阻尼型高温直流超导量子干涉器磁强计的设计

理论分析了超导环路与一个电阻并联结构的直流超导量子干涉器(dc-SQUID)的特性.给出了这种阻尼型dc-SQUID的电压噪声谱密度、传输函数和磁通噪声谱密度随偏置电流变化的曲线.与无阻尼型高温器件比较，调制参量β大于1的阻尼型高温dc-SQUID磁强计具有高稳定性和易调试等优点.当β大于4时，因传输函数的增大，阻尼型dc-SQUID还能降低它的磁通噪声谱密度从而提高磁强计的检测灵敏度.根据现有高温超导薄膜器件的工艺条件，设计了β等于4的阻尼型高温dc-SQUID磁强计的芯片、其磁通噪声和磁场噪声的理论值 关键词：     

Tuning an rf-SQUID flux qubit system＇s potential with magnetic flux bias

At an extremely low temperature of 20 mK, we measured the loop current in a tunable rf superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) with a dc-SQUID. By adjusting the magnetic flux applied to the rf-SQUID loop (Φ f ) and the small dc-SQUID (Φ cjj f ), respectively, the potential shape of the system can be fully controlled in situ. Variation in the transition step and overlap size in the switching current with a barrier flux bias are analyzed, from which we can obtain some relevant device parameters and build a model to explain the experimental phenomenon.     

Spectroscopy and coherent manipulation of single and coupled flux qubits

Measurements of three-junction flux qubits, both single flux qubits and coupled flux qubits, using a coupled direct current superconducting quantum interference device （dc-SQUID） for readout are reported. The measurement procedure is described in detail. We performed spectroscopy measurements and coherent manipulations of the qubit states on a single flux qubit, demonstrating quantum energy levels and Rabi oscillations, with Rabi oscillation decay time TRabi =- 78 ns and energy relaxation time T~ = 315 ns. We found that the value of TRabi depends strongly on the mutual inductance between the qubit and the magnetic coil. We also performed spectroscopy measurements on inductively coupled flux qubits.     

Dependence of the magnitude and direction of the persistent current on the magnetic flux in superconducting rings

The obtained periodic magnetic-field dependences I _c+(Φ/Φ₀) and I _c?(Φ/Φ₀) of the critical current measured in opposite directions on asymmetric superconducting aluminum rings has made it possible to explain previously observed quantum oscillations of dc voltage as a result of alternating current rectification. It was found that a higher rectification efficiency of both single rings and ring systems is caused by hysteresis of the current-voltage characteristics. The asymmetry of current-voltage characteristics providing the rectification effect is due to the relative shifts of the magnetic dependences I _c?(Φ/Φ₀) = I _c+(Φ/Φ₀ + Δ?) of the critical current measured in opposite directions. This shift means that the position of I _c+(Φ/Φ₀) and I _c?(Φ/Φ₀) minima does not correspond to n + 0.5 magnetic flux Φ quanta, which is in direct contradiction to measured Little-Parks resistance oscillations. Despite this contradiction, the amplitude I _{c, an}(Φ/Φ₀) = I _c+(Φ/Φ₀) ? I _c?(Φ/Φ₀) of critical current anisotropy oscillations and its variations with temperature correspond to the expected amplitude of persistent current oscillations and its variations with temperature.     

AB效应对自旋多端输运的影响

利用紧束缚近似和格林函数方法,研究了AB效应和AB环对电子自旋输运的影响.计算表明,当在AB环的不同位置上连接相同或不同属性的输出端时,在一些能量范围内,由不同的输出端所输出的自旋流的方向是相反的;当固定入射电子的能量时,在同一磁通范围,从两个输出端输出的自旋流属性也是相反的.从而,可以通过控制AB环的结构和环内的磁通在输出端得到不同属性的自旋流. 关键词： 自旋极化输运 量子点 极化率 自旋流     

Stochastic fluctuations of persistent currents in mesoscopic rings

We investigate systematically the effect of the electronic Coulomb interaction on the stochastic fluctuations (from sample to sample) in the persistent currents I(Φ) of mesoscopic rings threaded by a magnetic flux Φ. In contrast to our recent publication [Europhys. Lett. 18 (1992) 457], we avoid separation of impurity and interaction scattering events and we present here a comprehensive view. By this alternative procedure, we are able to confirm our earlier result, namely that 〈I²〉^1/2 ～ ev_F/L, which is a much larger quantity than the average current 〈I〉 ～ ev_Fl/L².     

Fluorescence Properties of Twenty Fluorescein Derivatives: Lifetime,Quantum Yield,Absorption and Emission Spectra

The fluorescence lifetime (τ_f), emission quantum yield (Φ_f), absorption and emission spectral data of 20 fluorescein derivatives were measured under the same conditions by using time-correlated single photon counting, steady state fluorescence and absorption methods to get comparable data. Based on the results, the factors and mechanism that control the fluorescence properties of the fluorescein dyes are discussed. Both Φ_f and τ_f are remarkably dependent on the substitution on either xanthene or phenyl rings, but their ratio (Φ_f/τ_f), i.e. rate constant of radiation process, is a constant value (0.20?×?10⁹ s^?1). The rate constant of nonradiation process, on the other hand, is varied with both the structure and the solvent used.     

Effects of flux on crystal structure and luminescent properties of nitroxides phosphors

Yellow-green-emitting Sr Si2O2N2:Eu2+phosphors were synthesized with Sr2Si O4:Eu2+as precursor.The effects of flux and the concentration of Eu2+on the crystal structure and luminescent properties of the phosphors were investigated.Results suggested that the optimal content of flux Na2CO3 was 1 wt%and the optimal doping concentration of Eu2+was 0.05 mol.The emission spectra showed the most intense peaks located at 535 nm which corresponded to the 4f65d→4f7 transition of Eu2+.The excitation spectra showed that these phosphors could be effectively excited by near-ultraviolet and blue light,whichwas consistent with the widely applied output wavelengths of near-ultraviolet and blue-white light-emitting diode(LED)chips.When the influence of flux on the luminescent properties of Sr Si2O2N2:Eu2+phosphor was analyzed,the X-ray diffraction(XRD)patterns indicated that the flux could help the crystallization of the phosphors.No other phases except the triclinic structure of Sr Si2O2N2 were formed.The thermal stability and the emission intensity of synthesized Sr Si2O2N2:Eu2+phosphor were examined and compared with commercial YAG yellow phosphors.All results indicate that the yellow-green-emitting phosphor is a suitable candidate for the fabrication of white LEDs.     

Radio-frequency absorption study of the parameters of high-T c materials irradiated with fast reactor neutrons

The magnetic properties of YBa₂Cu₃O_7−x ceramics of various densities and Bi₂Sr₂CaCu₂O₈ quasicrystals irradiated with neutrons at fluences of 10¹⁶–10¹⁹ cm⁻² are investigated by a radio-frequency method (in the frequency range f=100–150 MHz). The electromagnetic absorption is used to estimate the parameters of a Josephson medium: the lower critical field, the critical current density, the grain size and intergranular distances, and the penetration depth of the magnetic field in the sample. The hysteresis of electromagnetic absorption in the indicated superconductors is investigated; the hysteresis effect can be used to obtain data on flux pinning processes and flux creep dynamics. It is shown that an increase in the critical current density is observed as a result of the injection of radiation-induced pinning centers. Fiz. Tverd. Tela (St. Petersburg) 39, 28–34 (January 1997)     

Readout of the qubit state with a dc-SQUID

The states of a flux qubit with three Josephson junctions were observed with a dc-SQUID. The qubit is an aluminium superconductor loop surrounded by a dc-SQUID for readout. It has two states, which have persistent currents flowing in opposite directions. The system potentially offers the advantage of allowing single-shot/single-system measurements of macroscopic superposition of the two states. We have developed a highly sensitive, low-noise, single-shot detection system, and here we report the first direct observation of a macroscopic quantum superposition. The measured ground and the first excited state showed the same behaviour as the theoretical ones. We also showed that the measured behaviour of the switching current in a dc-SQUID was the same as that of the quantum-mechanically expected value of the switching current in the qubit.     

Quality assessments of electrochromic devices: the possible use of 1/<Emphasis Type="Italic">f</Emphasis> current noise

Electrochromic (EC) devices, capable of modulating their optical transmittance by charge insertion/extraction, were produced by laminating films comprised of nanoporous W oxide and Ni–V oxide by a polymer electrolyte and having this three-layer stack between transparent conducting In₂O₃:Sn films backed by polyester foils. 1/f noise in the current (I) was observed when the charged (colored) EC device was discharged via a resistor. The power spectral density S _i at fixed frequency scaled as S _i  ∼ I ². Extended color/bleach cycling degraded the optical quality and homogeneity of the device and concomitantly increased the 1/f noise intensity. These initial data indicate that 1/f noise has a potential to serve as a quality measure for EC devices.     

利用Grad-Shafranov重构方法研究磁尾通量绳的特征参量和内部结构

2009年2月21日THEMIS-C卫星在磁尾X=-15.7R_E(R_E为地球半径,1R_E=6371 km)观测到典型的磁通量绳事件.采用Grad-Shafranov 重构技术研究该磁通量绳的特性、内部磁场和电流结构.研究表明,磁通量绳不变轴位于GSM(geocentric solar magnetospheric coordinates)坐标为(-0.3975,0.8905,0.221 关键词： 磁尾 磁通量绳 Grad-Shafranov重构 多X线重联     

The correlation timescale of the X-ray flux during the outbursts of soft X-ray transients

Recent studies of black hole and neutron star low mass X-ray binaries (LMXBs) show a positive correlation between the X-ray flux at which the low/hard(LH)-to-high/soft(HS) state transition occurs and the peak flux of the following HS state. By analyzing the data from the All Sky Monitor (ASM) onboard the Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer (RXTE), we show that the HS state flux after the source reaches its HS flux peak still correlates with the transition flux during soft X-ray transient (SXT) outbursts. By studying large outbursts or flares of GX 339-4, Aql X-1 and 4U 1705-44, we have found that the correlation holds up to 250, 40, and 50 d after the LH-to-HS state transition, respectively. These time scales correspond to the viscous time scale in a standard accretion disk around a stellar mass black hole or a neutron star at a radius of ∼10^4–5 R _g, indicating that the mass accretion rates in the accretion flow either correlate over a large range of radii at a given time or correlate over a long period of time at a given radius. If the accretion geometry is a two-flow geometry composed of a sub-Keplerian inflow or outflow and a disk flow in the LH state, the disk flow with a radius up to ∼10⁵ R _g would have contributed to the nearly instantaneous non-thermal radiation directly or indirectly, and therefore affects the time when the state transition occurs.

     

关于B0→π－l+ν l衰变过程分支比的计算

通过构造适当的关联函数,计算B→π跃迁形状因子f⁺_Bπ(q²),f _{Bπ(q²)和标量形状因子f⁰(q²),从而就能研究轻子质量对B⁰→π ^{关键词： B介子半轻衰变 形状因子 分支比}}     

Effect of grain-boundary flux pinning in MgB2 with columnar structure

We studied the flux pinning properties by grain boundaries in MgB₂ films prepared by using a hybrid physical chemical vapor deposition method on the c-axis oriented sapphire substrates. All the films we report here had the columnar grains with the growth direction perpendicular to the substrates and the grain sizes in the range of a few hundred nanometers. At very low magnetic fields, no discernable grain-boundary (GB) pinning effect was observed in all measuring temperatures, but above those fields, the effect of GB flux pinning was observed as enhanced critical current densities (J_cs) and reduced resistances when an external magnetic field (B) was aligned parallel to the c-axis. We interpret the B dependence of J_c in the terms of flux line lattice shear inside the columnar grains activated by dislocations of Frank–Read source while the flux lines pinned by GB act as anchors for dislocations. Magnetic field dependence of flux pinning force density for B parallel to the c-axis was reasonably explained by the above model.     

Scalar conservation laws with discontinuous flux function: I. The viscous profile condition

The equation , whereH is Heaviside's step function, appears for example in continuous sedimentation of solid particles in a liquid, in two-phase flow, in traffic-flow analysis and in ion etching. The discontinuity of the flux function atx=0 causes a discontinuity of a solution, which is not uniquely determined by the initial data. The equation can be written as a triangular 2×2 non-strictly hyperbolic system. This augmentation is non-unique and a natural definition is given by means of viscous profiles. By a viscous profile we mean a stationary solution ofu _t +(F ) _x =u _xx , whereF is a smooth approximation of the discontinuous flux, i.e.,H is smoothed. In terms of the 2×2 system, the discontinuity atx=0 is either a regular Lax, an under-or overcompressive, a marginal under- or overcompressive or a degenerate shock wave. In some cases, depending onf andg, there is a unique viscous profile (e.g. undercompressive and regular Lax waves) and in some cases there are infinitely many (e.g. overcompressive waves). The main purpose of the paper is to show the equivalence between a previously introduced uniqueness condition for the discontinuity of the solution atx=0 and the viscous profile condition.     

高温超导台阶结YBCO dc-SQUID一阶平面梯度计

在10mm×10mm SrTiO₃(STO)台阶衬底上用单层YBa₂Cu₃ O_7-δ(YBCO)薄膜制备了dc-SQUID一阶平面梯度计,探测环面积约为33mm ²,基线长度d=45mm.该梯度计在无屏蔽条件下对地磁场有较好的屏蔽作用,共模抑 制比为14×10²,磁场梯度灵敏度为8PT/cmHz(白噪声区). 关键词： 台阶结 SQUID 平面梯度计     

Messung der kontinuierlichen Phasenschiebung von Elektronenwellen im kraftfeldfreien Raum durch das magnetische Vektorpotential einer Wolfram-Wendel

An electron interferometer with three biprism fibres is described in which a continuously variable magnetic flux in a long solenoid coil of less than 20 μ diameter can be enclosed by two coherent parts of an electron beam. The partial beams can be separated up to distances of 60 μ without violating the coherence condition if the electron line source is made as narrow as about 100 Å units. The continuous phase shifting action of the enclosed flux on electron waves in a field free space can be demonstrated, and it is found that at normal temperature there is no quantization of magnetic flux in quanta of the orderΦ ₀=h/e=4,13·10^?7 Gauss cm². The flux required to cause a phase difference of 2π is measured and found to coincide with the theoretical valueΦ ₀.     

Effect of Temperature Variation on the Characteristics of Microwave Power AlGaN/GaN MODFET

The prime motivation for developing the proposed model of AlGaN/GaN microwave power device is to demonstrate its inherent ability to operate at much higher temperature. An investigation of temperature model of a 1 μm gate AlGaN/GaN enhancement mode n-type modulation-doped field effect transistor (MODFET) is presented. An analytical temperature model based on modified charge control equations is developed. The proposed model handles higher voltages and show stable operation at higher temperatures. The investigated temperature range is from 100 °K–600 °K. The critical parameters of the proposed device are the maximum drain current (I_Dmax), the threshold voltage (V_th), the peak dc trans-conductance (g_m), and unity current gain cut-off frequency (f_T). The calculated values of f_T (10–70 GHz) at elevated temperature suggest that the operation of the proposed device has sufficiently high current handling capacity. The temperature effect on saturation current, cutoff frequency, and trans-conductance behavior predict the device behavior at elevated temperatures. The analysis and simulation results on the transport characteristics of the MODFET structure is compared with the previously measured experimental data at room temperature. The calculated critical parameters suggest that the proposed device could survive in extreme environments.     

Conductance oscillations in a mesoscopic ring threaded by a harmonically time-dependent magnetic flux

We consider a microscopic model for a one-dimensional ring of non-interacting electrons threaded by a magnetic flux of the form Φ(t)=Φ₀+Φ₁cos(Ω₀t)$\Phi (t)={\Phi }_0+{\Phi }_1\cos ({\Omega }_{0}t)$. The ring is attached to two reservoirs at which a bias voltage is applied. We focus on small amplitudes of Φ₁${\Phi }_1$, and we analyze the behavior of the conductance as a function of Φ₀${\Phi }_0$. We solve the problem by means of non-equilibrium Green function techniques.