Nonvolatile photorefractive properties in triply doped stoichiometric Mg：Fe：Mn：LiTaO3 crystals

We have grown triply doped Mg:Fe:Mn:LiTaO3 crystals with near stoichiometry using the top seeded solution growth technique. The defect structure was investigated by infrared absorption spectra and Curie temperature. Using a blue laser as the source, excellent photorefractive properties were obtained. Nonvolatile holographic storage properties were investigated using the dual wavelength technique. We got a very high fixed diffraction efficiency and nonvolatile holographic storage sensitivity. The blue light has more than enough energy to excite holes of deep(Mn) and shallow(Fe) trap centers with the same phase, which enhance dramatically the blue photorefractive properties and the nonvolatile holographic storage. Mg2+ ion is no longer damage resistant at blue laser, but enhances photorefractive characteristics.     

Nonvolatile holographic storage in triply doped LiNbO3: Hf, Fe, Mn crystals

It has been suggested to use LiNbO3:Fe,Mn crystal for solving the problem of information volatility during the read-out process with all-optical facilities,but the minute order response time is far from the requirements for the real-time information processing.We present the nonvolatile holographic storage properties of LiNbO3:Hf,Fe,Mn.The response time is shortened to 5.0 s,and the sensitivity S is enhanced to 0.22 cm/J in this triply doped crystal.The experimental results show that the HfO2 doping threshold is 5.0 mol.%.Thus it seems that we have found a useful tetravalent dopant for LiNbO3:Fe,Mn that can obviously improve the nonvolatile holographic recording sensitivity.     

Time-Resolved Femtosecond Degenerate Four-Wave Mixing in LiNbO3：Fe,Mg Crystal

Forward degenerate four-wave mixing （DFWM） processes are investigated with a femtosecond pulsed laser in lithium niobate crystal doubly-doped with magnesium and iron （LiNbO3：Fe, Mg）. The pulse energy dependence reveals a pure third-order nonlinear response, and the third-order nonlinear susceptibility x^（3） in the material is evaluated to be 4.96 × 10^-13 esu. The time-resolved DFWM process shows a response time of x^（3） shorter than 100fs, which is due to the nonresonant electronic nonlinearities. Our results indicate that LiNbO3 crystals have potentials for ultrafast real-time optical processing systems, which require a large and fast x^（3） optical nonlinearity.     

Holographic and Thermal-Fixing Characteristics of Doubly Doped Zn：Fe：LiNbO3 Crystals

We perform a comprehensive experimental study on holographic and thermal-fixing characteristics of Zn：Fe：LiNbO3 The measured hologram decay time constants, respectively caused by optical readout and under dark condition, with thermal fixing are 15 times and 75 times longer than that obtained without thermal fixing. This suggests that Zn：Fe：LiNbO3 crystals are suitable for thermal fixing. Multiplexed recordings of 300 holograms using different thermal fixing schemes verify that a proper multiplexing scheme such as track-division thermal-fixing scheme for disc-type holographic storage can effectively compensate for the negative effect of zinc-doping on the dynamic range, thus the storage density is enhanced.     

The two photorefractive centres in iron doped nearly stoichiometric lithium niobate crystals

This paper investigates the photorefractive properties of iron doped lithium niobate with different [Li]/[Nb] ratios The experimental results show two photorefractive centres for iron doped near-stoichiometric lithium niobate crystal Besides Fe^2＋ and Fe^3＋ ions, small polarons and bipolarons are considered as another photoactive centre.     

Study of Ni80Fe20／Fe50Mn50 superlattice microstructures by transmission electron microscopy and x—ray diffraction

The detailed microstructures of Ni80Fe20/Fe50Mn50 superlattices have been characterized using both x-ray diffraction techniques and transmission electron microscopy.The obrivous layered structure,typical column structure and twins which exist in Ni80Fe20/Fe50Mn50 superlattices were observed through performing transmission microscopy.By combining the technique of lowangle x-ray reflectivity(specular and off-specular scans)with the anomalous scattering effect and high-angle x-ray diffraction(using conventional x-ray),wequantitatively analysed the microstructural variation as a function of annealing temperature.It is found that the lateral correlation length,the(111)peak intensity of the superlattices and the average multilayer coherence length all increase with a rise in annealing temperature annealing can decrease the rootmean-square roughness at the interfaces of Ni80Fe20/Fe50Mn50 superlattices.the obtained microstructural knowledge will be helpful in understanding the magnetic properties of the ni80Fe20/Fe50Mn50 exchange bias system.     

Optical Erasure Characteristics of Holograms in Batch Thermal-Fixing

The optical erasure dynamics in a batch-thermal fixing scheme of holographic storage in photorefractive crystals is investigated theoretically and experimentally. The inter-batch optical erasure time constant τF is introduced to specify the optical erasure to compensated gratings, and measured in a sophisticated experiment. The experimental result shows that τF is much longer than the intra-batch optical erasure time constant τE. The difference between τFand τE is fundamental for enhancing nonvolatile storage density.     

Magnetic and mechanical properties of Ni–Mn–Ga/Fe–Ga ferromagnetic shape memory composite

A ferromagnetic shape memory composite of Ni–Mn–Ga and Fe–Ga was fabricated by using spark plasma sintering method. The magnetic and mechanical properties of the composite were investigated. Compared to the Ni–Mn–Ga alloy,the threshold field for magnetic-field-induced strain in the composite is clearly reduced owing to the assistance of internal stress generated from Fe–Ga. Meanwhile, the ductility has been significantly improved in the composite. A fracture strain of 26% and a compressive strength of 1600 MPa were achieved.     

Nonlinear optical properties of polyaniline composite materials

The nonlinear optical properties of polyaniline composite materials (PANI/Au) were studied using the single-beam Z-scan technique.These molecules exhibited a strong reverse saturable absorption and an interesting optical limiting performance with a nanosecond Nd:YAG laser pulses at 532 nm.     

Magnetization reversal of ultrathin Fe film grown on Si（111） using iron silicide template

Ultrathin Fe films were epitaxially grown on Si（lll） by using an ultrathin iron silicide film with p（2 × 2） surface reconstruction as a template. The surface structure and magnetic properties were investigated in situ by low energy electron diffraction （LEED）, scanning tunnelling microscopy （STM）, and surface magneto-optical effect （SMOKE）. Polar SMOKE hysteresis loops demonstrate that the Fe ultrathin films with thickness t 〈 6 ML （monolayers） exhibit perpen-dicular magnetic anisotropy. The characters of M-H loops with the external magnetic field at difference angles and the angular dependence of coercivity suggest that the domain-wall pinning plays a dominant role in the magnetization reversal process.[第一段]     

Nonlinear optical switching and all-figures of merit in Bi2S3-xSex/PMMA nanocomposite films investigated by Z scan under visible CW laser

Bi2S3-xSex/poly(methyl methacrylate)(PMMA)nanocomposite films were prepared using microwave assisted synthesis with different compositions of x.Crystal structure,surface morphology,and optical properties were investigated to characterize the prepared nanocomposite films.The crystallinity and optical band gap of the prepared Bi2S3-xSex/PMMA were affected by x.The prepared samples showed a blue shift in the absorption edge.The laser power dependent nonlinear refraction and absorption of Bi2S3-xSex/PMMA nanocomposite films were investigated by using the Z-scan technique.The optical nonlinearity of the nanocomposite films exhibited switchover from negative nonlinear refraction to positive nonlinear refraction to negative nonlinear refraction effects,and from saturable absorption to reverse saturable absorption to saturable absorption with an increase and decrease in the composition.An interesting all-optical figure of merit was reported to assess the nanocomposite films for a practical device.It was calculated that the device all-figures of merit were based on the nonlinear response,which is important for the all-optical switching device.The results demonstrate that the optimized all-optical figures of merit can be achieved by adjusting the composition and input laser power,which can be used for the design of different all-photonic devices,and the results of nonlinear switching behavior can open new possibilities for using the nanocomposite films in laser Q-switching and mode-locking.     

The dielectric behaviour of doped near-stoichiometric lithium niobate in the terahertz range

The dielectric properties of near-stoichiometric LiNbO 3:Fe and LiNbO₃:Ce single crystals have been investigated using terahertz time domain spectroscopy in a frequency range of 0.7-1.6 THz at room temperature.When coupled with an applied external optical field,obvious photorefractive effects were observed,resulting in a modulation of the complex dielectric constant for the crystals.The variation in refractive index,| n|,had a linear relationship with the applied light intensity,accompanied by a step-like decrease at high intensity.The findings were attributed to the internal space charge field of the photorefraction and the light-induced domain reversal in the crystals.     

Study on optical nonlinearities of ZnO-Nb_2O_5-TeO_2 glass with time-resolved four-wave mixing technique

We investigated nonlinear optical properties of ZnO-Nb2O5-TeO2 glass excited by a femtosecond laser with time-resolved four-wave mixing (FWM) technique. The unusual FWM signals were observed in samples with ZnO dopant. The mechanism for the optical nonlinearities was discussed.     

Mechanical and Magnetostrictive Properties of Fe—Doped Ni52Mn24Ga24 Single Crystals

To improve the magnetic and mechanical properties of a Heusler alloy of Ni52Mn24Ga24,iron was doped with some cotents,Single crystals of the pseudoquaternary Heusler alloy of Ni52Mn8Fe15Ga24 have been synthesized for mechanical and magnetostrictive measurements.The magnetostriction loops and stress-strain curves were measured under different coupled magnetic-mechanical loads.The experimental results show that the brittleness of the sample is clearly improved and Yong‘s modulus of 13.7GPa is obtained in the [001] direction due to the part substitution of Fe for Mn.Furthermore,the toughness and Vickers hardness of the sample are also given by use of the indentation technique.     

Nonlinear optical properties of an azobenzene polymer

The nonlinear optical properties of an azobenzene polymer azol2-MO were investigated by a Z-scan technique. The polymer was synthesized by assembling the liquid-crystalline polymer azol2 with methyl orange. The nonlinear refrac- tive index （1.39×10^-15 cm2/W） and the nonlinear absorption coefficient （0.11 cm/GW） of azol2-MO were determined with 532-nm picosecond laser pulses at the irradiance of 92.40 GW/cm2. When compared to the nonlinear properties of azol2 and methyl orange, azol2-MO possesses the advantages of its two constituents and shows larger nonlinear optical properties.     

Triple Encrypted Holographic Storage and Digital Holographic System

We propose a triple encrypted holographic memory containing a digital holographic system. The original image is encrypted using double random phase encryption and stored in a LiNbO3：Fe crystal with shift-multiplexing. Both the reference beams of the memory and the digital holographic system are random phase encoded. We theoretically and experimentally demonstrate the encryption and decryption of multiple images and the results show high quality and good fault tolerance. The total key length of this system is larger than 4.7×10^33.     

Stability,electronic structures,and mechanical properties of Fe–Mn–Al system from first-principles calculations

The stability, electronic structures, and mechanical properties of the Fe–Mn–Al system were determined by firstprinciples calculations. The formation enthalpy and cohesive energy of these Fe–Mn–Al alloys are negative and show that the alloys are thermodynamically stable. Fe_3Al, with the lowest formation enthalpy, is the most stable compound in the Fe–Mn–Al system. The partial density of states, total density of states, and electron density distribution maps of the Fe–Mn–Al alloys were analyzed. The bonding characteristics of these Fe–Mn–Al alloys are mainly combinations of covalent bonding and metallic bonds. The stress-strain method and Voigt–Reuss–Hill approximation were used to calculate the elastic constants and moduli, respectively. Fe_(2.5)Mn_(0.5)Al has the highest bulk modulus, 234.5 GPa. Fe_(1.5)Mn_(1.5)Al has the highest shear modulus and Young's modulus, with values of 98.8 GPa and 259.2 GPa, respectively. These Fe–Mn–Al alloys display disparate anisotropies due to the calculated different shape of the three-dimensional curved surface of the Young's modulus and anisotropic index. Moreover, the anisotropic sound velocities and Debye temperatures of these Fe–Mn–Al alloys were explored.     

Orientation-Enhanced Photorefractive Effect in PVK-PBA：DR1：TNF Polymer

We developed a novel photorefractive (PR) polymer PVK-PBA:DR1:TNF, and its film sample was prepared with outstanding performance by using the method of combination of vacuum saturated vapour resolving with vacuum hot-pressing. The sample exhibits distinctive PR properties with the two-beam coupling coefficient up to 140cm^-1 and four-wave mixing (FWM) diffraction efficiency above 1.5% in the absence of applied external electric field. The designed experiments, including measurements of the second-order nonlinear coefficient and birefringence as well as the relationship between the diffraction efficiencies of the FWM and the external bias field, were performed to understand the underlying mechanism, because this phenomenon cannot be explained by the conventional PR theories. It is presented that because of its high orientational mobility and large dipole moment, the polymer produces the photovoltaic effect under the irradiation of laser to induce a space-charge field so as to engender the PR effect under zero or low external fields. A model based on the assumption was established and the simulation agrees well with the experimental results.     

A Linearly-Polarized Cesium Vapor Laser with Fundamental Mode Output and Low Threshold

We report a cesium vapor laser with fundamental mode output and a wavelength of 894 nm. The laser is pumped by a laser diode array with an external cavity of a holographic grating by using Littrow＇s structure. A slope efbciency of 22.4% is obtained by using a pumping source with a linewidth of 0.26 nm and 80 kPa methane as the buffer gas. The threshold pumping power is 1.56 W.     

Characterization of Undoped and Cu-Doped ZnO Thin Films Deposited on Glass Substrates by Spray Pyrolysis

Undoped and copper doped zinc oxide （ZnO） thin films have been prepared on glass substrates by spray pyrolysis technique. The films were doped with copper using the direct method by addition of a copper salt （CuCl2） in the spray solution of ZnO. Variation of structural, electrical, optical and thermoluminescence （TL） properties with doping concentrations is investigated in detail.