Freie Weglängen im supraleitenden Zustand,im normalen Zustand und im Zwischenzustand

By size-effect measurements of the thermal conductivity of thin indium wires the mean free path of the excitations has been determined in the normal and in the superconducting state. Within the accuracy of these measurements, the mean free paths in the two states are found to be equal. — For the intermediate state the electron scattering from the interphase boundaries has been investigated both experimentally and theoretically. The experimental results can be explained with the aid of theBardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer theory of superconductivity.     

Die Bremsstrahlung von Plasmen bei geringer Ionisation

It is shown, that the continuous spectrum (free-free radiation) of a plasma in a thermal equilibrium — if the degree of ionization is slight — is produced not only by the electron-ion impacts, but also to a considerable extent by the impacts of electrons with the neutral atoms. Under this assumption the radiation of a mercury arc plasma in the infra-red is calculated. The results are in good agreement with absolute radiation measurements in a wide range of frequencies and pressures.     

Comparative experimental study on absolute measurement of spherical surface with two-sphere method

The two-sphere method with multiple confocal measurements and a “cat's-eye” measurement is used widely in high accuracy interferometry, which can obtain the absolute surface data of the tested spherical surface. We provide a comparative experimental study on absolute testing procedures for spherical surface with two-sphere method, which include the classical Jensen method with three position measurements, the Zygo method with five position measurements and a variant of the Jensen method. The variant of the Jensen method can combine the multiple “three-position” measurements based on the fiducial method and averaging method. The repeatability of the involved absolute measurement methods is also studied by the five set experiments, and the corresponding Zernike fitting coefficients are compared in detail. The experimental results are meaningful for implementation of two-sphere method with higher repeatability in practice.     

绝对重力仪的技术发展:光学干涉和原子干涉

绝对重力仪是直接开展绝对重力测量的精密计量仪器。绝对重力测量是指对地球表面重力加速度值的直接测量,其在地球科学和计量科学等领域都有十分重要的应用。历史上最早的绝对重力测量约在1590年。1590~1960年,主要利用摆仪的摆长和自由摆周期来开展绝对重力测量。自1960年起,随着激光技术的发明,高精度绝对重力测量有了新的发展,人们开始利用宏观物体自由运动(自由下落或上抛)的方法开展绝对重力测量,形成了激光干涉绝对重力仪。1991年,美国斯坦福大学朱棣文教授小组首次利用冷原子团的自由运动进行绝对重力测量,实现了第一台原子干涉绝对重力仪。中国计量科学研究院是我国最早开展绝对重力仪研制的单位,本文结合中国计量科学研究院绝对重力仪研制经验,综述了激光干涉绝对重力仪和原子干涉绝对重力仪的技术发展,尤其是激光技术的发明对绝对重力仪的技术发展带来的革命性技术变革。     

Formation of positive and negative ions of thymine molecules under the action of slow electrons

The formation of positive and negative molecules of thymine—a base of nucleic acids—under the action of slow electrons is investigated by the method of crossed electron and molecular beams. The method developed makes it possible to measure the molecular beam intensity and determine the energy dependences and absolute values of total cross sections for the formation of positive and negative ions of thymine molecules. It is found that the maximal cross section for the formation of positive ions is reached at an energy of 95 eV and its absolute value is, accordingly, 1.4 × 10^?15 cm². The total cross section for the formation of negative ions is 8.2 × 10^–18 cm² at an energy of 1.1 eV. The mass spectra of thymine molecules are measured and the cross sections of dissociative ionization are determined.     

Microwave waveguide method for the measurement of electron mobility and conductivity in GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructures

The microwave waveguide method for contactless determination of the electron mobility and conductivity of thin active layers is reported. The method is based on relative measurements of the magnetic field dependences of the derivative of the reflection coefficient with respect to the magnetic field from a semiconductor wafer bridging the waveguide.Experiments are performed on GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructures at microwave frequency = 36.4 GHz and liquid nitrogen temperature. For the analysis of the experimental data the theoretical basis for arbitrary frequencies is developed. The main advantage of the proposed method is that this method enables one to determine material parameters - mobility and conductivity - without careful calibration of the microwave system and does not require the accurate measurements of the absolute values of the reflection coefficient and phase of the reflected wave.     

基于单次旋转的旋转非对称面形误差绝对检测技术研究

绝对检测技术是剔除干涉仪系统误差进而提高面形检测精度的有效手段。基于单次旋转的绝对检测技术由被测球面绕光轴旋转前后的检测数据,采用基于最小二乘法的Zernike多项式拟合,剔除系统误差,获得被测面的旋转非对称面形误差。详细推导了理论计算公式,分析了单次旋转角度对算法检测精度的影响,并和多次旋转法作了对比,其残差均方根(RMS)值约为1.5nm。该方法只需一次旋转两次检测,在保证检测精度的同时简化了检测过程。     

Conductivity of boron-doped polycrystalline diamond films: influence of specific boron defects

The resistivity of boron doped polycrystalline diamond films changes with boron content in a very complex way with many unclear factors. From the large number of parameters affecting boron doped polycrystalline diamond film’s conductivity we focused on the role of boron atoms inside diamond grains in terms of boron contribution to the continuum of diamond electronic states. Using a combination of theoretical and experimental techniques (plane-wave Density Functional Theory, Neutron Depth Profiling, resistivity and Hall effect measurements, Atomic Force Microscopy and Raman spectroscopy) we studied a wide range of B defect parameters — the boron concentration, location, structure, free hole concentration and mobility. The main goal and novelty of our work was to find the influence of B defects (structure, interactions, charge localisation and spins) in highly B-doped diamonds — close or above the metal-insulator transition – on the complex material charge transport mechanisms.     

Determining the height of potential barriers in metal — dielectric — metal tunnel structures by the method of derivatives of the volt — ampere characteristics

The problem is considered here of determining, by an experimental method, the height of potential barriers in metal — dielectric — metal tunnel structures at the junctions. Formulas are derived according to which one can calculate the height of a potential barrier from measurements of the first and the second derivative of the tunnel current with respect to the bias voltage across a junction.     

Natural frequencies of thick plates made of orthotropic,monoclinic, and hexagonal materials by a meshless method

We use the first-order shear deformation theory and a meshless method based on radial basis functions in a pseudospectral framework for predicting the free vibration behavior of thick orthotropic, monoclinic and hexagonal plates. The shape parameter is obtained by an optimization procedure. The three translational and two rotational degrees of freedom of a point of the laminate are independently approximated. Through numerical experiments, the capability and efficiency of the radial basis functions—pseudospectral method for eigenvalue problems are demonstrated, and the numerical accuracy and convergence are examined.     

Improving sound diffusion in a reverberation tank using a randomly fluctuating surface

Underwater reverberation environments that satisfy the conditions of uniformity and isotropy of the diffuse field can be used to measure the acoustic characteristics of underwater targets. This study combines two practical indicators — the standard deviation of the absolute sound pressure field (to indicate uniformity) and the analysis of the wavenumber spectrum in the spherical harmonics domain (to indicate isotropy) — for an accurate evaluation of the diffusion of the sound field in a reverberation tank. A method is proposed that can improve the narrow-band diffusion of the sound field by employing a randomly fluctuating surface. An acoustic experiment was performed in a reverberation water tank (1.2 m×1 m×0.8 m), where a randomly fluctuating surface was generated by making waves. The experimental results show that as the wave motion contributes effectively to the random reflection of sound rays in all directions, the uniformity and isotropy are improved significantly when the surface is fluctuating randomly. This work helps to ensure accurate measurements of the characteristics of underwater targets in reverberation tanks.     

On Low Temperature Kinetic Theory; Spin Diffusion, Bose Einstein Condensates, Anyons

The paper considers some typical problems for non-linear kinetic models evolving through pair-collisions at temperatures not far from absolute zero, which illustrate specifically quantum behaviours. Based on these—mostly recent—examples, a number of differences between quantum and classical Boltzmann theory is then discussed in more general terms.     

单根单壁碳纳米管导热系数随长度变化尺度效应的实验和理论

考虑纳米碳管与基体之间的热损失,采用四焊盘-3ω法测量了室温下基体表面不同长度单根单壁碳纳米管(SWNT)的导热系数.SWNT的导热系数在测试长度范围(05—7μm)内随长度的增大而增大,增加的幅度逐渐减小.考虑二阶3-声子过程的影响,采用改进的WV模型预测了SWNT导热系数随长度的变化规律.理论预测的声子平均自由程～175nm.导热系数的测量结果与室温下不同长度SWNT的实验结果相吻合.理论预测结果与实验结果均说明SWNT导热系数随长度变化具有尺度效应. 关键词： ω法')" href="#">3ω法 单壁碳纳米管 导热系数 二阶3-声子过程     

Characterization of air-coupled ultrasound transducers in the frequency range 40 kHz-2 mHz using light diffraction tomography

The aim of this work was to show the applicability of light diffraction tomography on airborne ultrasound in the frequency range 40 kHz-2 MHz. Seven different air-coupled transducers were measured to show the method's performance regarding linearity, absolute pressure measurements, phase measurements, frequency response, S/N ratio and spatial resolution. A calibrated microphone and the pulse-echo method were used to evaluate the results. The absolute measurements agreed within the calibrated microphone's uncertainty range. Pulse waveforms and corresponding FFT diagrams show the method's higher bandwidth compared with the microphone. Further, the method offers non-perturbing measurements with high spatial resolution, which was especially advantageous for measurements close to the transducer surfaces. The S/N ratio was higher than or in the same range as that of the two comparison methods.     

Steady state and transient Overhauser effect in systems of three spins

The rate equations describing spin polarization in a system of three spins are derived and solved for the case of a free radical dissolved in a solvent containing two nuclear spins. Triple irradiation experiments indicate that a nuclear spin A can be effectively coupled to an electron spin C via a second nuclear spin B and measurements of both the steady state and transient Overhauser effects are in accord with the theoretical predictions for a three-spin system. The ‘three spin effect’ is found to operate only in dilute solutions of free radicals in which case the probabilities for transitions between different nuclear or electronic energy levels can be determined. It was found to be effective for fluorine nuclei—in the presence of both protons and a free radical and for carbon [13] nuclei in the presence of either protons or fluorine nuclei and a free radical. Detailed measurements have been performed for CHFCl₂, para-difluorobenzene, and meta-fluorotoluene containing the tritertiary butyl phenoxyl radical.     

密度泛函理论研究LiX(X=H,D,T)体系的热力学性质

运用量子力学从头计算方法,计算了氢化锂(氘化锂、氚化锂)分子的部分热力学函数和力学、光谱学性质。基于准简谐Debye模型,计算了固体Li的振动内能、振动和电子熵,探讨了Li吸收氢同位素气体生成一氢化物的反应熵变、生成焓变和生成Gibbs自由能及氢同位素的平衡离解压。结果显示:在Li吸收同位素气体生成一氢化物的反应中,生成焓变和反应熵变均为负值,且随温度升高,绝对值越大,Gibbs自由能则向正的方向增加。热力学上,在相同温度和压力下,氢置换一氢化物中的氘和氚、及氘置换氚的反应更易发生。     

Absolute measurement of flats with the method of shift-rotation

We present an absolute measurement of flats in a Fizeau interferometer with the method of shift-rotation, which only requires rotational measurements and shift measurement with a translation. Experiments have been carried out to verify the validity of the absolute testing method, and the results show that the reference surface deviation measured with the shift-rotation method agrees well with that of another calibration result with traditional three-flat absolute procedure; the root-mean-square (RMS) of the residual figure between them is ～0.4 nm.     

（e,2e）反应中末态波函数的动量相关

在Ｂｅｒａｋｄａｒ工作的基础上,从动量相关的角度入手,导出了在任意几何条件下的索末菲参量。并由此计算了入射能为５０ｅＶ和１５０ｅＶ时,电子入射离化Ｈｅ原子的三重微分截面（ＴＤＣＳ）。将计算结果与相应的实验和ＣＣＣ理论结果进行 现：尽管计算与实验略有偏差,但总体上符合得较好。