直线加速器中双向高斯密度分布电荷束团发射度增长的比率关系

采用直线加速器中的空间电荷束团的有限圆柱模型,并假设该有限圆柱体电荷密度分布在横向r和纵向z都满足高期分布,推导得到了该电荷束团的自场能与发射度增长公式;通过数值模拟计算,给出了束流发射度增长随束团参数和加速器系统参数变化的图表曲线,讨论了该双向高期密度分布电荷束团发射度增长的比率关系.     

直线加速器中双向高斯密度分布电荷束团发射度增长的比率关系

采用直线加速器中的空间电荷束团的有限圆柱模型，并假设该有限圆柱体电荷密度分布在横向ｒ和纵向ｚ都满足高期分布，推导得到了该电荷束团的自场能与发射度增长公式；通过数值模拟计算，给出了束流发射度增长随束团参数和加速器系统参数变化的图表曲线，讨论了该双向高期密度分布电荷束团发射度增长的比率关系．     

电荷束团横向非均匀密度分布引起的发射度增长

直线加速器中电荷束团的非线性效应是导致束流发射度增长的一个重要原因。本文给出了直线加速器中几种常见的横向非均匀电荷密度分布的有限长空间电荷束团所具有的非线性自场能,得到了由束团非均匀电荷密度分布引起的发射度增长。     

合肥光源单束团下束团长度和能散的测量

根据同步光与储存环中的束流信号具有相同的时间结构的原理,测量同步光脉冲的半高全宽值可以计算出束团的长度。根据合肥光源的特点和实际需要,选择快速光电接收器搭配高速高带宽示波器作为在线测量束团长度和纵向分布等的主要手段。对单束团模式下束团长度随流强和高频腔腔压的变化趋势进行了测量。测量结果表明:束团长度与腔压的0.3次方成反比,比理论值0.5小;而束团长度随流强的增长率为2.0 ps/mA。通过测量纵向量子寿命进行了能散随流强变化的间接测量,结果表明,束团的拉伸是能散变化和势阱效应共同作用的结果。     

合肥光源单束团下束团长度和能散的测量

 根据同步光与储存环中的束流信号具有相同的时间结构的原理,测量同步光脉冲的半高全宽值可以计算出束团的长度。根据合肥光源的特点和实际需要,选择快速光电接收器搭配高速高带宽示波器作为在线测量束团长度和纵向分布等的主要手段。对单束团模式下束团长度随流强和高频腔腔压的变化趋势进行了测量。测量结果表明：束团长度与腔压的0.3次方成反比,比理论值0.5小;而束团长度随流强的增长率为2.0 ps/mA。通过测量纵向量子寿命进行了能散随流强变化的间接测量,结果表明,束团的拉伸是能散变化和势阱效应共同作用的结果。     

HIAF-BRing束团合并过程中的束流负载效应模拟

强流重离子加速器HIAF-BRing在加速完成后进行束团合并，为研究BRing中的束流负载效应对束团合并的影响，对238U35+束流进行了粒子跟踪模拟。模拟结果显示，在束团合并过程中，束流负载效应引起束团长度和束团中心位置的振荡，导致束流动量分散和束团长度的增长。束团合并过程中尾场电压以及不同束团间尾场的耦合导致的势阱畸变，是引起束团长度和束团中心振荡及束流发射度增长的原因。为了降低束流负载效应的影响，采用多谐波前馈系统进行补偿，达到了补偿束团合并过程中的束流负载效应的目的，从而确保了BRing中引出束流的品质，同时根据模拟结果确定了前馈系统需要覆盖的频率范围和需要补偿的最大尾场电压。     

上海软X射线自由电子激光装置束流分配系统设计（英文）

束流分配系统是自由电子激光装置中至关重要的一部分,它可以将直线加速器产生的电子束团分配至不同的波荡器中。提出了一种基于上海软X射线自由电子激光装置的束流分配系统设计方案。针对该方案,详细介绍了三维从头至尾的束团跟踪模拟以及在传输过程中的束流动力学分析,模拟结果表明,该束流分配系统设计可以保证束流发射度增长小于8%,同时可以保证峰值电流、能散以及束团长度在经过该分配系统时未受到破坏。此外,针对束团在直线加速器中的微束团不稳定性和抖动也进行了分析。     

上海软X射线自由电子激光装置束流分配系统设计

束流分配系统是自由电子激光装置中至关重要的一部分,它可以将直线加速器产生的电子束团分配至不同的波荡器中。提出了一种基于上海软X射线自由电子激光装置的束流分配系统设计方案。针对该方案,详细介绍了三维从头至尾的束团跟踪模拟以及在传输过程中的束流动力学分析,模拟结果表明,该束流分配系统设计可以保证束流发射度增长小于8%,同时可以保证峰值电流、能散以及束团长度在经过该分配系统时未受到破坏。此外,针对束团在直线加速器中的微束团不稳定性和抖动也进行了分析。     

光阴极RF腔注入器束流发射度研究

 分析了光阴极RF腔注入器中的RF场效应和空间电荷效应，给出了电子在加速腔中束流发射度的解析表达式，它说明在加速过程中束流发射度是振荡变化的。利用SUPERFISH和GPT程序模拟计算了光阴极1+1/2腔注入器输出束流发射度与加速场强、注入相位、束团大小和形状、束团电荷的关系。适当选择这些条件，可以获得横向发射度小于2πmm·mrad 的输出束流。     

深度高斯过程辅助的光阴极注入器优化设计

环形正负电子对撞机（CEPC）对注入器出口处的束团的电荷量、横向发射度、纵向长度等指标提出了严格的要求，设计开发高性能的电子枪及注入器成为了重要挑战。为了得到满足指标的束流，必须同时考虑众多非线性且相互耦合的变量。基于光阴极微波电子枪，提出了一种用多目标遗传算法在高维参数空间进行搜索的方法，对束团的横向归一化发射度和纵向长度进行优化，以期将电子枪的性能发挥至极限。由于考虑空间电荷效应后的束团传输过程模拟计算非常耗时，我们构建了一个3层的深度高斯过程作为替代模型，以解决目标值计算开销大的问题。通过对影响束流横、纵向相空间演化的关键因素分析，共确定了16个几何参数和10个束流元件参数。最后，展示了对由一个L-band的常温微波电子枪、一对螺线管和一个行波加速管组成的注入器，在初始电荷量为10 nC的优化结果。在计算了8 000个有效解后，观察到在两个优化目标上均表现良好的解，其对应的横向归一化发射度为19.8π·mm·mrad，束团长度（RMS）为1.0 mm，与当前的设计结果比较，横向归一化发射度压低了约70%。     

Emittance-dominated long bunches in dual harmonic RF system

The storage of long bunches for long time intervals needs flattened stationary buckets with a large bucket height. The longitudinal motion of the initially mismatched beam has been studied for both the single and dual harmonic RF systems. The RF amplitude is determined to be r.m.s wise matched. The bucket height of the single harmonic system is too small even for shorter bunch with only 20% increased energy spread. The Halo formation and even debunching can be seen after a few synchrotron periods for single particles with large amplitude. In the case of small energy spread for a cooled beam, Coulomb interaction cannot be ignored. The external voltage has to be increased to keep the r.m.s bunch length unchanged. The new voltage ratio R(N) simplifies physics for the emittance-dominated bunches with modest particle number N. For the single harmonic system, substantial amount of debunching occurs without increasing the external voltage, but very little if the RF amplitude is doubled. Results from the ORBIT tracking code are presented for the 1 GeV bunch in the HESR synchrotron, part of the GSI FAIR project.     

Emittance Dominated Long Bunches in Dual Harmonic RF Systems

The storage of long bunches for long time intervals needs flattened stationary buckets with large bucket height. In the case of small energy spread with a cooled beam, the Coulomb interaction cannot be ignored. The properties of the dual harmonic RF systems are discussed for the emittance dominated long bunches below transition. The external voltage has to be increased to compensate the Coulomb interaction to keep bunch length unchanged. The longitudinal motion of the initially mismatched beam has been studied for both single and dual harmonic RF system. Bucket height of the single harmonic system is too small even for 20 % mismatch. Halo formation and debunching can be seen after a few synchrotron periods for single particles with large amplitude. The simulation results by using ORBIT code for the FAIR-HESR synchrotron has been given together with theoretical analysis.     

Collective effects for long bunches in dual harmonic RF systems

The storage of long bunches for large time intervals needs flattened stationary buckets with a large bucket height.Collective effects from the space charge and resistive impedance are studied by looking at the incoherent particle motion for the matched and mismatched bunches.Increasing the RF amplitude with particle number provides r.m.s wise matching for modest intensities.The incoherent motion of large amplitude particles depends on the details of the RF system.The resulting debunching process is a combination of the too small full RF acceptance together with the mismatch,enhanced by the collective effects.Irregular single particle motion is not associated with the coherent dipole instability.For the stationary phase space distribution of the Hofmann-Pedersen approach and for the dual harmonic RF system,stability limits are presented,which are too low if using realistic input distributions.For single and dual harmonic RF system with d＝0.31,the tracking results are shown for intensities,by a factor of 3 above the threshold values.Small resistive impedances lead to coherent oscillations around the equilibrium phase value,as energy loss by resistive impedance is compensated by the energy gain of the RF system.     

Collective effects for long bunches in dual harmonic RF systems

The storage of long bunches for large time intervals needs flattened stationary buckets with a large bucket height. Collective effects from the space charge and resistive impedance are studied by looking at the incoherent particle motion for the matched and mismatched bunches. Increasing the RF amplitude with particle number provides r.m.s wise matching for modest intensities. The incoherent motion of large amplitude particles depends on the details of the RF system. The resulting debunching process is a combination of the too small full RF acceptance together with the mismatch, enhanced by the collective effects. Irregular single particle motion is not associated with the coherent dipole instability. For the stationary phase space distribution of the Hofmann-Pedersen approach and for the dual harmonic RF system, stability limits are presented, which are too low if using realistic input distributions. For single and dual harmonic RF system with $d$=0.31, the tracking results are shown for intensities, by a factor of 3 above the threshold values. Small resistive impedances lead to coherent oscillations around the equilibrium phase value, as energy loss by resistive impedance is compensated by the energy gain of the RF system.     

Digital methods for diagnostics of longitudinal bunch parameters in synchrotrons

Methods are discussed for processing a digital signal (proportional to a longitudinal intensity of bunches during their acceleration in the synchrotron) in order to identify the time dependences of (i) a bunch phase relative to a phase of accelerating voltage, (ii) the rms longitudinal dimension of a bunch, and (iii) the intensities of a bunch and a beam (as a batch of circulating bunches). Examples of the dependences obtained for a beam in the nuclotron at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research are presented.     

外注入式独立调谐微波电子枪的概念设计

为得到微脉冲束团长度在百fs量级且高重复频率,设计了一种紧凑型的强流电子枪结构独立调谐微波热发射电子枪。该电子腔具有双驻波加速腔,两个驻波加速腔之间相互没有耦合,可以分别独立地馈入功率、调节相位。通过优化功率与相位,可以得到较优的束流品质,同时避免了磁铁和激光系统的使用,使得结构更加紧凑。并采用外注入式结构增大流强、降低能散度,同时消除电子反轰对阴极的负面影响。对不同结构参数的腔体进行1维和3维束流动力学计算,可以得到较为理想的腔体参数。通过调节预注入器的馈入功率和粒子入射相位,可以进一步的压缩束团长度。     

Micro-bunch production with radio frequency photoinjectors

In this paper we discuss the generation of ultra-short electron bunches using laser-driven RF guns. The designs are tailored for future plasma accelerators. Second generation plasma accelerators are expected to be very demanding in terms of bunch length, since the accelerated beam is expected to be short with respect to the wavelength of the excited Langmuir space-charge plasma wave. Since the anticipated wavelength ranges from 100 to 300 μm, 10-50 μm-long bunches are required with a bunch population of the order of 10⁸ particles. The laser-driven RF gun is a promising candidate to attain such beams. The rationale for this choice as well as the main limitations in terms of minimum bunch length will be analyzed and discussed in the following. Two possible configurations are evaluated: the direct production at the photocathode surface of ultra-short electron bunches by illumination of the cathode with 160-fs-long laser pulses and the acceleration of a 1-ps electron bunch with further magnetic compression in a wiggler     

离子俘获的线性理论及其应用

从线性理论出发,研究了电子束团在储存环里均匀分布和束团串两种情况下离子俘获的条件;在离子系统里引入Twiss参量,推导出电子束团串俘获离子的阈值流强的公式;并以此讨论北京正负电子对撞机(BEPC)在同步辐射专用运行时观察到的电子束流现象,提出采用束团串运行来克服BEPC中的束流寿命下降.     

First observation of simultaneous alpha buckets in a quasi-isochronous storage ring

We present the first experimental evidence confirming the theoretical predictions of alpha buckets in an electron storage ring. By controlling both the first- and second-order momentum compaction factors, we succeeded in storing electrons simultaneously in a pair of alpha buckets or in either bucket alone. The two electron bunches are separated in energy by slightly less than 1% and the energy is tunable over a narrow range. The energy difference was directly measured using synchrotron light from an undulator. Simultaneous two-color light beams from an undulator were generated. By changing the rf voltage, we were able to vary the normally fixed longitudinal bunch separation.