真空断路器弧后残余等离子体的探针诊断方法

真空断路器开断过程中弧后残余等离子体是表征其开断性能的重要参量。基于探针电子饱和区域工作原理,提出了一种真空电弧弧后残余等离子体电子密度测量方法,分析了其结构和工作原理。设计了探针诊断系统的探针结构和控制系统,基于可拆卸真空腔体进行了残余等离子体电子密度的单探针测量实验,采用高速相机观测电弧发展演变过程,研究了电流大小、触头结构等参数对残余等离子体衰减过程的影响。通过前人其他诊断方法对比验证了该测量方法的有效性,为后续真空断路器弧后微观特性研究提供了一种低成本、有效的诊断方法。     

极性对自保护药芯焊丝电弧焊光谱特征的影响

由于自保护药芯焊丝具有抗风性以及优异的焊缝性能,已广泛应用于野外管道焊接以及大型机械的修复过程。电极极性是影响焊接过程的重要工艺参数。为了研究电极极性对电弧等离子体的影响机理,设计电弧等离子体空域中各点逐步扫描的同步采集系统,通过光谱特征谱线的分析,采用Stark谱线轮廓法计算电子密度,并且基于Boltzmann作图法计算电弧等离子体的温度,同时针对Al和Mg活性元素的分布特征进行分析。结果表明,靠近电极处,沿y轴负方向,直流正接时（焊丝接电源负极性）,弧柱中心区电弧电子密度、电弧温度和活性元素呈现“水滴状”分布。而直流反接时（焊丝接电源正极性）,弧柱中心区电弧电子密度、电弧温度和活性元素的分布特征表现为“手指状”分布。根据“自磁收缩”的原理,直流正接条件下,活性元素在径向方向受到的电磁力较小,整体分布呈现发散状。直流反接条件下,活性元素在径向方向受到的电磁力较大,收缩较为严重,整体表现为收缩状态。采用相同的电参数时,直流反接条件下弧柱中心区的电弧电子密度、电弧温度均大于直流正接条件下得到的电子密度和电弧温度,其中电子密度分布特征和带电粒子的电离程度是影响电弧温度的主要因素。在相同的电极极性下,随着电流、电压的增大,电弧等离子体的温度和电子密度都在显著增大。     

大功率电弧加热器起弧过程流场特性研究

电弧等离子体是通过电极之间击穿放电,产生热电弧,实现对冷态介质加热,目前大功率的电弧等离子体发生器在航空航天领域有重要的应用,是国内外开展飞行器防热材料筛选和考核研究最重要的地面模拟试验设备.本研究基于发展的高焓气流非接触式光谱诊断方法,开展对10 MW量级大功率长分段电弧加热器起弧过程流场特性的定量、定性研究,在线测量等离子气流的辐射光谱,并获得了等离子体气流电子温度和电极烧蚀铜原子摩尔组分浓度的测量结果.研究结果表明:起弧开始阶段,纯氩气通入,等离子体辐射光谱以分立的氩原子谱线为主;过渡阶段,随着空气的通入出现了N₂和N₂+的连续分子谱和Ar、N、O原子谱,等离子体电子温度随之降低;正式运行阶段,纯空气介质运行,辐射光谱以N₂和N₂+连续分子谱和N、O原子谱为主.整个电弧加热器起弧过程伴随持续的电极烧蚀,等离子体辐射光谱中铜原子谱线一直存在.氩气起弧时,等离子体气流电子温度稳定在11 000 K±300 K,显示出电弧加热器稳定的起弧特性.同时,电弧等离子体气流中铜原子摩尔组分浓度在（1~25）×10-6之间周期性变化,显示弧根旋转过程中不规则的电极烧蚀变化.发展的发射光谱诊断方法为研究电弧加热器真空氩气起弧特性提供量化手段,可以为真空-常压氩气起弧试验技术的发展和电极优化提供直接量化依据,为大功率常压叠片电弧加热试验平台发展奠定基础.      

含氢电极真空弧放电等离子体时空分布特性研究

真空弧离子源在真空镀膜、材料表面改性、真空大电流开关、加速器离子注入等领域有广泛应用,目前国内外对真空弧放电等离子体的研究主要针对纯金属或合金电极,对含氢电极的研究和公开报道较少.本文利用高时空分辨的四分幅图像诊断系统,结合氢和钛原子特征线单色器件,研究了含氢钛电极的真空弧微秒级脉冲放电等离子体的轴向和径向时空分布特性.研究表明:在真空击穿阶段,阳极区域发光更为明显,阳极电极解吸附释放的氢原子是引发击穿的主要放电介质;在真空弧阶段,阴极-绝缘-真空三结合点处产生圆锥状阴极斑,喷射出大量的等离子体以维持弧放电,同时电极内壁非阴极斑区域也有少量等离子体产生,等离子体中H原子的轴向和径向空间分布均比Ti原子均匀.     

非平衡态Ti-H等离子体发射光谱的双温度诊断研究

单次脉冲工作的真空弧离子源,采用金属钛吸附氢形成的Ti-H固溶体作阴极,生成的等离子体同时包含金属钛和氢的成分,且在径向、横向以及时间尺度上都存在梯度,整个体系处于非平衡状态,不能用一个统一的温度来描述。假设由电子组成的子系统和由其他重粒子组成的子系统分别达到平衡,即Ti-H等离子体由电子温度和重粒子温度两个温度来描述,为双温度等离子体。采用Culdberg-Waage解离方程和Saha电离方程分别对系统中的分子解离和原子电离过程进行描述,结合等离子体电荷准中性条件,同时引入原子发射光谱这一无干扰的等离子体诊断方法,对Ti-H等离子体的温度和粒子数密度进行诊断。在MATLAB环境下,同时考虑金属Ti原子和一价Ti离子的电离,计算结果显示：根据谱线的斯塔克展宽确定的电子密度进行计算,除重粒子温度和氢气分子的数密度之外,其他的参数均可得到较准确的诊断结果;电子密度数值的准确性对计算结果有很大的影响;如果能够在计算之前确定重粒子温度,则可对Ti-H等离子体的温度和粒子数密度进行准确的定量分析。     

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采用简化阴极的一维边界层模型,将同轴磁旋转电弧等离子体发生器的阴极与弧柱耦合求解,使用FLUENT软件,数值模拟了不同锥角阴极的形状对磁分散电弧等离子体、阴极弧根和阳极弧根位形的影响.结果表明:阴极弧根具有扩散特征,其电流密度为107A·m-2量级;阴极形状的改变引起阴极弧根位形和电流密度分布变化,从而影响等离子体参数分布;随着阴极锥角的增大,阴极弧根从阴极前端移动到阴极侧面,等离子体区域向下游偏移,等离子体轴向厚度减小.     

直流电弧等离子区中谱线热激发各基本参量的径向分布

把直流电弧垂直方向的弧柱用二片表面镀铝的反射镜所组成的换向镜横向成象于摄谱仪狭缝,摄取弧柱中部圆截面的光谱。沿谱线的全长测量其强度分布。再利用Λbel数学解式用图解积分法解出谱线相对辐射密度的径向分布。这样所得到的实验数据从理论上可以计算出:1)激发温度;2)平均电离度;3)各元素的电离度;4)电子密度;5)弧柱中各元素相对浓度等的径向分布。实验结果说明:1)在作者以氧化锌为基体的电弧中,电弧形成聚心结构,由弧心向外激发温度降低甚速,不象一般文献所述直流电弧弧心附近有着宽平的温度分布。2)弧心附近(约1/     

用He-like离子特征谱线测量等离子体电子温度和电子密度

本文详细叙述了利用He-like离子的特征谱线诊断等离子体的电子密度和电子温度的方法,给出了共振线与双电子伴线的强度比随电子温度的变化曲线和共振线与互组合线的强度比随电子密度的变化曲线。并且根据实验测得的上述两组谱线的强度比,定出激光产生等离子体的电子温度和电子密度。     

基于原子发射光谱的TiC等离子体沉积诊断

对通过磁过滤阴极真空弧(FCVA)获得的高密度、高离化率的等离子体进行诊断。为研究C2H2气流量对磁过滤阴极弧产生的等离子体的影响,采用原子发射光谱(OES)法对FCVA沉积过程中产生的Ti C等离子体进行诊断。利用Saha-Boltzmann方法对不同气流量下等离子体的参数进行计算,并对等离子体产生过程中的谱线强度随气流量变化的机制进行研究。结果表明,等离子体电离度较高,约为0.8左右且随气流量的变化不大;电子温度和电子密度分别在1×10~4～2×10~4K和10~(23)～10~(24)m~(-3)范围内变化,且随着气流量的增加呈现出先增大后减小的变化趋势;Ti粒子谱线相对强度随气流量的变化不大,表明Ti粒子大部分在阴极弧斑附近被离化。     

磁约束飞秒激光诱导铜等离子体特性研究

建立磁约束飞秒激光诱导铜等离子体辐射光谱采集系统,通过发射光谱法分析磁约束效应对飞秒激光诱导铜等离子体特性的影响.在强度为0.67T的稳磁场约束下,等离子体辐射连续谱和分立谱均有增强,分立谱线增强更显著;铜原子上能级越高,其辐射的原子谱线增强因子越大,具有最高上能级的Cu I 507.6nm增强因子最大,为2.8;等离子体铜原子谱线持续时间明显延长,在等离子体演化初期,谱线增强显著,在较大延时,谱线增强迅速减弱;等离子体电子温度和电子密度均有提高.     

Experimental Investigation of Anode Activities in High-Current Vacuum Arcs

It is well known that the melting of electrodes (mainly anode melting) in vacuum arc can increase the metal vapor density around current zero and even lead to interruption failure. In order to clarify the anode activities and their influence on arc appearance and interruption capacity, series experiments of cup-shaped axial magnetic field copper electrodes were conducted. Obvious anode melting was detected; the liquid copper flowed on the contact plate of anode and formed a clockwise swirl flow. The appearance of anode melting is likely to correlate to the transition of arc mode from high-current diffuse mode to high-current diffuse column mode. The melting of anode was severer than cathode and was influenced by the distribution of cathode spots. Various kinds of copper particles at macroscopic level can be seen in arc column. Even at the interruption limit, the majority of melted copper of anode sputtered out of gap in form of liquid droplets or was pressed into the cup of anode, the copper vapor evaporated into arc column only accounted for a few portion and no obvious anode jets was found due to large plasma pressure in arc column.      

低气压直流放电金属铜等离子体

在原子蒸气激光同位素分离技术中用直流电源实现原子化和激发电离过程,低气压下使用焊锡短路阴、阳极得到了金属铜等离子体稳定射流。在气压10^-3Pa、功率0.9kW下,测得稳定放电的伏安特性曲线和光谱强度图。通过计算得到电子密度在10⁹cm^-3左右、电子温度在0.69eV左右。     

Anode Melting in a Multicathode-Spot Vacuum Arc

Melting of the anode surface in a multicathode-spot vacuum arc is expected when the incident energy flux is not balanced. The anodic energy influx is proportional to the arc-current collected by the anode and melting of the anode should be observed when peak arc-current exceeds a critical value. In this work, the critical peak arc-current Ipt was measured, and its dependence on anode and cathode materials was determined. The arc was sustained between two parallel cylindrical electrodes, 14 mm in diameter and spaced 4 mm apart. The almost critically damped current pulse lasted for 30 ms with a 6-ms rise time to peak value. Peak currents were in the range of 500-2300 A. In most of the experiments the anode material differed from that of the cathode. In the runs where the cathode-anode materials were Cu-Al or Mo-Cu, respectively, the time dependence of a spectral line intensity radiated by the anode atoms located in the plasma near the anode surface was recorded. We found that Ipt depended on both the anode and cathode materials. Thus for an Al anode and Al and Cu cathodes, Ipt equaled to 1100 and 900 A, respectively. In arcs with a peak current larger or equal to Ipt, a sudden jump of the spectral line intensity was observed. In all experiments, even when strong melting of the anode was observed, the arc-voltage stayed quiescent and in the range 15-35 V, suggesting that no anode spot was formed.     

Peculiarities of interaction of the cathode stream with anodevapors in a vacuum arc

A one-dimensional model of the quasi-stationary vacuum arc plasma zone is considered in terms of a three-liquid hydrodynamics approximation. It is supposed that atoms evaporated from the anode are ionized in a narrow near-anode zone, slow ions are rapidly maxwellized in the result of Coulomb collisions, ion braking length of the cathode stream may be comparable with a gap size, i.e., the cathode stream breaking is important. Outside the narrow near-electrode zones slow anode and rapid cathode ion flows are maintained, the electron thermal conductivity equalizes the electron temperature     

Production of a large area diffuse arc plasma with multiple cathode

An arc channel at atmospheric pressure tends to shrink generally. In this paper, a non-transferred DC arc plasma device with multiple cathode is introduced to produce a large area arc plasma at atmospheric pressure. This device is comprised of a 42-mm diameter tubular chamber, multiple cathode which is radially inserted into the chamber, and a tungsten anode with a nozzle in its center. In argon/helium atmosphere, a large area and circumferential homogenous diffuse arc plasma, which fills the entire cross section surrounded by the cathode tips, is observed. Results show that the uniformity and stability of diffuse arc plasma are strongly related to the plasma forming gas. Based on these experimental results, an explanation to the arc diffusion is suggested. Moreover, the electron excitation temperature and electron density measured in diffuse helium plasma are much lower than those of constricted arc column, which indicates the diffuse helium plasma probably deviates from the local thermodynamic equilibrium state. Unlike the common non-transferred arc plasma devices, this device can provide a condition for axial-fed feedstock particles. The plasma device is attempted to spheroidize alumina powders by using the central axis to send the powder. Results show that the powder produced is usually a typical hollow sphere.     

谱线强度法所测得温度的物理意义

从统计热力学的角度分析了电子温度和激发温度的不同。明确的指出谱线强度法所测得的是重粒子内部电子的激发温度而不是自由电子温度。在热力学平衡态下等离子体激发温度与电子温度相同,在热力学非平衡态下激发温度与电子温度不同。在对真空室中电弧加热发动机羽流的研究中,采用谱线强度法测量了羽流的表观激发温度,同时采用Langmuir探针法测量羽流的电子温度,两种温度之间的巨大差异证实了谱线强度法所测得的温度不是电子温度。     

Anode Phenomena in Vacuum and Atmospheric Pressure Arcs

This paper summarizes recent experimental data related to anode phenomena in both vacuum and atmospheric pressure arcs. Currents in the range 10A to 3OkA are discussed, and particular emphasis is placed on the effect of plasma flow from the cathode. For vacuum arcs this plasma flow is the directed motion of metal ions from the cathode spots. These ions reduce the anode voltage drop, and maintain a diffuse anode termination. At atmospheric pressure the ion flow is impeded by gas-atom collisions. However, a plasma flow towards the anode can result from magnetic pinch forces at the constricted cathode termination. In the absence of plasma flow, the anode termination constricts to a vigorously evaporating anode spot. For a typical non-refractory electrode such as copper, the spot operates at a temperature close to the boiling point irrespective of the gas pressure. The spot temperature is dictated by the balance between electrical input power and evaporative losses. These anode phenomena are discussed in relation to vacuum switchgear, arc welding and arc furnaces.     

High current density spotless vacuum arc as a glow discharge

Vacuum discharge burning between a broad cathode and a point anode made of Mo, Cu, and Cd has been studied. This discharge operates in anode vapors and shows major arc characteristics, although no craters were examined on the cathode. The secondary electron emission is involved to explain current transport within the cathode region. This discharge is interpreted as a high density low voltage glow discharge. Having discussed the present and previous findings, the conclusion has been drawn that the secondary electron emission and “hump of potential” are dominant in the vacuum arc cathode spot     

Pressure dependence of plasma parameters in medium-vacuum nitrogenarc discharge with the titanium cathode

The plasma properties of a medium-vacuum nitrogen arc discharge from a titanium cathode were studied. The arc chamber use was 400 mm in diameter and 600 mm in length. The cathode diameter and thickness were 64 and 25 mm, respectively. The experimental conditions are given as follows: pressure range=1×10^-3~2×10^-1 torr; N₂ gas flow rate=6 ml/min; arc current=50 A. Electric probe characteristics are measured as a function of pressure and distance from the cathode surface. The analytical results obtained show that the electron energy distribution takes 1-Mx at pressures above 1×10^-2 torr but 2-Mx at pressures under 4×10^-2 torr and that the electron density has a maximum value at a certain pressure. The Ti⁺, Ti⁺⁺, and N ⁺₂ ion spectral intensities are measured as a function of pressure and distance from the cathode surface. On comparison of these results and the electron density, the Ti⁺ spectral intensity turns out to be proportional to that of the electron density. This suggests that the major ion in the plasma volume is of the Ti⁺ species     

Structure of an extended plasma jet in a vacuum arc in an axial magnetic field

The motion, heating, and ionization of a plasma in a ring anode vacuum arc in an axial magnetic field are studied using a quasi-one-dimensional MHD model. The region between the cathode and anode (a current-carrying plasma jet), as well as the region behind the anode (a current-free plasma jet), is considered. It is shown that, over a long portion of a current-free plasma jet, the electron density and temperature remain high and the ion charge increases substantially due to electron-impact ionization.