用SPIV技术测量压气机转子尖区复杂流动

本文将数字式SPIV技术应用到低速大尺寸压气机实验台上,并在设计状态和近失速状态下,对转子槽道内叶尖区域多个截面内的三维瞬态速度场进行了成功测量。测量结果表明SPIV透过机匣视窗及即可直接测量旋涡和二次流的瞬态结构,而且能够解决多级压气机内部流场的测量.在压气机SPIV测量中,激光反光的控制和示踪粒子的均匀稳定散播是决定成败的关键因素。     

冷藏集装箱内部流场及送风方式的研究

冷藏集装箱内部流场的均匀性是影响货物储存质量的重要因素之一。文中通过建立CFD三维数学模型,利用FLUENT软件对所建立的模型进行不同参数的模拟分析。分析结果表明:冷藏集装箱内部流场存在明显的不均匀性,箱体前部与后部的温度存在明显的差异,不利于货物的储存。根据以上分析研究,利用均匀送风理论,设计出两种新型送风风道型式,根据对所设计的风道进行计算分析,研究发现:新型冷藏集装箱与原始冷藏集装箱相比温度场和速度场都有明显改进,且在箱体中部的流场涡流现象减小,有利于货物的储存,该研究为冷藏集装箱的优化设计提供了参考依据。     

高负荷局部进气涡轮内部流场不均匀性数值研究

以高负荷局部进气涡轮为研究对象,对其进行了数值研究,并着重对该局部进气涡轮内部流场不均匀性进行了分析。结果表明:局部进气涡轮内部流场的流动情况十分复杂,局部进气堵塞段的存在,使其后面对应的动叶栅进出口速度矢量偏向周向,导致该区域叶片流道内形成了大尺度的旋涡结构,降低了流道的通流能力,增大了该区域的损失水平;各级动叶进出口静压沿周向分布极不均匀,从第一级动叶入口至第二级动叶出口,静压周向不均匀性参数分别为:1.5593、1.0179、0.9163和0.1551,不均匀性沿轴向逐渐衰减;处于不同周向位置的叶片表面压力分布差异明显,直接影响了动叶的做功能力。     

自由旋涡气动窗口全流场的数值模拟

建立自由旋涡气动窗口全流场仿真模型,对大密封压比气动窗口的全流场展开数值研究,得到自由旋涡气动窗口的流场结构,发现大密封压比气动窗口形成的自由旋涡射流在光束输出通道内无明显的波系结构.根据模拟结果对自由旋涡气动窗口的性能进行优化,对自由旋涡喷管上壁面型线进行二次粘性修正.优化自由旋涡射流场后,激光器输出光束通道内压力分布稳定上升;增加扩压器外端壁吹气1.19MPa、内端壁吹气1.68MPa时,自由旋涡射流总能提高,气动窗口密封压力从37.5torr降低至6torr.该研究结果对自由旋涡气动窗口技术的发展具有参考意义.     

闭合循环HF激光器流场特性

闭合循环运行是实现高功率重复频率HF激光器小型化、实用化的重要技术途径。为了实现闭合循环电激励重复频率HF激光器激光能量的稳定性输出,研究闭合循环HF激光器的流场特性,建立了激光器管道的数学仿真模型,利用流体分析计算软件ANSYS,分析了激光器内增益区气体介质流场分布。根据流场分布均匀性要求,提出了增益区的注入段和传输段的不同的结构假设,对不同结构条件下流场进行了模拟计算及分析。最终设计了均匀性更佳的通流管道,并实验测量了激光器内增益区气体介质的流速分布,实验结果与理论仿真一致。     

设计参数对冷库地坪通风防冻系统性能的影响研究

为研究冷库地坪通风防冻系统性能的影响因素,并为系统的设计与优化提供理论依据,建立了冷库地坪通风防冻系统计算模型,以地面加热量和地面加热层温度为评价指标,讨论了支风道内流速、支风道间距、支风道管径及通风加热装置每日运行时间对系统性能的影响。研究结果表明:支风道内流速、支风道间距、支风道管径及通风加热装置每日运行时间对冷库地坪通风防冻系统的性能均有不同程度的影响。     

端壁凹槽控制扩压叶栅角区分离的数值研究

为揭示端壁凹槽控制高速扩压叶栅角区分离、降低叶栅气动损失的物理机制,采用数值方法研究了高速扩压叶栅NACA65-K48附加具有不同轴向位置和横向长度的端壁凹槽时叶栅的流场结构和气动特性.结果 表明:叶栅出口总压损失系数最大降低8.08％,静压升约提高0.67％.近端壁气流在凹槽内部诱导出复杂旋涡结构,该旋涡结构反过来为...     

叶片式混输泵内气液两相流的数值计算

气液两相流的数值模拟是多相混输技术研究中的一个难点.本文假定混输泵叶轮内为泡状流动,基于雷诺时均N-S方程和气液两相双流体模型,采用SIMPLEC算法,对叶片式混输泵叶轮内部两相三维紊流流场进行了数值计算,分析了水气混合工况下的流场分布特点.对含气率GVF=15%工况下的扬程特性进行了预测并与试验结果进行对比.数值计算结果表明,混输泵叶轮流道采用较小的径向尺寸差能较好地避免离心力所引起的气液分离,防止气堵现象的发生;叶轮进口部分存在的低压旋涡区容易使气体积聚,因此有必要进一步改进叶轮进口区的水力设计.     

轴流压气机小流量状态转子叶尖泄漏涡的三维流动

用三维激光多普勒测速系统测量了低速大尺寸单级压气机小流量状态转子内尖区三维紊流流场。小流量状态下叶尖泄漏涡产生于更靠近转子叶片前缘,旋涡强度大,发展迅速,在转子内距离前缘约２０％轴向弦长的截面达到最强,在８０％轴向弦长附近发生破裂。泄漏涡是造成转子内尖区流动阻塞和紊流脉动的主要因素之一。在约７５％弦长的轴向截面,吸力面角区发生旋涡流动,造成较强的流动阻塞和紊流脉动。     

叶片开缝的离心风机流场研究

本文提出在离心叶轮轮盖与叶片之间开缝,使得叶片压力面侧的高压气体射流到吸力面侧的低速尾迹区,从而直接给叶轮内的低速流体提供能量,减弱了叶轮内由于二次流所导致的射流-尾迹结构,并可用于消除或解决部分负荷时常发生的离心叶轮积灰问题.对某离心风机整机的数值模拟表明,在设计流量和小流量情况下,叶轮开缝后使叶片表面分离区域减小,整个流道速度分布更为均匀,改善了叶轮内部流场的流动状况,提高了离心叶轮性能和整机性能.研究表明,本方法对于提高离心式流体机械性能是有效的.     

Improvement of ventilation flow inside a large factory building using PIV velocity field measurements

Air movement in workplaces, whether resulting from a forced ventilation system or natural airflow, has a significant impact on occupational health. In a huge building of shipbuilding factory, typical harmful factors such as fume or vaporized gas from welding and cutting of steel plates give an unpleasant feeling. From field data survey, the yearly dominant wind directions around the factory building tested were north-west, north-east and south-east. Among the three wind directions, the ventilation improvement was the worst for the north-eastern wind. This study was focused on modification of opening vents in order to utilize the natural ventilation flow effectively. Instantaneous velocity fields inside the 1/1000 scale-down factory building model were measured using a 2-frame cross-correlation PIV method. The factory model was embedded in an atmospheric boundary layer simulated in a wind tunnel. The modified vents improved the internal ventilation flow with increasing the flow speed more than two times, compared with that of present vents.     

On the vortex formation at the moving front of lightweight granular particles

The formation of vortices at a moving front of lightweight granular particles is investigated experimentally. The particles used in this study are made of polystyrene foam with three different diameters of nearly uniform size. Pairs of vortices are found to emerge at the moving front at regular intervals, thereby forming a wavy pattern. Once the vortices are produced, the flow velocity tends to increase. A simple analysis suggests the existence of a velocity boundary layer at the moving front, whose thickness increases with increasing particle diameter. The frontal radius of each vortex pair is about the size of this boundary layer; when the radius exceeds this size, the front tends to bifurcate into a train of vortices with the size of the boundary layer. The formation of twin vortices leads to a reduction in the air drag force exerted on the system, and thereby the system attains a higher flow velocity, i.e., a higher conversion rate of gravitational potential energy to the kinetic energy of the particle motion. The higher conversion rate of potential energy thus feeds back to the development of the vortex motion, resulting in the twin vortex formation.     

PIV measurements on the change of the three-dimensional wake structures by an air spoiler of a road vehicle

The three-dimensional vortical structures formed in the wake behind a road vehicle were measured using a particle image velocimetry (PIV) technique and the change of the structures by the existence of an air spoiler was investigated. The measurements were carried out in severalx-y, y-z andz-x planes to obtain full three-dimensional flow fields, including an out-of-plane velocity component, obtained by interpolating the velocities in the other plane. Then, the velocity gradient tensor is evaluated to obtain the vortex core by theλ ₂-definition. The relationship between streamwise, longitudinal and spanwise vortices is systematically analyzed by overlapping the vortex lines and vortex cores and the whole flow topology is compared in both cases with and without an air spoiler. As a result, an air spoiler was found to weaken the C-pillar vortices producing strong wing tip vortices, which reduce downwash flow and longitudinal vortices increase in the vertical direction. The recirculation zone formed when an air spoiler is installed is higher and narrower than without a spoiler.     

Experimental manifestation of vortices and Rossby wave blocking at the MHD excitation of quasi-two-dimensional flows in a rotating cylindrical vessel

Experiments on the excitation of counterpropagating zonal flows by the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) method in a rotating cylindrical vessel with a conic bottom have been performed. Flows appear in a conducting fluid layer in the field of ring magnets under the action of a radial electric field. The velocity fields have been reconstructed by the particle image velocimetry (PIV) method. In the fast rotation regimes with a thin fluid layer, where the Rossby-Obukhov scale does not exceed the characteristic sizes of the vessel, the system of perturbations appears with almost immobile blocked anticyclones in the outer part of the flow and rapidly moving cyclones in the main stream. The diagram of regimes is plotted in the variables of the relative angular velocities of the averaged zonal flow and transfer of vortices about the system rotation axis. Attention is focused on the results for the regions of the diagram with slow motion of vortices with respect to the rotating coordinate system near the parameters for stationary Rossby waves (blocking of circulation). The results are compared to the results previously obtained in similar experiments using the source-sink method.     

A study on drag reduction of a rotationally oscillating circular cylinder at low Reynolds number

The flow field around a rotationally oscillating circular cylinder in a uniform flow is studied by using a particle image velocimetry to understand the mechanism of drag reduction and the corresponding suppression of vortex shedding in the cylinder wake at low Reynolds number. Experiments are conducted on the flow around the circular cylinder under rotational oscillation at forcing Strouhal number 1, rotational amplitude 2 and Reynolds number 2,000. It is found from the flow measurement by PIV that the width of the wake is narrowed and the velocity fluctuations are reduced by the rotational oscillation of the cylinder, which results in the drag reduction rate of 30%. The mechanism of drag reduction is studied by phase-averaged PIV measurement, which indicates the formation of periodic small-scale vortices from both sides of the cylinder. It is found from the cross-correlation measurement between the velocity fluctuations that the large-scale structure of vortex shedding is almost removed in the cylinder wake, when the small-scale vortices are generated at the unstable frequency of shear layer by the influence of rotational oscillation.     

Characteristics and structure of inverse flames of natural gas

Characteristics and structure of nominally non-premixed flames of natural gas are investigated using a burner that employs simultaneously two distinct features: fuel and oxidiser direct injection, and inverse fuel and oxidiser delivery. At low exit velocities, the result is an inverse diffusion flame that has been noted in the past for its low NO_x emissions, soot luminosity, and narrow stability limits. The present study aimed at extending the burner operating range, and it demonstrated that the inverse flame exhibits a varying degree of partial premixing dependent on the discharge nozzle conditions and the ratio of inner air jet and outer fuel jet velocities. These two variables affect the flame length, temperature distributions, and stability limits. Temperature measurements and Schlieren visualisation show areas of enhanced turbulent mixing in the shear region and the presence of a well-mixed reaction zone on the flame centreline. This reaction zone is enveloped by an outer diffusion flame, yielding a unique double-flame structure. As the fuel–air equivalence ratio is decreasing with an increase in the inner jet velocity, the well-mixed reaction zone extends considerably. These findings suggest a method for establishing a flame of uniform high temperature by optimising the coaxial nozzle geometry and flow conditions. The normalised flame length is decreasing exponentially with the air/fuel velocity ratio. Measurements demonstrate that the inverse flame stability limits change qualitatively with varying degree of partial premixing. At the low premixing level, the flame blow-out is a function of the inner and outer jet velocities and the nozzle conditions. The flame blow-out at high degree of partial premixing occurs abruptly at a single value of the inner air jet velocity, regardless of the fuel jet velocity and almost independent of the discharge nozzle conditions.     

三探头单纤光导探针测量二维气泡速度的实验研究

1前言气液两相流广泛存在于动力、化工等工业过程中，到目前为止，人们已开发了大量的实验测定方法，用于研究气液两相流空泡份额等。但是对气泡速度的测量研究并不多，主要原因在于气泡速度测量的困难性。近几年人们尝试使用激光多普勒测速技术、颗粒轨迹测速技术等测量气泡速度，这些测量方法不仅系统复杂，而且还有相应的限制条件，适用范围有限。利用相关测速技术可以测量一维气泡速度，其原理是：设距离为L的上、下游两个测点的传感器在时间间隔T内测得的随机气泡信号为X（t）和Y（t），而且X（t）和Y（t）为平稳和各态遍历，则相关…     

Higher-order cross-correlation-based Doppler optical coherence tomography

A method based on higher-order cross-correlation is proposed to fetch the Doppler information on flow velocity within areas under low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) by spectral domain optical coherence tomography. The proposed method is theoretically developed and validated by measurement of a moving mirror with known velocities. Standard deviations of flow velocities of the mirror under different SNRs are determined by the proposed method and compared with those by the modified phase-resolved method. Measurement of flowing particles within a glass capillary is also conducted, and Doppler flow velocity maps of the glass capillary are reconstructed by both methods. All experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method can significantly suppress noise, thus rendering it suitable for flow measurement under low SNR cases.     

Flow mapping of a jet in crossflow with Stereoscopic PIV

Stereoscopic Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) has been used to make a three-dimensional flow mapping of a jet in crossflow. The Reynolds number based on the free stream velocity and the jet diameter was nominally 2400. A jet-to-crossflow velocity ratio of 3.3 was used. Details of the formation of the counter rotating vortex pair found behind the jet are shown. The vortex pair results in two regions with strong reversed velocities behind the jet trajectory. Regions of high turbulent kinetic energy are identified. The signature of the unsteady shear layer vortices is found in the mean vorticity field.     

Dynamics of microscale pipes containing internal fluid flow: Damping, frequency shift, and stability

This paper initiates the theoretical analysis of microscale resonators containing internal flow, modelled here as microfabricated pipes conveying fluid, and investigates the effects of flow velocity on damping, stability, and frequency shift. The analysis is conducted within the context of classical continuum mechanics, and the effects of structural dissipation (including thermoelastic damping in hollow beams), boundary conditions, geometry, and flow velocity on vibrations are discussed. A scaling analysis suggests that slender elastomeric micropipes are susceptible to instability by divergence (buckling) and flutter at relatively low flow velocities of ∼10 m/s.