Nitriding molybdenum： Effects of duration and fill gas pressure when using lO0-Hz pulse DC discharge technique

Molybdenum is nitrided by a 100-Hz pulsed DC glow discharge technique for various time durations and fill gas pressures to study the effects on the surface properties of molybdenum. X-ray diffractometry （XRD）, scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, and atomic force microscopy （AFM） are used for the structural and morphological analysis of the nitrided layers. Vickers＇ microhardness tester is utilized to investigate surface microhardness. Phase analysis shows the formation of more molybdenum nitride molecules for longer nitriding durations at fill gas pressures of 2 mbar and 3 mbar （1 bar = 105 Pa）. A considerable increase in surface microhardness （approximately by a factor of 2） is observed for longer duration （10 h） and 2-mbar pressure. Longer duration （10 h） and 2-mbar fill gas pressure favors the formation of homogeneous, smooth, hard layers by the incorporation of more nitrogen.     

多层石墨烯作为液体石蜡添加剂的摩擦学性能

以膨胀石墨为原料,采用不同溶剂,通过液相超声直接剥离法制备多层石墨烯,利用透射电子显微镜、原子力学显微镜对其形貌进行了表征,在多功能往复摩擦磨损试验仪上研究了石墨烯石蜡分散体系的摩擦学性能。通过扫描电镜、能谱仪分析了磨痕形貌及表面元素组成。结果表明:多层石墨烯作为液体石蜡添加剂表现出良好的减摩抗磨性能,主要是因为多层石墨烯在磨损表面形成的物理吸附膜与摩擦化学反应膜的共同作用。     

摩擦——一个古老而时髦的话题

介绍了在原子力显微镜基础上发展起来的摩擦力显微镜的原理,应用摩擦力显微可以测量原子级的摩擦力,从而为从微观上理解摩擦这一最为普遍的宏观物理象奠定了基础。同时,不评述了近十年严这一分为二或理论和实验两方面的研究进展。     

Casimir friction force between a SiO<Subscript>2</Subscript> probe and a graphene-coated SiO<Subscript>2</Subscript> substrate

The possibility of mechanical detection of Casimir friction with the use of a noncontact atomic force microscope is discussed. A SiO₂ probe tip located above a graphene-coated SiO₂ substrate is subjected to the frictional force caused by a fluctuating electromagnetic field produced by a current in graphene. This frictional force will create the bend of a cantilever, which can be measured by a modern noncontact atomic force microscope. Both the quantum and thermal contributions to the Casimir frictional force can be measured using this experimental setup. This result can also be used to mechanically detect Casimir friction in micro- and nanoelectromechanical systems.     

Tribological behavior of micro/nano-patterned surfaces in contact with AFM colloidal probe

In effort to investigate the influence of the micro/nano-patterning or surface texturing on the nanotribological properties of patterned surfaces, the patterned polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) surfaces with pillars were fabricated by replica molding technique. The surface morphologies of patterned PDMS surfaces with varying pillar sizes and spacing between pillars were characterized by atomic force microscope (AFM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The AFM/FFM was used to acquire the friction force images of micro/nano-patterned surfaces using a colloidal probe. A difference in friction force produced a contrast on the friction force images when the colloidal probe slid over different regions of the patterned polymer surfaces. The average friction force of patterned surface was related to the spacing between the pillars and their size. It decreased with the decreasing of spacing between the pillars and the increasing of pillar size. A reduction in friction force was attributed to the reduced area of contact between patterned surface and colloidal probe. Additionally, the average friction force increased with increasing applied load and sliding velocity.     

测量和减小纳米凹凸面摩擦力的分子新技术

报道了美国用原子力显微镜可直接检测超微型设备内发动机转子与外表表面上凸点之间摩擦力的大小的研究成果，介绍了降低了时机的摩擦力的方法。     

Velocity dependence of atomic friction

Sliding friction between the tip of a friction force microscope and NaCl(100) was studied to deduce the velocity dependence of friction forces on the atomic scale. A logarithmic dependence of the mean friction force is revealed at low velocities. The experimental data are interpreted in terms of a modified Tomlinson model which is based on reaction rate theory.     

基于耦合振子模型的摩擦力计算研究

以界面摩擦为研究对象,探讨了基于耦合振子模型(coupled-oscillator model)的滑动摩擦微观机理,分析了滑动过程中的能量耗散问题. 采用Maugis-Dugdal接触模型替代界面摩擦中的Lennard-Jones势能,并将该模型融入耦合振子模型之中,通过计算振子在一个周期内的能量增加值,推导出了界面摩擦力的理论计算公式. 理论分析表明,对于探针-试样接触系统,滑动摩擦力近似随着法向载荷的2/3次方增加,这与纳米摩擦学经典理论是相符的.理论计算结果与超高真空原子力显微镜镀铜探针在Cu(111)晶面扫描实验结果符合良好,表明本文提出的理论和方法可行. 关键词： 耦合振子模型 界面摩擦 摩擦力 法向载荷     

Structure and microtribological characteristics of laser-arc deposited TiB2 thin film

TiB2 thin film was deposited by laser-arc deposition method on the surface of single crystalline silicon. The morphology, composition, structure and microtribological properties of the film were studied by using XPS, XRD and atomic force/friction force microscope (AFM/FFM). The results show that TiB2 (100) preferred growth on the Si(100)substrate, TiB2(001) preferred growth on the Si(111) substrate. The TiB2 thin film was composed of TiB2 and a small amount of TiO2. The friction coefficient of TiB2 film on substrates Si (100) and Si(111) in microtribological process were 0.087 and 0.073,respectively. TiB2 thin film displayed distinct ability of anti-scratch and wear-resistance.     

Structure and microtribological characteristics of laser-arc deposited TiB2 thin film

TiB2 thin film was deposited by laser-arc deposition method on the surface of single crystalline silicon. The morphology, composition, structure and microtribological properties of the film were studied by using XPS, XRD and atomic force/friction force microscope (AFM/FFM). The results show that TiB2 (100) preferred growth on the Si(100) substrate, TiB2(001) preferred growth on the Si(111) substrate. The TiB2 thin film was composed of TiB2 and a small amount of TiO2. The friction coefficient of TiB2 film on substrates Si (100) and Si(111) in microtribological process were 0.087 and 0.073, respectively. TiB2 thin film displayed distinct ability of anti-scratch and wear-resistance.     

Friction behavior of monolayer molybdenum diselenide nanosheet under normal electric field

The friction behavior of monolayer molybdenum diselenide (MoSe₂) under normal electric field was studied by the atomic force microscope. The friction coefficients of MoSe₂ are increasing with bias voltage applied on the Si substrate. The results show that the adhesion and electrostatic forces increase with bias and approximately follow a parabolic law. The friction force and surface potential are of the same tendency with bias application time, and the contribution of charges accumulation to friction is considerable. The mechanisms of the friction behavior under external normal electric field were explained with electrostatic force and adsorption. This study reveals a possibility of electronically controlling friction in two-dimensional MoSe₂ system, with potential applications in solid lubricant and moving parts for MEMS devices.     

Measurement of 129Xe frequency shift due to Cs–129Xe collisions

Enhancement factor K0, which characterizes NMR and EPR frequency shifts for Cs-129Xe, is measured for the first time. The enhancement factor r-o was measured to be （702±41） at 80 ℃ and （653±20） at 90 ℃, using the NMR frequency shift, detected by atomic magnetometer at a low magnetic field of 100 nT. This result is useful for predicting the EPR frequency shifts for Cs and the NMR frequency shifts for 129Xe in spin-exchange cells.     

function for the squeezed atomic coherent state in entangled state representation and some of its applications

Based on the Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen (EPR) entangled state representation, this paper introduces the wave function for the squeezed atomic coherent state (SACS), which turns out to be just proportional to a single-variable ordinary Hermite polynomial of order 2j. As important applications of the wave function, the Wigner function of the SACS and its marginal distribution are obtained and the eigenproblems of some Hamiltonians for the generalized angular momentum system are solved.     

Atomic Coherent State, Entangled State and Phase Operator for Studying Interference Between Two Bose-Einstein Condensates

For studying the interference between two Bose-Einstein condensates we introduce the atomic coherentstate （ACS） in the Schwinger bosonic realization along with the phase operator to directly calculate the interference pattern with steady relative phase cos Ф. Eigenstates of the density operator of condensates are classified as ACS is also demonstrated. The entangled state representation is used in some calculations.     

Alternative Scheme for Generation of Atomic SchrSdinger Cat States and Entangled Coherent States in an Optical Cavity

We propose an alternative scheme for generation of atomic Schrodinger cat states in an optical cavity. In the scheme the atoms are always populated in the two ground states and the cavity remains in the vacuum state. Therefore, the scheme is insensitive to the atomic spontaneous emission and cavity decay. The scheme may be generalized to the deterministic generation of entangled coherent states for two atomic samples. In contrast with the previously proposed schemes of [Commun. Theor. Phys. 40 （2003） 103 and Chin. our scheme is greatly shortened and thus the deeoherence can Phys. B 18 （2009） 1045], the required interaction time in be effectively suppressed.     

Entropy squeezing and atomic inversion in the h-photon Jaynes-Cummings model in the presence of the Stark shift and a Kerr medium： A full nonlinear approach

The interaction between a two-level atom and a single-mode field in the k-photon Jaynes-Cummings model （JCM） in the presence of the Stark shift and a Kerr medium is studied. All terms in the Hamiltonian, such as the single-mode field, its interaction with the atom, the contribution of the Stark shift and the Kerr medium effects are considered to be f-deformed. In particular, the effect of the initial state of the radiation field on the dynamical evolution of some physical properties such as atomic inversion and entropy squeezing are investigated by considering different initial field states （coherent, squeezed and thermal states）.     

AlOx prepared by atomic layer deposition for high efficiency-type crystalline silicon solar cell

The influence of atomic layer deposition parameters on the negative charge density in AlOx film is investigated by the corona-charge measurement. Results show that the charge density can reach up to -1.56×10^12 cm%-2 when the thickness of the film is 2.4 nm. The influence of charge density on cell conversion efficiency is further simulated using solar cell analyzing software （PC1D）. With AlOx passivating the rear surface of the silicon, the cell efficiency of 20.66% can be obtained.     

Thermodynamic Performance Characteristics of a Brownian Microscopic Heat Engine Driven by Discrete and Periodic Temperature Field

A Brownian microscopic heat engine with a particle hopping on a one-dimensional lattice driven by a discrete and periodic temperature field in a periodic sawtooth potential is investigated. In order to clarify the underlying physical pictures of the heat engine, the heat flow via the potential energy and the kinetic energy of the particles are considered simultaneously. Based on describing the jumps among the three states, the expressions of the efficiency and power output of the heat engine are derived analytically. The general performance characteristic curves are plotted by numerical calculation. It is found that the power output-efficiency curve is a loop-shaped one, which is similar to one for a real irreversible heat engine. The influence of the ratio of the temperature of the hot and cold reservoirs and the sawtooth potential on the maximum efficiency and power output is analyzed for some given parameters. When the heat flows via the kinetic energy is neglected, the power output-efficiency curve is an open-shaped one, which is similar to one for an endroeversible heat engine.     

Interaction potential and hopping dynamics governing sliding friction

The friction force on a nanometer-sized tip sliding on a surface is related to the thermally activated hopping of the contact atoms on an effective atomic interaction potential. A general analytical expression relates the height of this potential and the hopping attempt frequency to measurements of the velocity dependence of the friction force performed with an atomic force microscope. While the height of the potential is roughly proportional to the normal load, the attempt frequency falls in the range of mechanical eigenfrequencies of the probing tip in contact with the surface.