探讨了光合细菌生物膜制氰反应器挂膜期间产氢及底物降解规律及稳定成膜后底物浓度对反应器产氢性能的影响.实验结果表明:在生物膜光生物反应器挂膜初期,随着微生物浓度的增大使循环液吸光度、底物消耗和反应器氢气产量迅速升高,进入膜生长期后由于主要是可逆吸附,各参数出现波动,最后在膜稳定期各参数趋于稳定.在稳定成膜后,随着底物浓度的增加,生物膜光生物反应器产氢率先增加,然后降低,存在一个最佳产氢率的底物浓度.     

固定化光合细菌光生物制氢填充床产氢特性研究

实验研究了凝胶材料制备的光合细菌包埋颗粒构成的光生物制氢填充床在连续操作条件下底物浓度、光照强度以及进口流量等参数影响下的产氢和降解有机物的性能.实验结果表明:填充床产氢速率和底物降解速率随进口葡萄糖浓度的增加而增大,且达到最佳的进口底物浓度后填充床产氢和底物降解速率呈下降趋势,表明光合细菌代谢底物为产氢提供还原力氢;光照强度低于光能饱和度时,随着光照强度的增大,产氢速率和底物降解速率呈递增趋势,光照强度超过光能饱和度则对填充床光合产氢和底物消耗产生明显抑制作用;进口流量较低时,随进口流量的增大,填充床产氢和底物降解速率明显增大,进口流量较高时,填充床产氢和底物降解速率趋于相对稳定.     

厌氧包埋细胞填充床反应器产氢特性实验

采用厌氧包埋细胞填充床反应器制氢技术,对反应器在不同的进口底物浓度与流量下产氢性能和底物降解特性,以及温度和pH值对产氢速率的影响进行了实验研究.结果表明:包埋颗粒填充床反应器受到流量和浓度的影响较大.结果表明反应器内最适产氢环境为温度35℃左右,pH为6.0,进口底物浓度为30 g/L.在上述条件下,当流量为0.000336m~3/h时,反应器有最高的产氢速率1.659 mmol/L/h.结果亦表明该产氢菌对以葡萄糖为碳源的底物降解效率较高.     

光波长对平板反应器成膜及产氢特性影响

实验研究了不同光波长对生物膜平板反应器中光合细菌(Rhodopseudomonas palustris CQK 01)吸附、生长及产氢性能的影响。结果表明:在相同条件下,波长为590 nm时形成的生物膜具有最大的细菌覆盖率和生物膜密度,以及较高的产氢性能。不同光波长条件下形成的生物膜均在运行入射光波长为590 nm时产氢速率达到最大。在最佳光波长条件下,底物浓度为60 mmol/L时得到最大产氢速率11.2 mmol/(m~2·h)。     

光生物反应器内传递及转化过程的熵产率分析

熵产率分析在能量转化系统的优化中有着广泛的应用,本文利用熵产率分析探究了光合细菌生物膜反应器运行条件的方法,通过模拟得出了光合细菌生物膜反应器内光合细菌葡萄糖消耗速率和氢气生成速率以及产氢过程中流动、传热、传质等因素引起的熵产率,分析了培养液流速、温度、底物初始浓度等运行条件对熵产率大小和反应速率的影响,最后提出了一个评价光生物反应器性能的方法——单位氢气生成速率熵产率最小,并以此为原则对反应器的运行条件进行优化,得到反应器的最佳运行条件为:培养液入口温度为30℃、流量为70 mL·h~(-1)、葡萄糖浓度为70 mol.m~(-3)。     

固定化光合细菌包埋颗粒内底物传输特性

本文分析了在不同操作条件下固定化光合细菌包埋颗粒内的底物传输特性,得到入射光照强度、培养温度和培养基pH值等操作参数对包埋颗粒内底物传输Thiele模数、内扩散有效因子的影响.分析发现Thiele模数随实验参数变化呈先增加后下降变化趋势,内扩散有效因子则呈相反的变化趋势,表明了当操作条件越适于光合细菌生长代谢,内扩散速率对包埋颗粒内底物消耗的限制性影响越明显.较低的Thiele模数表明包埋颗粒内底物消耗主要为反应控制过程.     

传质特性对光纤生物制氢反应器性能的影响

光生物制氢反应器的传质特性是影响反应器特性的重要因素.本文通过构造新型的光纤生物制氢反应器,采用生物膜法细胞固定化技术,考察在连续产氢条件下,进口底物浓度和流速对与反应器产氢相关特性的影响.结果表明:高浓度下出现的底物抑制现象是限制反应器性能的原因;流速改变的传质特性对反应器性能的影响,反映在驱动势和反应时间两个方面.     

底物传输对光纤束生物膜反应器产氢影响

本文以沼泽红假单胞菌为产氢菌种,实验研究了水力停留时间和进口底物浓度对光纤束生物膜反应器产氢特性的影响。实验结果表明,反应器的产氢速率和光能转化效率均随水力停留时间和进口底物浓度的增大而先升后降;葡萄糖降解效率随水力停留时间的增大而递增,随进口底物浓度增加而先增后减。在进口底物浓度为50 mmol/L,水力停留时间为12 h时,反应器最大产氢速率和光能转化效率分别为12.1mmol/(m~2·h)和23.3%,葡萄糖降解效率为80.2%。     

含氧有机物催化重整制备纯氢

研究了一种新的利用含氧化合物制备纯氢的催化变换过程,该过程耦合了含氧化合物的催化重整、水煤气变换反应和CO₂去除步骤. 详细研究了重整催化剂的筛选、反应条件以及不同的含氧化合物催化重整行为. 利用所述集成方法获得的最高氢气浓度为99.96vol%和最大转化率为97.1mol%. 此外,通过含氧化合物的解离、催化重整和水煤气变换反应研究,探讨了含氧化合物制备纯氢的相关反应路径.     

超声波光生物制氢反应器启动及产氢特性

实验研究了超声波光生物制氢反应器的启动工艺以及反应器的产氢特性,探讨了超声时间和超声功率对反应器产氢性能的影响。超声波光生物反应器的启动实验进行了96 h,此时反应器光合细菌生物量和反应液pH值趋于稳定,启动完成。在系统稳定运行后,随着超声时间、超声功率的增大,超声波光生物制氢反应器的产氢速率和产氢得率呈先增加后降低的趋势,然而葡萄糖去除率却随着超声时间的增加而增大。     

基于六硼化镧与壳聚糖的光热转换生物材料

为实现光合细菌(PSB)产氢过程的光分频利用,用六硼化镧(LaB_6)和壳聚糖制备了光热转换发光发热生物材料,研究了不同LaB_6纳米颗粒的生物材料在可见光下的吸光特性和光热转换特性。研究发现:该生物材料能较好地透过510~650 nm波长的光为PSB产氢供给光能,而其他波段的光用于激发LaB_6粒子产热为PSB提供热能。LaB_6纳米颗粒的吸光度及光热转换能力受颗粒尺寸影响显著,当生物材料中LaB_6颗粒平均水力直径为295 nm时,12 min内的温升速率为0.41℃/min,是载玻片的5.4倍。     

氢稀释制备的非晶碳膜的绿光和蓝光发射

在电容耦合式PECVD系统中,以CH4和H2为气源,通过控制H2的流量制备了一系列氢化非晶碳膜（a-C:H)样品。利用傅里叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）、光致发光谱（PL）和吸收谱对a-C:H膜的结构及光学性质进行了研究。结果表明：氢稀释可以在一定程度上减少碳的sp^2团簇的形成,增大它的光学带隙,并改变薄的微结构。与此同时,光致发光峰随郑 光学带隙的增大而蓝移;当光学带隙增大2．72eV时,出现了2．4eV（绿光）和2．97eV(蓝光）组成的发光峰。     

Role of graphene in improving catalytic behaviors of AuNPs/MoS2/Gr/Ni-F structure in hydrogen evolution reaction

The efficient production of hydrogen through electrocatalytic decomposition of water has broad prospects in modern energy equipment. However, the catalytic efficiency and durability of hydrogen evolution catalyst are still very deficient, which need to be further explored. Here in this work, we prove that introducing a graphene layer (Gr) between the molybdenum disulfide and nickel foam (Ni-F) substrate can greatly improve the catalytic performance of the hybrid. Owing to the excitation of local surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) of gold nanoparticles (NPs), the electrocatalytic hydrogen releasing activity of the MoS₂/Gr/Ni-F heterostructure is greatly improved. This results in a significant increase in the current density of AuNPs/MoS₂/Gr/Ni-F composite material under light irradiation and in the dark at 0.2 V (versus reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE)), which is much better than in MoS₂/Gr/Ni-F composite materials. The enhancement of hydrogen release can be attributed to the injection of hot electrons into MoS₂/Gr/Ni-F by AuNPs, which will improve the electron density of MoS₂/Gr/Ni-F, promote the reduction of H₂O, and further reduce the activation energy of the electrocatalyst hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). We also prove that the introduction of graphene can improve its stability in acidic catalytic environments. This work provides a new way of designing efficient water splitting system.     

Enhanced cyclability of CdS/TiO2 photocatalyst by stable interface structure

CdS nanoparticles were in situ deposited on TiO₂ nanosheets and nanorods under hydrothermal conditions, respectively. The effect of CdS–TiO₂ interface structure on hydrogen production activity was mainly investigated under visible light irradiation. The results showed that the TiO₂ nanosheet-based CdS/TiO₂ showed a higher activity and a higher cyclability than the nanorod-based sample due to the stronger interaction of CdS with the (0 0 1) facets of TiO₂ than with the (1 0 1) facets. It was proposed that the strong interaction between CdS nanoparticles and TiO₂ nanosheets effectively refrains the recombination of electrons and holes.     

Comparative Analysis of Energy and Exergy Performance of Hydrogen Production Methods

The study of the viability of hydrogen production as a sustainable energy source is a current challenge, to satisfy the great world energy demand. There are several techniques to produce hydrogen, either mature or under development. The election of the hydrogen production method will have a high impact on practical sustainability of the hydrogen economy. An important profile for the viability of a process is the calculation of energy and exergy efficiencies, as well as their overall integration into the circular economy. To carry out theoretical energy and exergy analyses we have estimated proposed hydrogen production using different software (DWSIM and MATLAB) and reference conditions. The analysis consolidates methane reforming or auto-thermal reforming as the viable technologies at the present state of the art, with reasonable energy and exergy efficiencies, but pending on the impact of environmental constraints as CO₂ emission countermeasures. However, natural gas or electrolysis show very promising results, and should be advanced in their technological and maturity scaling. Electrolysis shows a very good exergy efficiency due to the fact that electricity itself is a high exergy source. Pyrolysis exergy loses are mostly in the form of solid carbon material, which has a very high integration potential into the hydrogen economy.     

固氢金属化转变压力的理论计算

 利用简单金属的赝势理论方法计算了固氢的金属转变压力,并探讨了金属氢可能的晶体结构及力、热物性。计算结果表明,在绝对零度条件下,分子态固氢（HCP结构）向原子相金属氢（FCC结构）的转变压力p_t=465.95 GPa。     

Accurate depolarization ratio measurements for all diatomic hydrogen isotopologues

The Raman depolarization ratios for individual Q₁(J”) branch lines of all diatomic hydrogen isotopologues – H₂, HD, D₂, HT, DT, and T₂ – were measured, for all rotational levels with population larger than 1/100 relative to the Boltzmann maximum at room temperature. For these measurements, the experimental setup normally used for the monitoring of the tritiated hydrogen molecules at KArlsruhe TRItium Neutrino experiment was adapted to optimally control the excitation laser power and polarization, and to precisely define the Raman light collection geometry. The measured Raman depolarization values were compared to theoretical values, which are linked to polarizability tensor quantities. For this, the ‘raw data’ were corrected taking into account distinct aspects affecting Raman depolarization data, including (1) excitation polarization impurities; (2) extended Raman excitation volumes; and (3) Raman light collection over finite solid angles. Our corrected depolarization ratios of the hydrogen isotopologues agree with the theoretical values (based on ab initio quantum calculations by R.J. LeRoy, University of Waterloo, Canada) to better than 5% for nearly all of the measured Q₁(J”) lines, with 1σ confidence level. The results demonstrate that reliable, accurate Raman depolarization ratios can be extracted from experimental measurements, which may be substantially distorted by excitation polarization impurities and by geometrical effects. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.