电子束激励KrF激光放大器稳定运行的重要技术问题

 介绍了用于天光一号高功率氟化氪(KrF)准分子激光系统中的电子束双向激励主放大器稳定运行中必须解决的一些重要技术问题：水介质脉冲传输线中的绝缘支撑击穿问题；大面积电子束二极管阳极膜的安装；与压力膜接触处Hibachi筋的形状；二极管后脉冲的形成及其对阳极膜和阴极发射体造成的损害等问题。还着重描述了主开关导通时刻对二极管后脉冲的影响及最佳导通时刻的确定。     

强流二极管产生大面积脉冲X射线参数计算

利用二极管的电压电流波形计算了电子束参数,建立了串级二极管和四路并联二极管阳极靶蒙特卡罗粒子输运计算模型,给出了两种情况下轫致辐射X射线场参数。结果表明:阳极靶厚度增加时,轫致辐射X射线平均能量增大,而能量转换效率先增大,后减小;距离串级二极管和四路并联二极管阳极靶5cm位置处,X射线注量分别为76.50,3.74mJ/cm2;光子平均能量分别为81.13,60.77keV;半径为12cm的圆面上,串级二极管X射线剂量呈马鞍形分布,均匀性为1.70∶1;边长为52cm的正方形平面上,四路并联二极管X射线剂量均匀性小于6.30∶1;电子束轫致辐射转换效率分别为0.29%,0.32%。     

天光一号预放大器电子束产生和传输

 论述了天光一号电子束泵浦KrF准分子激光预放大器电子束产生和传输系统的研制。针对低电压(400kV)和高电流密度(143Acm^-2),重点考虑了二极管真空绝缘界面、电极结构、漂移区长度和主膜支撑等问题并介绍了实验结果：二极管电压在450 kV以上仍能稳定工作,电流上升前沿约20ns,电子束总束能4.2kJ以上。只要开关导通时间选在PFL电压峰值附近,Marx 建立时间抖动小于20 ns,对总束能的影响将小于5%。     

法拉第筒阻抗对二极管电子束流性能的影响

 分析了法拉第筒阻抗对二极管电子束流性能的影响, 研制了一种安装在阳极座中测量阳极吸收束流的法拉弟筒, 并用它测量了81-7M -01强流相对论电子束加速器二极管阳极吸收束流。     

强流二极管阳极电子束时域能量沉积特性模拟

以强流脉冲电子束为研究对象,提出了一种基于离散时间、限定靶面位置,通过测量靶面不同时刻入射角分布,利用蒙卡程序计算得到电子束的能量(r, z)二维分布沉积值的方法。给出了典型弱箍缩平板二极管(电压峰值700 kV、阻抗7 Ω)阳极靶面不同位置时域的能量沉积值,分析了(0, 0°),(25 mm, 135°),(36 mm, 270°)三个位置纵切剖面的能量沉积特性,结果表明:在各个时间段内电子束入射能量确定的情况下,能量沉积特性与入射角呈现相关性,仿真结果与实验结果符合较好,偏差均小于10%;距阳极靶心25 mm以外的靶面位置,受束流箍缩影响,入射角分布变化较大;当入射角较小时(小于40°),强流电子束能量沉积峰值深度约0.2 mm;当入射角超过40°时,能量沉积峰值深度减小到0.1 mm左右;而阳极靶心位置附近,受束流箍缩影响较小,这些位置的能量沉积特性更接近于小角度入射角情形。     

百焦耳KrF激光用二极管的实验

描述了脉宽１００ｎｓ强流脉冲电子束单向泵浦百焦耳级ＫｒＦ准分子激光用大面积二极管的实验研究。采用１２ｃｍ×７５ｃｍ长方形碳毡阴极，３０μｍ厚铝膜或九根间距１３ｍｍ，直径１．３ｍｍ的金属丝组成的阳极。当阴阳极间距为２０～２２ｍｍ，Ｍａｒｘ发生器电压１．１～１．２ＭＶ时，二极管峰值电压为６２０～６７０ｋＶ，峰值电流１５０～１７０ｋＡ，电子束总能量大于８ＫＪ，使电子束泵浦ＫｒＦ激光器最大输出能量达１０６Ｊ。     

大面积均匀电子束产生实验研究

 在电子束泵浦气体激光实验中，大面积均匀电子束是获得高效能激光输出的必要条件。介绍了利用SPG-200脉冲功率源产生大面积均匀电子束的实验。SPG-200是基于SOS的全固态重复频率脉冲功率源，其开路电压大于350 kV。用于产生电子束的真空二极管阴极长294 mm，宽24 mm，两端均为半径为12 mm的半圆，栅网平面为阳极面，两者之间的距离在0~49 mm可调，阴极发射的电子束通过用于隔离激光气室和二极管真空室的压力膜及其支撑栅网引出。分别以石墨和天鹅绒为阴极材料，获得了大面积电子束输出，给出了二极管参数的测量结果，并对电子束发射均匀性进行了诊断。实验结果表明：在阴极材料为石墨、阴阳极间隙为5~9 mm时，二极管电压为240~280 kV，二极管电流为0.7~1.8 kA，输出的电子束很不均匀；在阴极材料为天鹅绒、阴阳极间隙为31~46 mm时，二极管电压为200~250 kV，二极管电流为1.5~1.7 kA，输出的电子束均匀性较好。     

阳极杆箍缩二极管产生X射线能谱的模拟计算

采用粒子模拟,得到了阳极杆箍缩二极管阳极钨针上电子的空间分布和入射角分布,分析二极管工作状态得到了电子的能量分布.在此基础上建立阳极杆箍缩二极管的蒙特卡罗模型,模拟得到了阳极杆箍缩二极管的辐射能谱和X射线的平均能量,并与实验结果进行了比较.结果表明:09006炮光子平均能量为0.441 MeV,计算该能谱射线经过不同厚度铅衰减片后的剂量衰减情况,与叠片法PIN探测器所测的实验数据基本一致. 关键词： 阳极杆箍缩二极管 粒子模拟 蒙特卡罗方法 X射线能谱     

强流二极管阳极靶温度和热形变模拟

以电子束在靶中的能量沉积剖面为桥梁,建立了二极管阳极靶温度和热形变模拟方法。该方法可获知二极管不同工作状态下靶的温度分布和热形变情况,为靶热-力学损伤研究提供基础数据,为二极管构型设计和寿命提升提供技术支撑。将该方法应用于“强光一号”短γ二极管,计算结果显示:当阳极离子密度大于1014 cm?3时（强箍缩）,靶表面温度最高可达5500～6000 ℃,热形变量达约4.5 mm;无离子流时（弱箍缩）,温度处在4500 ℃左右,形变为2.8～3.5 mm。     

感应电压叠加器驱动阳极杆箍缩二极管型脉冲X射线源

 介绍了自行研制的用于闪光照相且基于感应电压叠加器和阳极杆箍缩二极管的X射线源的组成、结构和主要参数。输出电压3 MV的Marx发生器给阻抗7.8 Ω水介质脉冲形成线充电,产生脉宽约70 ns,电压约1 MV的高功率脉冲,经过峰化开关和预脉冲开关后分成3路馈入三级感应电压叠加器感应腔进行电压叠加,感应电压叠加器次级采用真空绝缘传输线,阻抗从40 Ω变成60 Ω,驱动阳极杆箍缩二极管,二极管阴极为石墨,阳极为直径1.2 mm的钨杆,石墨阴极产生的电子束在电流自磁场作用下发生箍缩,轰击阳极,产生小焦斑脉冲Ｘ射线。该装置在Marx充电电压为±35 kV时,二极管电压约2.0 MV,二极管电流约为50 kA,半高宽约80 ns;X射线半高宽约为40 ns,剂量约为28 mGy,焦斑约为0.95 mm。利用该X射线源拍摄到了炸药爆炸产生的层裂碎片不同飞行时间的图像。     

Measurements of sound velocity of laser-irradiated iron foils relevant to Earth core condition

We present a novel scheme to measure sound velocity of shock-compressed iron of geophysical interest. The sound velocity of laser-irradiated iron foils was obtained with side-on X-ray radiograph technique from measured rarefaction wave velocity of shocked iron. Iron foils were irradiated with a two-stepped square laser pulse to reach Earth's core condition by double compression. The experimental parameters of temperature and pressure were very close to the Earth's core condition.     

The Electrostatic Trapping of an Intense Relativistic Electron Beam in a Magnetic Mirror

Observations of rapid axial oscillations of an intense relativistic electron beam in a magnetic mirror are reported. The mirror field primarily provides radial confinement of the relativistic electrons. The axial confinement was achieved by placing thin aluminized mylar foils at the conjugate mirror field maxima. The region between these foils was filled with a few Torr air to provide a beam induced plasma for charge and current neutralization. The regions outside these foils were maintained at ~10-4 Torr. One foil formed the anode of a space-charge limited relativistic electron diode which launched the beam into the mirror. When the beam passed through the second foil it was no longer charge neutralized. In a manner quite similar to the anode foil oscillations observed by others, a space-charge limited electrostatic well was established which stopped the electrons and re-accelerated them through the foil-thereby reflecting the beam. When the reflected electrons re-entered the diode, they were once again "electrostatically" reflected. This process continued until the oscillating beam was either lost through the "virtual cathodes" outside the foils, dissipated in the drift region or quenched in the diode plasma after gap closure.     

The effect of the anode dimensions on the characteristics of a hollow-cathode glow discharge

An analysis is made of the effect of the anode dimensions and the gas pressure on the possibility of achieving various conditions of burning of a hollow-cathode glow discharge (with negative or positive anode fall), and also with an anode plasma and an electrostatic double layer. Analytical relations that agree with experimental data are found for the voltage across the cathode sheath and the double layer as a function of the anode area and the pressure. Simple expressions are derived for the critical pressure below which no discharge of a particular kind is possible. Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 67, 43–47 (May 1997)     

Second-order optical nonlinearity in thermally poled Pyrex borosilicate glass

The thermal poling method was utilized to create second-order optical nonlinearity in Pyrex borosilicate glass. The distribution and amplitude of the induced nonlinearity were characterized with second harmonic microscopy. The induced optical nonlinearity was found in a thin layer around 1.9 μm under the anode surface with a magnitude as high as 0.24 pm/V, comparable to that observed in fused silica samples. SEM observation of the cross-section of the poled glass region, after it had been etched in diluted hydrofluoric acid for several minutes, revealed an etched trench, ∼1.8 μm under the anode edge and ∼0.3 μm in width; while in post-annealed samples, no such etched trench could be observed. The effect of poling voltage on the magnitude of the induced nonlinearity was also studied, where the results showed that higher poling voltage resulted in higher nonlinearity with a threshold of ∼0.9 kV.     

Structure and ferro-/piezoelectric properties of bimorph-shape CaBi4Ti4O15 films on Pt foils

In-plane c-axis oriented CaBi₄Ti₄O₁₅ (CBTi144) films were fabricated on Pt foils using a complex metal alkoxide solution. The a/b-axis orientation of the ferroelectric films was affected by the preferred orientation of Pt foil, which is associated with the thickness. The 500 nm-thick CBTi144 films showed good ferro- and piezoelectric properties on 0.010 mm-thick Pt foils. The Pr and Ec were 26 C/cm² and 230 kV/cm, respectively, at an applied voltage of 75 V. The d₃₃ was characterized as 25–34 pm/V by piezoresponse force microscopy. The values enhanced compared to those of the CBTi144 thin film with random orientation. The polar-axis oriented CBTi144 films would open for novel devices as Pb-free piezoelectric materials. PACS 77.84.-s; 68.37.-d; 81.15.-z     

XPS study of the deposited Ti layer in a magnetron-type sputter ion pump

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used to study the surface chemical composition of the anode deposits in a miniature magnetron ion pump. The pump was mounted on an UHV system with the ultimate pressure of 1 × 10⁻⁹ mbar. A stable discharge was established in the nitrogen atmosphere with some traces of CO at about 10⁻⁷ mbar. The cathode was made of pure titanium. The sputtered titanium atoms deposited on the anode, where they reacted with gases to form a film of titanium compounds. The thickness of the deposited titanium layer on the anode was about 100 nm. The results from XPS investigations indicate that active gases such as O₂ and N₂ react with Ti forming TiO₂ and TiN. While carbon containing molecules just adsorb on the surface and do not form carbide. In the bulk of the deposited layer almost pure TiN was found with some traces of oxygen and carbon. The part of carbon was bonded to TiC, which can be caused by ion sputtering during the depth profiling.     

Element segregation on the surfaces of pure aluminum foils

The surface segregation trend of trace elements in pure aluminum foils was investigated by density functional theory. The model of nine-layer Al(1 0 0) slab substituted partially by trace element atoms was proposed for calculating surface segregation energy. The calculating results show that (i) B, Mg, Si, Ga, Ge, Y, In, Sn, Sb, Pb and Bi exhibit negative segregation energy and possibly move to the surface, while Be, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu and Zr exhibit positive segregation energies and migrated into the bulk; (ii) the segregation energy was found to be related with the covalent radius, the relaxed position at the surface of the substituting atom and the surface energy; (iii) the segregation behavior of trace element generates lots of defects and dislocation, which can increase the initial pitting nucleation sites in the surface of aluminum foils; (iv) the impurity atom concentration was tested with Pb-doped surfaces, the calculated negative segregation energies in all coverage increases rapidly with the Pb coverage. These conclusions are helpful for designing of the chemical composition and to advance the tunnel etching of aluminum foils.     

Titanium plasma spectroscopy studies under double pulse laser excitation

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) was applied for parametric studies of titanium (Ti) plasma using single and double pulsed laser excitation scheme. Here a pulsed Nd:YAG laser was employed for generation of laser produced plasma from solid Ti target at ambient pressure. Several ionized titanium lines were recorded in the 312–334 nm UV region. The temporal evolution of plasma parameters such as excitation temperature and electron number density was evaluated. The effect of incident laser irradiance, position of the laser beam focal point with respect to the surface of illumination, single and double laser pulse effect on plasma parameters were also investigated. This study contributes to a better understanding of the LIBS plasma dynamics of the double laser pulse effect on the temporal evolution of various Ti emission lines, the detection sensitivity and the optimal dynamics of plasma for ionized states of Ti. The results demonstrate a faster decay of the continuum and spectral lines and a shorter plasma life time for the double pulse excitation scheme as compared with single laser pulse excitation. For double pulse excitation technique, the emissions of Ti lines intensities are enhanced by a factor of five which could help in the improvement of analytical performance of LIBS technique. In addition, this study proved that to avoid inhomogeneous effects in the laser produced plasma under high laser intensities, short delay times between the incident laser pulse and ICCD gate are required.     

双体布拉格光栅光谱反馈特性的理论研究

基于Kogelnik理论模型,以平面波为入射光,分析了双体布拉格光栅（VBG）的反馈特性。理论分析表明,采用双VBG结构,通过控制两个VBG的中心波长差,可以使光栅反馈的效率提高,带宽加宽。对于由两块带宽100 pm、衍射效率20%的VBG组成的双VBG反馈系统,中心波长相同时,衍射效率最大（33.3%）;中心波长相差84 pm时,其带宽为单VBG带宽的1.8倍（180 pm）。由于VBG的中心波长存在温度漂移特性,因此通过改变双VBG结构中VBG的温度可以实现衍射效率和带宽的改变,为泵浦源的优化提供有效可行的方法。     

DETERMINATION OF HEAT TRANSFER THROUGH METAL FOILS AND CERAMIC FIBER MATS DURING COMPOSITE FABRICATION

Heat transfer behavior during consolidation of metal matrix composites (MMCs) was investigated. Such composites are often fabricated by putting foils and fiber mats in a layup under pressure and heating to the consolidation temperature; the applied pressure is then increased to the final value. In the present work, experiments were carried out in which plies made of foils and fiber mats are placed together in a layup and pressed between a hot top die and a cool lower die. Various combinations of foils and fiber mats were compressed under different loads while the temperature transients in the lower die were recorded. From the resulting plots, the thermal conductance for different combinations of foils and fiber mats and for a single ply are determined. The deformation history of the foils and fiber are analyzed on the basis of micrographs taken after the compression tests.