涡发生器对高超声速轴对称进气道外部流动的影响

采用三维CFD黏性模拟考察涡发生器对高超声速轴对称进气道外部流动的影响.针对前缘钝化半径0.8 mm和3.2 mm的轴对称进气道外部流场,以涡发生器高度与当地位移边界层厚度比值为影响参数,考察流场结构与性能参数的影响规律.结果表明,涡发生器产生的干扰波系使得前缘激波向外偏移,下游近壁面流动与主流区出现明显的交换,下游流动出现明显的展向非均匀性.涡发生器对流动的影响沿流向逐渐减弱.在气流压缩性能方面,涡发生器下游压比、动压比沿流向开始增大,随后逐渐恢复到无涡发生器工况;Mach数、总压恢复系数开始降低,随后逐渐向无涡发生器工况趋近.涡发生器高度与当地位移边界层厚度的比值h可作为衡量其影响的重要参数.当h≤1.5时,进气道流场结构、性能参数的变化几乎可忽略,h≤3.0时进气道入口处性能参数几乎能够恢复到无涡发生器工况.      

来流边界层对三角翼诱导涡特性的影响

三角翼是涡发生器的主要结构型式,用于涡发生器的三角翼常处于翼面边界层内。本文采用数值求解雷诺平均NS方程的方法,以平板上一个三角翼模型为研究对象,研究不同来流边界层速度型(均匀分布、湍流边界层速度型和层流边界层速度型)和5种边界层厚度条件下,三角翼诱导涡沿流向的最大涡量分布规律及衰减规律。结果表明,湍流边界层下三角翼诱导涡最大涡量值要大于层流边界层,且边界层高度越低,诱导涡最大涡量值越大。     

涡流发生器对风力机专用翼型气动特性的影响

为了深入研究风力机叶片的减阻方法及效果,本文探讨了涡流发生器对风力机专用翼型的气动性能的影响。研究对象为直叶片段,涡流发生器安装在叶片段20%弦长处,并采用CFD方法对光滑叶片段及安装涡流发生器后的叶片段分别进行了模拟,得到了翼型的气动特性曲线。对比14°攻角下的两种情况的流动特性,发现在大攻角的情况下,涡流发生器确实能够推迟流动分离,从而极大地减小翼型的阻力,并且增大了翼型的最大升力系数;其次,本文分析了涡流发生器对叶片段表面压力分布的影响,发现涡流发生器对下游方向的影响明显大于对上游区的影响,这一点与涡流发生器搅乱下游流场的作用是一致的;最后,本文分析了涡流发生器控制流动分离的机理。     

SDBD等离子体增强双股矩形射流掺混性能实验研究

为提高姿轨控液体火箭发动机同轴式喷注器掺混性能,设计了简化的双股矩形射流发生器,开展了等离子体控制射流实验,获得了射流流场结构与速度分布,结果表明与单股射流类似,双股矩形射流同样具有很好的相似性,随着射流速度差的增大,相似性进一步增强,混合点逐渐靠近射流发生器出口,混合角和混合率增大,而涡量最大值减小;等离子体对射流相似性的影响较弱,主要增大了发生器出口附近的速度,缩短了射流核心区长度,增大了射流宽度和混合角,使得混合点位置移向发生器出口,扩大了高涡量值区域范围,不过3种实验工况下射流涡量和的正、负值均比较接近,混合率也非常接近,并且随着射流速度差的增大,等离子体控制效果降低;总的来说,等离子体激励器应安装在低速射流中,增大混合角比控制混合点位置对提高混合率更有效.      

基于1.5 μm多普勒激光雷达的飞机尾涡探测技术研究

为规避尾涡威胁,保障飞行安全,研究了飞机尾涡的激光探测技术.介绍了尾涡探测基本原理,给出了激光探测方式设计和探测系统参量选择.基于设计的尾涡激光探测方案,研究了飞机尾涡回波多普勒谱与机型参量、飞行参量以及环境参量间的关系,获得了尾涡的径向速度分布规律,建立了尾涡回波多普勒谱模型,选取最佳尾涡参量估计算法用于尾涡的全面表征|通过开展A340的尾涡探测外场实验验证了激光探测尾涡的可行性和尾涡参量估计算法的有效性.研究表明,尾涡回波多普勒谱值与径向速度的三次方成反比,与涡流环量的二次方成正比.     

涡发生器对质子交换膜燃料电池性能影响

通过数值模拟,研究了涡发生器的形状、间距、攻角和组数对于质子交换膜燃料电池性能的影响。结果表明,在燃料电池阴极流道中安装5组、12 mm间距、攻角为45?的矩形小翼涡流发生器,对于燃料电池性能的提升最为明显,电流密度最高提升了33.3%;电流密度随着涡发生器间距、攻角和组数的增加而增大;涡发生器改善了燃料电池内部的温度、水含量和氧含量分布,有利于积水的排出,且可以明显的观察到涡量大小与电流密度呈正相关。     

旋转冲压压缩转子激波/附面层/泄漏流干扰研究

为分析附面层和泄漏流对旋转冲压压缩转子内激波结构的影响,开展了旋转冲压压缩转子内部流场的数值研究,并从激波形成与变化的角度分析激波与附面层,激波与泄漏流的相互作用。研究表明,S_2流面激波与轮毂附面层、S_1流面激波与隔板尾缘低速分离流体团相互作用能够改变激波的结构形态、作用位置,压比升高时低速团的影响范围增大。S_1流面激波在泄漏涡的作用位置处发生偏折,与无间隙时相比,有间隙时旋转冲压压缩转子在喉部及以后流道内更易形成激波串。     

局部附面层抽吸对高负荷扩压叶栅流动特性影响

在低速条件下实验研究了局部附面层吸除对高负荷扩压叶栅内流动特性的影响。实验对叶栅壁面进行了墨迹流动显示,并采用五孔气动探针测量了叶栅出口截面参数,得到了该截面的二次流速度矢量分布。结果表明,吸力面两端附面层吸除能有效减小角区三维分离、抑制通道涡发展,而在吸力面中部抽吸不能有效抑制角区三维分离流动;在角区分离线起始位置后采用吸力面两端吸气方式时,吸气量越大流动改善的效果越好,其余方案时吸气量变化对流动影响较小。     

采用简化燃烧室研究柴油机缸内流动

本文采用简化燃烧室研究柴油机燃烧室结构参数对涡流比的影响.简化燃烧室排除了实际燃烧室边界形状的复杂性,主要结构参数之间的可比性更强.研究表明,缸内总体平均涡流比遵循角动量守恒定律,由流体平均旋转半径、角动量、以及摩擦耗散决定.上止点附近,横截面上的平均涡流比除受上述三种因素影响外,还受燃烧室内涡环的影响,涡环的强弱取决于活塞凹坑形式;横截面切向速度分布因受涡环影响,而不能简单归结为刚体流与势流的组合.     

纵向涡强化换热的M-Z干涉流动显示技术

本文采用M-Z干涉测量的方法,研究了半三角形翼片纵向涡发生器强化换热方案对矩形通道内气体流动换热的影响,获得了安装纵向涡发生器前后对流换热温度场的M-Z干涉图像.通过对实验获得的干涉图像进行分析处理,表明安装纵向涡发生器后,通道内入口段流动的热边界层明显变薄,反映了纵向涡对流动换热的强化作用,验证了将M-Z干涉测量方法应用于纵向涡强化换热研究的可行性.     

柔性旋涡发生器对翼型前缘分离的自适应控制

采用边长为10 mm的三角形柔性和刚性旋涡发生器，安装在二维NACA0018翼型上翼面前缘不同弦长处，用于控制翼型前缘分离流动.实验在低速直流式风洞中进行，以翼型弦长为特征长度的Reynolds数Re=1.1×105，采用单丝热线风速仪测量尾流速度剖面.分别研究柔性和刚性两种材料的三角形旋涡发生器对翼型前缘分离的控制效果.实验结果表明，与刚性旋涡发生器相比，柔性旋涡发生器利用来流能量实现自适应控制，使剪切层下移，从而明显抑制前缘分离.      

基于Ludwieg管的高超声速边界层转捩实验

高超声速边界层层/湍流转捩是高超声速飞行器气动力和气动热设计中的难点和热点问题.为了降低开展高超声速边界层不稳定性与转捩实验研究的门槛,研究基于Ludwieg管原理设计并建造了一座Mach 6高超声速管风洞,重点对Ludwieg管风洞的启动和运行过程开展了数值模拟,分析了储气段弯管布局对试验段流场的影响;之后,对该高超声速风洞的自由来流品质进行了静态和动态的标定,验证了风洞的设计Mach数,并给出了流场的动态扰动特征;最后,基于7°半张角尖锥标模开展了高超声速边界层转捩实验,通过表面齐平式安装的高频PCB传感器获得边界层不稳定波,分析了高超声速边界层不稳定波的演化特征.以上工作表明,Ludwieg管相对常规高超声速风洞具有建设和运行成本低、运行效率高、流场品质好等优点,适合开展高超声速边界层转捩等基础实验研究.      

超声速平板圆台突起物绕流实验和数值模拟研究

高速飞行器表面不可避免的存在突起物并形成复杂流场, 从而引起飞行器气动特性和热载荷的变化; 同时, 突起物是流动控制的重要方法之一, 合适的突起物形状及安装位置对于改善冲压发动机进气道性能有重要意义. 本文采用基于纳米粒子的平面激光散射技术(NPLS)研究了马赫3.0来流边界层为层流的平板上三个不同高度圆台突起物绕流流场, 主要关注了突起物后方的尾迹边界层, 并采用高精度的显式五阶精度加权紧致非线性格式(WCNS-E-5)离散求解Navier-Stokes方程模拟了该流场. 获得了超声速圆台绕流精细流场结构, 观察到突起物后方尾迹区域边界层发展的过程. 结合实验和数值模拟结果可以发现, 当圆台高度接近或者小于当地边界层厚度时, 突起物对边界层的扰动非常弱, 圆台后方尾迹边界层能够维持较长距离的层流状态, 在边界层转捩阶段也有清晰的发卡涡结构出现; 反之, 边界层受到的扰动明显增大, 在突起物后方很快发展为湍流; 风洞噪声对本文研究圆台引起的边界层扰动有一定影响, 实验获得的边界层转捩位置要比数值结果靠前. 基于NPLS流场图像, 采用间歇性方法分析了圆台突起物后方边界层的特性, 对于高度大于边界层厚度的圆台其间歇性曲线较为接近并且更加饱满, 边界层的脉动也更为强烈.     

Measurement of aerodynamic noise and unsteady flow field around a symmetrical airfoil

The purpose of this paper is to study the physics of aerodynamic noise generation from the symmetrical airfoil of NACA 0018 in a uniform flow. The relationship between the noise spectrum and the unsteady flow field around the airfoil is studied in an acoustic wind tunnel using flow visualization and PIV analysis. The discrete frequency noise was generated from the airfoil inclined at small angle of attack to the free stream. The flow visualization result indicates the presence of attached boundary layer over the suction side and the separated shear layer over the rear pressure side of the airfoil, when the discrete frequency noise is observed. It is found from the PIV analysis that a large magnitude of vorticity is generated periodically from the pressure side of the trailing edge and it develops into an asymmetrical vortex street in the wake of the airfoil. The periodicity of the shedding vortices was found to agree with that of the frequency of the generated noise.     

基于温敏漆技术的圆锥高超声速大攻角绕流背风面流动结构实验研究

高超声速流动中, 大攻角下圆锥背风面边界层会存在流动分离与再附、边界层转捩等多种流动现象, 进而对圆锥表面温度分布产生显著的影响。为了对这一复杂流动规律及其对表面温升分布的影响进行讨论, 研究基于温敏漆技术, 得到了在Mach数为6的低湍流度来流条件下, 攻角为10°的圆锥背风面温升分布结果。通过对不同位置、不同方位角处温升分布曲线的分析, 对大攻角下圆锥背风面边界层流动发展过程及不同发展阶段的流动特征进行了讨论。同时, 通过对来流总压的调节, 得到了不同Reynolds数下的圆锥背风面温升分布结果, 总结了Reynolds数对流动的影响规律。研究发现, 高超声速大攻角圆锥背风面边界层流动发展过程中会依次出现层流分离、定常横流涡影响、转捩以及湍流分离与再附等流动特征, 而在不同的Reynolds数下, 各个流动特征产生影响的范围不同, 随着Reynolds数的降低, 层流范围和定常横流涡影响范围均有所增加, 而从观察到横流影响到转捩开始发生的范围基本相同。      

Effects of roughness elements on bypass transition induced by a circular cylinder wake

Abstract  

The bypass transition of flat-plate boundary layer induced by a circular cylinder wake under the influence of roughness elements is experimentally investigated. The hydrogen-bubble visualization results show that the boundary layer separation occurs upstream of the roughness, and the separated shear layer is incised by roughness to different extent, resulting in different kinds of secondary vortices formed immediately downstream of the roughness. During the evolution of the secondary vortex, two types of instabilities are observed, which are denoted as large- and small-scale instabilities, respectively, according to different spatial scale of the hairpin vortices formed afterward. A merging process of hairpin vortices is also observed when the secondary vortices undergo the small-scale instability, and a potential new transition control strategy based on the present observation is proposed.     

Visualization of three-dimensional flow structures in the wake of an inclined circular cylinder

In the previous measurements of the aerodynamic sound generated from an inclined circular cylinder, it is reported that the sound pressure level (SPL) changes with the aspect ratio and the inclined angle. Therefore, we have investigated the changes in the vortex structure of the wake considered as one of the causes of the SPL variation. Using the low-noise wind tunnel, the velocity fluctuation in the wake is measured to obtain the correlation length. Moreover, the flow visualization is performed with a hydrogen bubble method and a numerical analysis method in order to clarify how the wake structure changes by variations of aspect ratio and inclined angle. As a result of this investigation, it is shown that the spanwise structure of Karman’s vortex is highly influenced by the interference of Karman’s vortex with the bottom endplate, and that the influence on the spanwise structure in the wake becomes greater as the aspect ratio decreases and the inclined angle increases.     

Numerical Investigation and Wind Tunnel Validation on Near-Wake Vortical Structures of Wind Turbine Blades

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) has been used by numerous researchers for the simulation of flows around wind turbines. Since the 2000s, the experiments of NREL phase VI blades for blind comparison have been a de-facto standard for numerical software on the prediction of full scale horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWT) performance. However, the characteristics of vortex structures in the wake, whether for modeling the wake or for understanding the aerodynamic mechanisms inside, are still not thoroughly investigated. In the present study, the flow around NREL phase VI blades was numerically simulated, and the results of the wake field were compared with the experimental ones of a one-to-eight scaled model in a low-speed wind tunnel. A good agreement between simulation and experimental results was achieved for the evaluation of overall performances. The simulation captured the complete formation procedure of tip vortex structure from the blade. Quantitative analysis showed the streamwise translation movement of vortex cores. Both the initial formation and the damping of vorticity in near wake field were predicted. These numerical results showed good agreements with the measurements. Moreover, wind tunnel wall effects were also investigated on these vortex structures, and it revealed further radial expansion of the helical vortical structures in comparison with the free-stream case.     

Unsteady wake vortices in jets in cross-flow

Abstract  

The current flow visualization study investigates unsteady wake vortices of jets in cross-flow in order to (1) advance the understanding of their origin and characteristics and (2) explore various excitation techniques for organizing and accentuating them. An isolated circular jet passed through a nozzle and entered the cross-flow normal to the wall. Free stream velocities up to 5 m/s and jet-to-cross-flow velocity ratio range between 1 and 10 were covered. While mechanical perturbation did not result in any significant periodic organization of the wake vortices, the database obtained for the unperturbed flow provided further insight into their behavior. The key finding was that the wake vortices always originated from the lee-side of the jet where the jet efflux boundary layer and the wall boundary layer intersected. In no case these vortices were seen to form either from the wall boundary layer or the jet shear layer at downstream locations. After formation the wake vortex twists and stretches as it convects downstream with the base still attached to the near-wall region on the jet’s lee side. The top remains connected to the underside of the jet where the tracer particles dissipate due to high turbulence in the shear layer.     

Effects of dimples on laminar boundary layers

A series of direct numerical simulations of the flow past a flat plate with two and eight rows of dimples in a staggered arrangement is carried out. The Reynolds number based on the boundary layer thickness and freestream velocity near the inflow plane is 1000 and the dimples are spherical with a depth to diameter ratio of 0.1. The incoming flow is laminar and the boundary layer thickness before the dimples is half the dimple depth. At this low Reynolds number the flow is expected to remain laminar over a smooth flat plate. The presence of the dimples triggers instabilities that cause significant momentum transport. It is shown that the shear layer that forms as the flow separates over the first two rows of dimple becomes unstable and sheds coherent vortex sheets. The vortex sheets become unstable and are transformed into packets of horseshoe vortices. When these vortices evolve over a flat plate or over a series of dimples the flow dynamics are very different with important changes in momentum transport across the boundary layer.