SERS标记免疫检测研究进展

表面增强拉曼光谱(SERS)用于标记免疫检测是标记免疫学与SERS相结合的一门新型的研究技术。20世纪70年代,SERS现象的发现与证实给拉曼光谱技术的研究注入了新的活力。SERS因具有高灵敏度、较高选择性以及适合水溶液物质结构研究等特点,近年来已在生物医学研究领域中显示出独特的潜在应用前景。在标记免疫领域,SERS标记免疫研究更是得到了迅速的发展,成为了国内外的研究热点。文章从SERS标记免疫检测灵敏度的提高、非特异性吸附的降低、多组分检测等三方面叙述了SERS标记免疫检测的原理、特点、存在问题及最新发展。归纳了目前提高SERS标记免疫检测灵敏度的研究技术,阐述了研究中非特异性吸附带来的负面影响,简介了实验室的多组分研究工作。同时,对SERS标记免疫技术未来的研究方向与发展前景进行了展望。     

SERS标记免疫金溶胶的影响因素研究

将表面增强拉曼光谱(SIERS)的高度灵敏性应用于标记免疫检测,具有很大的意义。在“固相抗体-待测抗原-标记抗体”夹心复合物体系中,以(SERS)标记的金溶胶与抗体结合,制备标记抗体。以芳香族化合物苯硫酚为标记分子,与一定大小粒径的金纳米粒子形成S-Au键,生成带有SERS信号的标记金溶胶。表面带负电荷的标记金溶胶与带有正电荷基团的抗体形成牢固的标记免疫金溶胶。从金纳米粒子粒径的选择、在金溶胶中加入苯硫酚的量及反应时间、抗体对标记金溶胶标记分子的SERS信号的影响进行了研究。     

基于SERS标记免疫检测的再生性研究

具有高灵敏度,高选择性特点的表面增强拉曼散射(SERS)与免疫学中的特异吸附机理相结合形成的SERS标记免疫检测技术具有很大的研究及应用价值。文章重点研究了关于SERS标记免疫检测的再生性问题,力求增加此技术的循环利用价值。实验采用甘氨酸-HCl生物缓冲体系对三明治结构(固相抗体-抗原-标记免疫金溶胶)进行洗脱,通过酸碱度的改变,促使抗体抗原复合物发生解离。实验结果表明,洗脱24 h后,固相抗体上连接的抗原及标记免疫溶胶能得到很好的去除,去除后再次组装三明治结构,仍能通过对标记分子的识别进行SERS标记免疫检测。在此基础上还研究了此方法的稳定性与重复使用次数,发现其具有较好的稳定性,重复使用次数可达10次左右。     

基于微球自组装技术的大面积表面增强拉曼基底研究

表面增强拉曼光谱(surface-enhanced Raman scattering,SERS)能够有效解决常规拉曼中信号极弱问题,在低浓度分析物的痕量检测甚至单分子的检测中具有重要的应用前景,是化学、生物、环境等领域重要的分析手段。在SERS中,高性能SERS基底的实现是关键。本文以微球自组装技术为基础,制备了一种大面积、廉价、高效的SERS基底并对其进行了形貌表征和拉曼增强光谱研究。通过开展R6G分子的SERS研究发现,此种SERS基底对R6G拉曼散射信号的增强倍数是一般粗糙基底的五倍以上。结合数值模拟分析和系统的实验研究,得到了微球直径、纳米颗粒的高度等参数对基底表面附近局域热点和SERS增强倍数的影响规律,给出了最优化的SERS基底参数。本文工作可为SERS研究提供高性能的SERS基底。     

表面增强拉曼光谱(SERS)技术对非标记蛋白质的研究进展

基于表面增强拉曼光谱(SERS)技术在非标记蛋白质研究方面的最新进展。SERS是一个特殊的拉曼光谱现象,对于众多被吸附到粗糙金属表面上的拉曼活性分析物,可以提供增强拉曼信号(通常可以增强几个数量级)。SERS是一个灵敏的,选择性的,和通用的技术,并且可以实时、快速的对数据进行采集。因此,在基于仪器仪表技术和数据分析方法以及SERS在生物体系中的诸多优势,SERS经历了快速的发展阶段。重点介绍几个采用SERS技术对生物体系的代表性研究。某些SERS的生物应用发展比较成熟,并已经可以小范围临床应用,而有些还停留在发展的初始阶段(实验室研究阶段)。讨论了最近发展起来的几种基于SERS技术定量分析的方法, 选择不同SERS活性基底和技术(如生物分子在电极上,胶体纳米粒子,周期性图案结构和基于针尖拉曼技术)对蛋白质进行直接研究。此外,根据SERS指纹信息的变化可以用来研究蛋白质-蛋白质,蛋白质-配体间的相互作用。基于SERS技术对生物分子进行定性和/或定量分析方面显示出了相当大的优势。     

一种用表面增强拉曼光谱进行免疫检测的方法

一种结合表面增强拉曼(SERS)技术和纳米粒子标记技术,通过银增强来实现免疫检测的方法。将p-巯基苯甲酸(MBA)作为探针,固定在免疫金溶胶粒子表面形成纳米标记,其与被基底捕获抗原分子发生免疫识别。通过银增强技术,在"三明治"结构对探针进行拉曼检测。     

表面增强拉曼光谱对免疫球蛋白IgG分子与银基底作用的研究

采用高灵敏度的表面增强拉曼光谱(SERS)技术,以具有强SERS信号的金纳米粒子标记抗体,以此SERS标记免疫金溶胶为探针,结合扫描电镜技术,研究免疫球蛋白羊抗小鼠IgG分子与银基底的相互作用。我们发现,羊抗小鼠IgG分子可直接与银基底通过疏水作用或形成Ag-S键而牢固结合。为消除这种非特性吸附,本文以小牛血清白蛋白(BSA)封闭银基底,取得了较好的效果。     

基于金纳米杆/PMMA基底SERS特性的高灵敏肿瘤标志物无标记检测

高品质贵金属纳米结构基底的制备是应用表面增强拉曼散射(SERS)技术进行高灵敏生物检测的关键。采用改进的Langmuir-Blodgett方法,通过在金纳米杆(Au NRs)溶胶注入乙醇,使得Au NRs迁移至溶胶与甲苯的交界面,并用聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)固定交界面处的Au NRs,形成大面积分布、均匀致密排列的二维畴状Au NRs/PMMA纳米结构薄膜基底。然后,采用等离子体清洗技术处理制备的基底,使得金纳米杆(Au NRs)的表面裸露,以增强基底的SERS特性。实验表明,Au NRs/PMMA基底具有优良的SERS特性,在785 nm波长的激光照射下,增强因子可以达到5.49×106。此外,利用制备的Au NRs/PMMA基底,开展前列腺癌症肿瘤标志物--前列腺特异性抗原(PSA)的高灵敏无标记定量检测研究。在PSA的无标记检测过程中,首先对PSA标准溶液和新生牛血清进行SERS光谱的直接检测,得到PSA分别位于823, 1 080, 1 385, 1 586和1 640 cm-1处的主要的拉曼特征峰;其次,通过对PSA标准溶液、临床男性血清样本及女性血清样本的SERS光谱进行测量和分析,筛选出在PSA的SERS光谱中与血清中PSA含量相关的拉曼特征峰,它们是分别位于649,680以及1 640 cm-1处的拉曼特征峰。进一步,通过对与PSA同属糖蛋白的肿瘤标志物甲胎蛋白(AFP)以及与PSA同源的人腺体激肽释放酶2(hK2)进行SERS光谱检测和分析,发现位于1 640 cm-1处的拉曼特征峰对于PSA具有高的特异性,将其作为临床血清样本中PSA无标记定量检测的具有特异性的拉曼特征峰,并以此为依据,对不同PSA浓度的标准溶液进行检测,得到位于1 640 cm-1处的拉曼特征峰强度与PSA样本溶液中PSA的浓度相关的剂量-响应曲线。最后,开展临床血清样本的应用检测。结果表明,基于Au NRs/PMMA基底的SERS检测结果与化学发光免疫分析(CLIA)方法的检测结果一致,且具有比CLIA更高的检测灵敏度,最低检测极限为0.06 ng·mL-1,且无标记检测范围为0.1 mg·mL-1～0.1 ng·mL-1。因此,基于Au NRs/PMMA SERS基底的高灵敏肿瘤标志物无标记检测具有重要应用前景。     

低维光电材料缺陷与界面增强拉曼散射

近年来,一系列新型低维光电材料相继涌现,展现出优异的性能。这些光电材料与表面增强拉曼散射(SERS)技术相结合,显示出巨大的应用潜力,有望成为高灵敏SERS活性基底。缺陷与界面调控是低维光电材料SERS应用的重要策略,本文将重点介绍新型低维光电材料缺陷与界面增强拉曼散射的种类和增强机理。通过对缺陷与界面增强拉曼散射的应用和研究前景的展望,启发人们对SERS研究的再思考和再认识。     

可循环使用表面增强拉曼散射基底研究进展

表面增强拉曼散射(SERS)技术克服了拉曼光谱灵敏度低的缺点,可以获得常规拉曼光谱不易得到的分子结构信息,成为分子甚至单一分子痕量检测的一个重要手段,在生命科学、分析化学等领域得到了广泛的应用。SERS基底是SERS检测中的核心部件,只有少量特殊处理的贵金属才具有较强SERS效应,同时这些传统SERS基底一般都是一次性使用,这给实际使用造成资源的浪费。在简要介绍SERS光谱发展的基础上,重点介绍了近期在可循环SERS基底的制备和应用作一述评,并对可循环SERS基底的研究和发展做了展望。     

Multianalyte immunoassay based on surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy

In this paper, two immunoassay methods based on SERS are developed for multiplex analysis, both of which stemmed from the concept of forming a sandwich structure ‘capture antibody substrate/antigen/Raman‐reporter‐labeled immuno‐nanoparticles’. They are two‐molecule labeled one‐nanoparticle and one‐molecule labeled two‐nanoparticle methods. In both the methods, two different antibodies covalently bound to a solid substrate can specifically capture two different antigens from a sample. The captured antigens in turn bind selectively to their corresponding antibodies immobilized on Raman‐reporter‐labeled nanoparticles. Multianalyte immunoassay is successfully demonstrated by the detection of characteristic Raman bands of the probe molecules only when the antigen and antibody are matched. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Detection of the potential tumor marker of AFP using surface‐enhanced Raman scattering‐based immunoassay

The development of rapid, highly sensitive detection methods for α‐fetoprotein (AFP) is very important. As hepatocellular carcinoma is closely related to the level of AFP in the blood, it is necessary to maintain an AFP concentration below the safety limit. In this paper, we propose a universal, rapid, sensitive, and highly specific immunoassay system utilizing gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). This new system features a sandwich structure combining mercaptobenzoic acid‐labeled immunogold nanoparticles with the antigen and the antibody atop a pre‐designed substrate made of a glass slide modified with AuNPs. This SERS‐based immunoassay can detect AFP concentrations as low as 100 pg/ml, which is a significant improvement on the capabilities of the enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay method. A good linear relationship between the SERS peak intensity and the logarithm of antigen concentrations (from 1 ng/ml to 100 ng/ml) was observed. This technique provides an effective model for the detection of biomarkers in medical diagnostics, criminal investigation, and other fields. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effects of solid substrate on the SERS‐based immunoassay: a comparative study

A comparative study of the solid substrates used in surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) based immunoassay is made in this paper. Five different substrates were prepared and divided into two groups with and without SERS activity. They are (1) a poly‐L ‐lysine slide, (2) a glutaraldehyde (GA)‐aminosilane slide, (3) a substrate assembled with silver nanoparticles, (4) a substrate assembled with silver nanoparticles and functionalized with GA–aminosilane and (5) a substrate assembled with gold nanoparticles, of which the first two are substrates are without SERS activity and the latter three are with SERS activity because of the existence of the metallic nanoparticles. The SERS experimental results show that the immunoassay performed on an SERS‐active substrate is more effective than that employing the inactive substrate. Among the inactive substrates, the GA–aminosilane slide with a better ability for antibody immobilization leads to a more sensitive immunoassay than the poly‐L ‐lysine slide. Moreover, for SERS‐based immunoassay, the substrate with assembled silver nanoparticles has an advantage of higher SERS enhancement capacity over the substrate assembled with gold nanoparticles. This work indicates that SERS‐active substrates play important and positive roles in sensitive SERS‐based immunoassay. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

FT-Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering of Phenylalanine Using Silver-Coated Glass Fiber Filters

A simple and facile method has been developed to produce surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) active surfaces. Tollen's reagent was used to coat silver onto the surface of glass fiber filters. Using a Fourier transform (FT) Raman instrument, strong surface-enhanced Raman signals have been observed for L-phenylalanine on these surfaces. The use of an FT-Raman instrument combined with this new SERS method allows for a method with both high sensitivity and selectivity. A linear dependence of the Raman signal on L-phenylalanine concentration (0.01–1.0 mM) has been demonstrated. The SERS technique presented here is both novel and promising for biochemical analysis.     

Detection of protein molecules by surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy‐based immunoassay using 2–5 nm gold nanoparticle lables

Here we report the synthesis of 2–5 nm size gold nanoparticle labels for surface‐enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) based immunoassay to detect protein molecules. The Au nanoparticles were conjugated with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) and goat anti‐h‐IgG (immunoglobin) and the resultant particles were used for the detection of h‐IgG. Commercially available nitrocellulose strip and silver enhancement method were used for SERS‐based immunoassays. The FITC acts as a Raman probe, and vibrational fingerprint of this molecule was used for the detection of h‐IgG in concentration ranging from 1 to 100 ng/µl. Our Raman probe is robust and small in size and has high water solubility with minimum steric effect during antigen–antibody binding. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering study of carcinoembryonic antigen in serum from patients with colorectal cancers

In this work, we developed a SERS platform for quantitative detection of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in serum of patients with colorectal cancers. Anti-CEA-functionalized 4-mercaptobenzoic acid–labeled Au/Ag core-shell bimetallic nanoparticles were prepared first and then used to analyze CEA antigen solutions of different concentrations. A calibration curve was established in the range from 5 × 10^?3 to 5 × 10⁵ ng/mL. Finally, this new SERS probe was applied for quantitative detection of CEA in serum obtained from 26 colorectal cancer patients according to the calibration curve. The results were in good agreement with that obtained by electrochemical luminescence method, suggesting that SERS immunoassay has high sensitivity and specificity for CEA detection in serum. A detection limit of 5 pg/ml was achieved. This study demonstrated the feasibility and great potential for developing this new technology into a clinical tool for analysis of tumor markers in the blood.