高倍聚光光伏模组中三结太阳电池沿光轴方向光电性能与优化

目前,在高倍聚光光伏模组设计中,由于对菲涅耳透镜聚光后各波段的光强分布及其非均匀特性缺乏研究和认识,通常认为在菲涅耳透镜的聚光焦平面处多结太阳电池输出功率最大.本文通过光线跟踪模拟的方法,计算并分析菲涅耳透镜聚光下不同波段的光照能量分布和非均匀特性.同时,结合三结太阳电池电路网络模型,研究在高倍聚光光伏模组中,沿光轴方向不同位置处三结太阳电池的发电性能.结果表明:模组输出功率最高位置在焦平面沿光轴方向上下两侧的位置,优化后模组输出功率比常规设计提高20%以上.该模拟结果得到了实验结果的验证.     

高倍聚光模组系统研究与设计

聚光系统的聚光效率和能量均匀性直接影响单位模组的发电效率。本文研究设计出高倍聚光模组系统,该系统主要包括菲涅耳透镜和球冠平顶微棱镜。采用中心波长修正法进行菲涅耳透镜的设计,并通过Zemax仿真模拟设计出球冠平顶微棱镜。最后通过Zemax模拟,决定选取两侧面夹角α的角度为117°,平顶到球面的间隔g为0.2 mm,球冠平顶微棱镜的曲率半径R为10 mm。聚光系统整体的聚光效率达99.8%,能量均匀度为0.812,并进行实验验证,得出实际聚光效率为83.1%。     

用于多结太阳电池的均匀聚光菲涅耳透镜的设计与分析

设计了一种适用于GaInP/GaInAs/Ge多结太阳电池,可在300~1800nm宽光谱范围内实现均匀聚光的菲涅耳透镜。通过实际测试,得到GaInP/GaInAs/Ge多结太阳电池的量子效率图谱和透镜主体材料硅胶的折射率色散曲线,在此基础之上采用多焦点与多设计波长相结合的方法,对菲涅耳透镜进行优化设计。基于该方法建立了几何聚光比为625倍,环距为0.3mm的透镜模型以及聚光效率、均匀性等聚光性能参数的计算模型,并利用蒙特卡罗光线追迹及实验测试的方法对其聚光性能进行分析。研究结果表明,所设计的透镜在300~1800nm宽光谱范围内以及三个子电池的光谱响应波段内都能较好地实现均匀会聚,同时具有较高的聚光效率,聚光分布均匀度高于75%,聚光效率超过80%。     

新型线聚焦菲涅耳透镜设计及其聚光特性研究

聚光光伏系统中电池表面热流密度分布不均匀导致系统光电转换效率降低,同时出现局部过热问题,严重影响了光伏电池系统的效率。为了解决这一问题,本文设计了一种可以使太阳投射辐射能量均匀化分布于接收面的新型线聚焦菲涅耳透镜,并运用蒙特卡罗光线追迹法对常见的菲涅耳透镜及本文设计新型线聚焦菲涅耳透镜的聚光特性进行了对比研究。模拟结果表明,新型透镜极大地改善了电池表面热流分布的均匀性。针对新型透镜聚光特性,考察了不同设计接受面宽度、太阳光不平行灾角、入射光束波长、入射光倾角及电池位置等因素对电池表面热流密度分布的影响。     

聚光模组二次光学元件优化设计与研究EI北大核心CSCD

聚光光伏模组中,二次光学元件对增加太阳能电池接收到的入射光能量,提高聚焦光斑均匀性和增大菲涅耳透镜接收角具有重要作用。设计了一种用于聚光光伏模组的全反射式二次光学元件,用Solidworks软件建立了三维模型,结合实际工程应用,借助Zemax软件光学模拟仿真手段,对二次光学元件的倾角和高度等重要参数进行了优化。并制作了不同参数的二次光学元件,配合菲涅耳透镜、太阳能电池,搭建了实物聚光发电单元,在太阳模拟器下进行I-V性能测试,结果表明当二次光学元件高度为6 mm,上圆直径为7 mm时,太阳能电池的输出功率达到最大值720 m W,与不加二次光学元件相比,输出功率提高了16%。说明该二次光学元件对提高聚光模组效率作用显著。     

离轴非旋转对称叠加方形光斑均匀聚光菲涅尔透镜

针对传统点聚焦菲涅尔透镜聚光分布均匀性差以及聚焦光斑形状与太阳能电池片不匹配的缺点,采用离轴非旋转对称叠加方法进行了方形光斑均匀聚光菲涅尔透镜设计,透镜采用方形非旋转对称结构,设计过程中通过在透镜中心截取一方形小孔来降低聚焦光斑中心辐照度峰值,改善接收面聚光分布,以提高聚光均匀性.采用光线追迹法模拟并分析了小孔边长、离轴偏移量、离轴聚焦距等参量对聚光性能的影响,结果表明:采用该方法设计的透镜聚焦光斑形状为方形,聚光均匀度高达90%.     

分区域多焦点叠加方形光斑均匀聚光菲涅耳透镜设计

针对传统点聚焦菲涅耳透镜聚光分布均匀性较差以及聚焦光斑形状与太阳能电池片不匹配的缺点,提出了一种分区多焦点叠加方形光斑均匀聚光菲涅耳透镜的设计方法。在传统圆形同心环带点聚集菲涅耳透镜的基础上截取4个缺角等腰直角三角形菲涅耳透镜单元,做无缝拼接形成分区域四焦点叠加的方形光斑均匀聚光菲涅耳透镜,通过这4个区域光的叠加有效改善了聚光的均匀度。基于光线追迹法,采用TracePro光线模拟软件模拟并分析了环距、缺角弦长、腰长等透镜结构参数对聚焦光斑形状、聚光均匀度、辐照度等光学性能参数的影响。结果表明采用该方法设计的透镜聚焦光斑形状为方形,聚光均匀度高达90%以上。     

基于紫外纳米压印的菲涅耳透镜制作

针对传统聚光系统中菲涅耳透镜成本较高并且光强分布不均匀的弊端,提出了利用紫外纳米压印技术制作菲涅耳透镜的方法.利用几何光学的光线追迹理论,设计了菲涅耳透镜模具.采用自行研制的紫外纳米压印系统对模具进行压印,紫外曝光后制得薄膜菲涅耳透镜.在太阳光下进行了测试,测试结果表明,低成本、高聚光倍数和光强分布均匀的菲涅耳透镜是可以实现的.     

基于紫外纳米压印的菲涅耳透镜制作

针对传统聚光系统中菲涅耳透镜成本较高并且光强分布不均匀的弊端,提出了利用紫外纳米压印技术制作菲涅耳透镜的方法.利用几何光学的光线追迹理论,设计了菲涅耳透镜模具.采用自行研制的紫外纳米压印系统对模具进行压印,紫外曝光后制得薄膜菲涅耳透镜.在太阳光下进行了测试,测试结果表明,低成本、高聚光倍数和光强分布均匀的菲涅耳透镜是可以实现的.     

用于光伏系统新型菲涅耳线聚焦聚光透镜设计

根据边缘光线原理,优化设计太阳电池及光伏系统的菲涅耳线聚焦聚光透镜.设计光学聚光率为18×,可用于空间、地面光伏系统的聚光系统.分析了其集光角特性,表明该菲涅耳线聚焦棱镜具有大的集光角(±7°).     

三结太阳电池在非均匀光照下光斑强度和覆盖比率的优化研究

高倍聚光光伏组件通常采用光电转化效率较高的三结太阳电池.由于聚光器件的非理想性,电池承受的光照分布通常是高度非均匀的,在光伏组件中可通过适当增大光斑与电池面积的比率来降低光照非均匀性对电池电学性能的影响.通过对某一特定三结电池进行电路网络建模计算,分析光斑的强度分布和照射面积对电池的影响,并对比了四种设计方案(均匀光照、非均匀光照、电池效率最大、组件效率最大)下的光斑强度、光斑大小、电池效率以及电池温度分布.对比分析结果表明,组件达到效率最大时的电池效率并不是电池在标准测试条件下的最大效率,而使电池工作在效率最大值的设计方案中组件效率最低.组件效率最大方案中使用的聚光器透镜面积较小,因此该方案将导致组件成本增大.电池效率最大方案中使用的聚光器透镜面积较大并且电池温度最低,故该方案组件成本较低且可靠性较高.这表明在实际组件设计中应充分考虑对发电量的实际需求,选择合适的几何聚光倍数和光斑覆盖电池的比率.     

Performance of multi-junction cells due to illumination distribution across the cell surface

This paper addresses the influence of illumination distribution on the performance of a high concentration photovoltaic (HCPV) module. CPV systems comprise of optical elements as well as mechanical tracking to concentrate the solar flux onto the solar receiver as well as to keep the system on track with the sun. The performance of the subcells of the multi-junction concentrator cell depends on the optical alignment of the system. Raster scanning of the incident intensity in the optical plane of the receiver and corresponding I–V measurements were used to investigate the influence of illumination distribution on performance. The results show that the illumination distribution that differs between cells does affect the performance of the module. The performance of the subcells of the multi-junction concentrator cell also depends on the optical alignment of the system.     

新型菲涅尔线聚焦聚光太阳电池组件研究

以聚甲基丙烯酸甲脂为材料,采用热压成型工艺加工成型线聚焦菲涅尔聚光透镜(8×),可用于空间、地面光伏系统太阳电池组件的聚光系统,并对在其聚光条件下,太阳电池的电流电压特性进行测试,结果表明,该菲涅尔线聚焦棱镜能有效提高太阳电池的单位输出功率.模具的机械加工精度和光学抛光精度低,是造成其部分聚光率损失的原因.     

Effect of secondary lens concentrators on the output parameters of solar modules with cascade photovoltaic converters

The feasibility of increasing the concentration ratio and expanding the misorientation curve using secondary lens elements is considered for solar modules with triple-junction InGaP/GaAs/Ge photovoltaic converters and radiation-concentrating Fresnel lenses. Composite glass-silicone Fresnel lenses measuring 40 × 40 and 60 × 60 mm (plan view) with focal lengths of 70 and 110 mm, respectively, are used as primary concentrators. The focal length of secondary plane-convex glass lenses is varied from 5 to 25 mm. With the shortest-focal-length secondary lenses used, measurements of the parameters of the photovoltaic converter in a system with radiation concentrators that were made with a pulsed solar tester show the increase in the concentration ratio and the expansion of the misorientation curve by a factor of 2.5–3.0. The parameters of test modules with lens panels measured under solar illumination are found to be in good agreement with laboratory data.     

菲涅尔透镜热变形对CPV聚光系统性能影响的数值研究

由硅胶-玻璃材料组成的SOG(silicone on glass)型菲涅尔透镜在温度变化时会产生热变形,影响CPV(concentrating photovoltaic)聚光系统的性能。为研究透镜热变形对聚光系统光效率的影响,优化设计两类聚光系统,并采用数值计算的方法模拟透镜的热变形,再将热变形导入光学模型中,使用蒙特卡罗方法计算变形前后的聚光效率。结果表明:对于单级聚光系统,采用单色光均匀性优化方法设计的透镜受翘曲变形和齿面自由变形影响较大,光效率在变形前后相差10%左右,改进型补偿色散方法设计的菲涅尔透镜受翘曲变形和齿面自由变形影响较小。另外,双级聚光系统可以有效抵抗热变形的影响。     

Spectral-splitting concentrator photovoltaic modules based on AlGaAs/GaAs/GaSb and GaInP/InGaAs(P) solar cells

A concentrator photovoltaic module with sunlight spectral splitting by Fresnel lens and dichroic filters is developed. The photoelectric conversion efficiency of such a module is estimated at a level of 49.4% when three single-junction cells are used and may reach 48.5–50.6% when a tandem two-junction cell is combined with narrow-band cells. Single-junction AlGaAs, GaAs, GaSb, and InGa(P)As solar sells are fabricated by zinc diffusion from the vapor phase into an n-type epitaxial layer. GaInP/GaAs cascade solar cells are prepared by MOS hydride epitaxy. The overall efficiency of the three single-junction solar cells developed for the spectral-splitting module is 38.1% (AM1.5D) at concentration ratio K _c = 200x. The combination of the solar cells with the cascade structure demonstrates an efficiency of 37.9% at concentrations of 400–800 suns. The parameters of the spectral-splitting photovoltaic module are measured. The photovoltaic efficiency of this module reaches 24.7% in the case of three single-junction cells and 27.9% when the two-junction and single-junction cells are combined.     

Parameter optimization of solar modules based on lens concentrators of radiation and cascade photovoltaic converters

Two main issues governing the design of a solar concentrator module with triple-junction nano-heterostructure photovoltaic converters (PVCs) are considered: the effective concentration of radiation using Fresnel lenses and effective heat removal from PVCs. By theoretically and experimentally simulating these processes, the design parameters of module’ s elements are determined. A test batch of full-size modules has been fabricated. Each module consists of a front panel of small-size Fresnel lenses (a total of 144 lenses arranged as a 12 × 12 array) and the corresponding number of multilayer InGaP/GaAs/Ge PVCs. The PVCs are mounted on heat-distributing plates and are also integrated into a panel. The efficiency of the concentrator module with a 0.5 × 0.5-m entrance aperture measured under outdoor conditions is 24.3%, which is more than twice as high as the efficiency of standard (concentrator-free) silicon modules. In smaller test modules, the efficiency corrected for the PVC standard temperature (25° C) reaches 26.5%.     

Optical efficiency of solar concentrators by a reverse optical path method

A method for the optical characterization of a solar concentrator, based on the reverse illumination by a Lambertian source and measurement of intensity of light projected on a far screen, has been developed. It is shown that the projected light intensity is simply correlated to the angle-resolved efficiency of a concentrator, conventionally obtained by a direct illumination procedure. The method has been applied by simulating simple reflective nonimaging and Fresnel lens concentrators.